River Bank Research Articles

Nitrate denitrification rate response to temperature gradient change during river bank infiltration.

Nitrate attenuation during river bank infiltration is the key process for reducing nitrogen pollution. Temperature is considered to be an important factor affecting nitrate attenuation. However, the magnitude and mechanism of its impact have not been clear for a long time. In this study, the effects of temperature and temperature gradient on the nitrate denitrification rate were investigated via static batch and dynamic soil column simulation experiments. The results showed that temperature had a significant effect on the denitrification rate. Temperature effects were first observed in denitrifying bacteria. At low temperatures, the microorganism diversity was low, resulting in a lower denitrification rate constant. The static experimental results showed that the denitrification rate at 19°C was approximately 2.4 times that at 10°C. The dynamic soil column experiment established an exponential positive correlation between the nitrate denitrification decay kinetic constant and temperature. The affinity of denitrifying enzymes for nitrate in the reaction substrate was ordered as follows: decreasing temperature gradient (30°C → 10°C) > zero temperature gradient (10°C) > increasing temperature gradient condition (0°C → 10°C). This study provides a theoretical basis for the biogeochemical processes underlying river bank infiltration, which will help aid in the development and utilization of groundwater resources.

Insights into key threats and conservation status of the river lapwing, Vanellus duvaucelii (Lesson, 1826) in Northern India

Abstract The river lapwings are inhabitant of river banks with sand or gravel bars and river islands. In this study, we investigated vital threats (natural and anthropogenic) and the conservation status of river lapwing in the riverine ecosystem of Northern India. In this regard, we frequently visited selected study sites along the banks of the river Ganges in the district of Raebareli (Uttar Pradesh), India, from January 2016 to December 2019. To estimate perceived threats for river lapwing, we developed a questionnaire and collected threat scores. The line transect method was used to estimate the density of river lapwing. Predation and farming activities were the most potent threats influencing the survival and abundance of river lapwing. River lapwings were primarily observed at open unvegetated river banks and open unvegetated islands. They were seen in significant density near the water in the breeding season. We concluded that the population of river lapwing is relatively stable in the Gangetic plains of Northern India. However, it is declining in other parts of the world, for example, in Southern Laos. Though it is a relatively common species, robust scientific information about its population and habitat relation is mainly absent. Therefore, accurate counts from other parts of the world are needed to place the estimate for river lapwing into a comprehensible, inclusive perspective. Furthermore, detailed information on habitat relationships is also necessary to develop conservation strategies.

Velocity field and turbulence structure of the meandering flow produced by alternating deflectors

Meandering flow can be formed during the advance of natural rivers by the scouring of river banks. However, this phenomenon is not common in artificial cement channels. This study used experimental scouring terrain data for a numerical simulation to study the meandering flow pattern formed between double alternating deflectors in a straight channel. The numerical results showed that the path of the accelerated flow generated by the upstream deflector was changed by installing a downstream deflector while the flow rate remained unchanged. Thus, a meandering flow formed, and a stable, narrow, high-speed zone formed in the downstream area. The accelerated flow between the two deflectors hit the channel bank soon after its direction changed. Then, a strong downward flow formed in this area, which may have produced an elliptical scour hole. A large-scale vortex structure was formed in the elliptical scour hole, which was influenced by the horseshoe vortex system before the downstream deflector.

Evaluation of pedestrian paths in the trade area with water transport: Case study of Old Town Pekanbaru

Pekanbaru grew and developed starting from a pekan or market located on the banks of the Siak River. The development of Pekanbaru city is inseparable from the history that shaped it, where in the 16th century Pekanbaru was once the center of government of the kingdom of Siak Sri Indra Pura which then grew and developed with trade activities, and settlements to form a potential regional structure as a tourist destination, both shopping tourism, religious tourism, and tourism in the old residential area. Therefore, to accommodate and support the activities of the old city area of Pekanbaru, it is necessary to have adequate infrastructure such as pedestrian paths (Pedestrian Way). This study aims to evaluate the pedestrian path in the aspect of accessibility that connects the potential of the old city area of Pekanbaru such as the port area, trade area, and old residential area. The method used in this research is descriptive with a qualitative approach through mapping the potential conditions of each character area that is reinforced by using quantitative methods with descriptive and simulation research frameworks. The results of the analysis show that some corridors in the trade area show better integration, which means that it is possible that in the trade area, there is more movement of people because it is easily accessible from various directions (accessible) while in the port area shows moderate integration and in residential areas tends to be low.

Characterization of Sedimentation Conditions Based on the Composition of Organic Matter Dispersed in Rock of an Exploration Well on the Right Bank of the Ob River in Tomsk Oblast

Characterization of Sedimentation Conditions Based on the Composition of Organic Matter Dispersed in Rock of an Exploration Well on the Right Bank of the Ob River in Tomsk Oblast

Evaluation of Natural Radioactivity in Soil Samples Collected from the Khasa River Banks in Kirkuk, Iraq

Evaluation of Natural Radioactivity in Soil Samples Collected from the Khasa River Banks in Kirkuk, Iraq

Brahmaputra River Bank Erosion as a Major Geo-Environmental Problem in Lower Assam, India

Abstract The concepts as well as the methodological approaches for investigating geo-environmental pattern, process and problems in a region have been continuously getting their holds since few decades past to make them firm-footed in the contemporary trend of geo-environmental studies. The lower Brahmaputra River valley of Assam, like other parts of northeast India, stands amidst complex geotectonic and physiographic set-up because, of its hills, foothills and river plain topography. The state of Assam as a whole, eventually have been experiencing natural hazards like floods including flash floods, river bank erosion, landslide, etc. Out of which bank erosion heavily affects on the life and land properties of the peoples in affected area by completely damaging it. The river Brahmaputra has a tendency to shifting southward due to various geo-tectonic and seismic instabilities of the region. It is found that during the last 50 years nearly 100 sq km of the study area is eroded in the southern part of the district of Goalpara only. The intensity of shifting is very high mostly in the lower Brahmaputra valley including western margin of the districts of Goalpara, South Salmara Mankachar and Dhubri. The data derived from 14 cross sections along the selected points of lower Brahmaputra reveals that the average annual southward shifting of the river due to bank erosion is 109.14 m/year. Hence, bank erosion has been a serious problem, which is caused mainly by the seismic instability, stream bed rise-up, continuous sedimentation; Intense rainfall, etc. And eventually the phenomenon results into the loss of large tracts of fertile agricultural lands on both the banks of the river Brahmaputra in the study area. The present paper is an attempt to analyze the cause and consequences of Brahmaputra River Bank Erosion as a major geo-environmental problem with special reference to the bank line at Goalpara district of lower Assam in India.

ARTISTIC INTERPRETATIONS OF WATER ISSUES IN THE CONTEXT OF URBANISM : THE YAMUNA RIVER IN DELHI

The present paper explores the reflection of water issues within urban spaces in contemporary art practices, specifically focusing on the Yamuna river in Delhi. The Yamuna holds historical and religious significance and plays a crucial role in meeting the water needs of Delhi's 31.2 million population. However, the rapid urbanization of Delhi has led to detrimental consequences for the river, including increased pollution levels, encroachment on river banks, water scarcity, reduced water flow and detachment from its surroundings. The paper examines contemporary artistic interventions that address these ecological concerns through new media, site-specific art projects and public art. The aim of this paper is to identify those artists and to discuss the various artistic modalities in which these ecological concerns are addressed in the form of aesthetical structures and to discover how art is functionalized as a social and collective agent to create awareness among the public. It also aims to explore how artists are incorporating the ecological aspect of Urbanity in their works. the methodology involves interviews with artists, where their creative insights are explored to discern the multifaceted relationship between the river's ecological challenges and urban development. The study employs an interdisciplinary approach that sheds light on the complex interplay between environmental concerns and artistic expression. the paper concludes how art functions as a social and collective agent, raising awareness among the public about the ecological urgency caused by rampant urbanization.

Romanians and Bulgarians – Incidents at the Danube River Border (1890-1901)

On 2/14 September 1829, the Peace Treaty of Adrianople between the Tsarist Empire and the Ottoman Empire was concluded with important effects for the two Romanian countries, Moldavia and Wallachia. Their political development was regulated by a separate document, an integral part of the text of the Treaty. The separate Act confirmed the agreements made by the Tsarist Empire and the Ottoman Empire in the text of the Akkerman (White Citadel) Convention on 25 September/7 October 1826, on the election of the Romanian ruler, following the wish and consent expressed by the Sublime Porte. In addition to these political issues, important for the topic covered in this article were the provisions related to the protection of the borders, especially the right bank of the Danube and the islands close to the left bank of the great river that were in proximity to the Ottoman Empire. According to the Adrianople Treaty of 1829, the thalweg along the Danube was considered the border between Moldova and Wallachia on the entire common sector up to the confluence with the Prut River, agreement protected by the Sublime Porte. In 1830, after the Treaty of Adrianople, a commission composed of the delegates of Wallachia, Moldavia, the Tsarist Empire and the Ottoman Empire proceeded to delimiting the river border between the Ottoman Empire and the Romanian Countries by fixing the existing thalweg at that time. Obviously, natural phenomena contributed over time to its modification, so that, after the Congress of Berlin in 1878, when it was decided to trace the land border between the countries bordering the Danube, a series of incidents at the Romanian-Bulgarian river border occurred. In this context, it is highlighted the strategic and economic importance of the Danube.

Romanians and Bulgarians – Incidents at the Danube River Border (1890-1901)

On 2/14 September 1829, the Peace Treaty of Adrianople between the Tsarist Empire and the Ottoman Empire was concluded with important effects for the two Romanian countries, Moldavia and Wallachia. Their political development was regulated by a separate document, an integral part of the text of the Treaty. The separate Act confirmed the agreements made by the Tsarist Empire and the Ottoman Empire in the text of the Akkerman (White Citadel) Convention on 25 September/7 October 1826, on the election of the Romanian ruler, following the wish and consent expressed by the Sublime Porte. In addition to these political issues, important for the topic covered in this article were the provisions related to the protection of the borders, especially the right bank of the Danube and the islands close to the left bank of the great river that were in proximity to the Ottoman Empire. According to the Adrianople Treaty of 1829, the thalweg along the Danube was considered the border between Moldova and Wallachia on the entire common sector up to the confluence with the Prut River, agreement protected by the Sublime Porte. In 1830, after the Treaty of Adrianople, a commission composed of the delegates of Wallachia, Moldavia, the Tsarist Empire and the Ottoman Empire proceeded to delimiting the river border between the Ottoman Empire and the Romanian Countries by fixing the existing thalweg at that time. Obviously, natural phenomena contributed over time to its modification, so that, after the Congress of Berlin in 1878, when it was decided to trace the land border between the countries bordering the Danube, a series of incidents at the Romanian-Bulgarian river border occurred. In this context, it is highlighted the strategic and economic importance of the Danube.

Romanians and Bulgarians – Incidents at the Danube River Border (1890-1901)

On 2/14 September 1829, the Peace Treaty of Adrianople between the Tsarist Empire and the Ottoman Empire was concluded with important effects for the two Romanian countries, Moldavia and Wallachia. Their political development was regulated by a separate document, an integral part of the text of the Treaty. The separate Act confirmed the agreements made by the Tsarist Empire and the Ottoman Empire in the text of the Akkerman (White Citadel) Convention on 25 September/7 October 1826, on the election of the Romanian ruler, following the wish and consent expressed by the Sublime Porte. In addition to these political issues, important for the topic covered in this article were the provisions related to the protection of the borders, especially the right bank of the Danube and the islands close to the left bank of the great river that were in proximity to the Ottoman Empire. According to the Adrianople Treaty of 1829, the thalweg along the Danube was considered the border between Moldova and Wallachia on the entire common sector up to the confluence with the Prut River, agreement protected by the Sublime Porte. In 1830, after the Treaty of Adrianople, a commission composed of the delegates of Wallachia, Moldavia, the Tsarist Empire and the Ottoman Empire proceeded to delimiting the river border between the Ottoman Empire and the Romanian Countries by fixing the existing thalweg at that time. Obviously, natural phenomena contributed over time to its modification, so that, after the Congress of Berlin in 1878, when it was decided to trace the land border between the countries bordering the Danube, a series of incidents at the Romanian-Bulgarian river border occurred. In this context, it is highlighted the strategic and economic importance of the Danube.

A Study on the Economic Strategies Employed by the Nomadic Moor Community Residing along the Chenab River Bank from an Anthropological Perspective

This anthropological study delves into the economic strategies and mechanisms of the nomadic Moor community living alongside the Chenab River. Witnessing the unique economic practices that nomadic communities, such as the Moors, develop due to their cultural and environmental influences is truly captivating. This study aims to explore the Moor community's intricate economic activities in the Chenab River bank area. Ethnographic research methods will be utilized to uncover these complexities, including participant observation, interviews, and historical and contemporary data analysis. This study seeks to understand how the Moor community navigates economic obstacles while maintaining their nomadic way of life. It achieves this by examining their resource utilization patterns, trade networks, and strategies for making a living. Furthermore, this study explores the wider anthropological context of the Chenab River bank region, examining the complex connection between the economic practices of the Moor community and the social, cultural, and environmental dynamics of the area.

Flying by the river side: Survey of bat distributions and environmental contexts along a 1000‐mile river corridor, Green and Colorado Rivers, USA

AbstractAimEmerging research shows how bioindicators, specifically bats, can serve as a means for monitoring conservation and management of riparian corridors for multiple taxonomic groups. To track changes in the composition or abundance of bioindicator species, researchers must attain a baseline in species presence and relative activity. We examined the spatial and temporal patterns of bat community composition and activity along a 1000‐mile river corridor to determine species diversity trends by latitude and habitat.LocationColorado River Basin.MethodsHere we describe the results from an acoustic bat survey conducted opportunistically on the 2019 Sesquicentennial Colorado River Exploring Expedition. This broad, 1000‐mile survey provides a baseline for species distributions over a large geographic range.ResultsIn total, we collected 63 nights of acoustic data over 70 days and recorded over 59,000 files equating to 45,363 caLL files (≥2 pulses). 18,490 (41% of caLL files) were identified as species (n = 19 bat species). We applied non‐metric multidimensional scaling to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of activity between species, as well as compared bat activity among river features and local environmental conditions (i.e., temperature and time since sunset) using an information theoretic approach.ConclusionSpecies composition varied by physiographic region and adjacent river habitat, thus providing a quantifiable measure of determining habitat quality along this major river system and providing baseline information for using bats as bioindicators of habitat quality.

APPROVAL OF THE NEED FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION OF ARENI PUMPING STATION

The Areni-Khachik pumping station raises the waters of the Arpa river from the 976 m mark to the pressure basin located at the 2012 m mark of the upper mountain pass of the Khachik village, from which the water was given to the Khachik community with a maximum output of 415 l/s and to the Amaghu village with a maximum of 41 l/s. with output. The pumping station has three stages, the engine rooms of which are located: First stage, on the right bank of the Arpa river at the mark of 975 m, with a geodetic pumping height of 318 m, pumping output of 582 l/s. Second stage: at the 1295 m mark of the site near the Areni-Khachik highway, with a geodetic elevation of 370 m, pumping output of 456 l/s . And the third stage: at the site of 1651 m near the Areni-Khachik highway, with a geodetic elevation of 361 m, pumping output of 456 l /v . All three stages of the pumping station belong to the class of high-pressure pumping stations, with a relatively small discharge output and high pressure, the specific power consumption of which is significantly higher. Analyzing the technical condition of the pumping station, a program is proposed to implement its reconstruction and reduce operating costs.

Urban Agroecosystems in Dynamic Yamuna River Sandbars in Delhi, Capital City of India

Present paper studies urban agroecosystems on Yamuna River sandbars (islands) in Delhi using GIS. These sandbars formally come under local administration and are used by people for different activities like agriculture, fishing, collection of various types of grasses, and grazing of livestock. Cheap laborers from different states of India migrate to the sandbars for seasonal employment. The crops grown by farmers include tomatoes, pumpkins, bottle gourds, ridge gourds, and bitter gourds. Tomatoes are grown on the maximum area of land on the sandbars. The products are sold at different nearby markets according to requirements. These small and fragile agroecosystems have inputs like seeds, human labor/hours, fertilizers, water, fuels, etc., and outputs like crops, grasses, fish, milk, etc. For a long time, people have been interested in these landscapes because; i) the deposits along the Yamuna are fertile and therefore appropriate for farming, (ii) the growth of natural vegetation/fodder species (which includes many types of grasses) makes them good pastures, (iii) the river banks along the attached sandbars provide space for the washermen, (_dhobi-ghat)_, (iv) even if the government officials abandon the slums/activities on these sandbars, the people involved in them could re-build it in no time, and (v) none of the sandbar dwellers were paying any rent/lease for the activities they are carrying out on the sandbars. The pastoralists (_gujjar)_ do not seem to have to pay anything to the claimant. On the other hand, the farmers do have to pay for cultivating on the sandbars.

Rainfall threshold for landslide awareness – Focusing on the case study in the landslide EVO pilot area region in western Nepal

Nepal’s rugged topography, unstable young geological formations, and fragile rocks make the country highly vulnerable to water-induced hazards such as landslides, soil erosion, and debris torrents. Hilly watersheds and settlements in hills and river banks are naturally vulnerable during heavy rainfall. The landslide EVO project selected two landslide areas, one the Bajedi landslides in the Bajura district, and another Sunkuda landslides in Bajhang district of Nepal. Automatic rain gauges were installed, and data were recorded for 2019 and 2021. The best-fit trend lines are determined by the observed rainfall depths of different durations. In addition, 24-hour rainfall records and landslide events that occurred in the region outside the pilot areas in the year 2019 were also analyzed and correlated. Rainfall intensities and depths corresponding to maximum, minimum, and average depth are correlated for different durations. The correlation between rainfall depths and durations data showed an excellent fitting observed. The trend line is considered as the rainfall threshold line for landslide risk assessment for the region.

Potentiality of using guarumã natural fiber (Ischinosiphon koern) in sustainable coating mortars

Brazil, a country with the greatest biodiversity in the world due to its favorable geographic location and climate, has an abundant variety of natural fibers still unexplored with great potential of use in cementitious composites. In this context, the guarumã fiber (Ischinosiphon koern) of Amazonian origin, endemic to the banks of rivers and streams, stands out. This study proposes to evaluate the potential of this type of vegetable fiber, still unexplored, as a reinforcement material for coating mortars. For this purpose, initially, the fiber was characterized in its natural form and after a surface treatment based on NaOH. The material with and without treatment was used as an addition in the proportions of 0% (reference), 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% in relation to the Portland cement mass in the production of mortars with a ratio of 1:3:0.66 (cement: sand: water/cement factor). The experimental program included tests in the fresh state, in the hardened state and durability cycles. From the results, it was found that the matrices with additions of 0.5% and 1% of fibers were the ones that presented the best performance, indicating that guarumã is a promising new material in the composition of coating mortars.

Experimental investigation of the efficiency of stone revetment for different temporal variations with the static water condition

Abstract The objective of this study is to determine the optimum size of stone revetment for different water standing durations and critical drawdown rates for 80% height of flood. The model bank was constructed using soil sourced from the Parlalpur ferry ghat of the Ganga River in Kaliachak, West Bengal, with a field density of 1.5 g/cc achieved by maintaining a 10% moisture content (MC) in the model bank soil. The model river bank was prepared considering Froude (F) similitude having a distorted depth scale of 1/20 and a linear scale of 1/200. In this study, effective stone sizes (D10) – 2.3, 3.22, 4.58, 6.31, and 8.84 mm – were used. These stone sizes were investigated in conjunction with three water standing durations: 15, 30, and 45 min. The bank slope was prepared at 1V:1.5H, and a drawdown ratio of 80% was maintained. The effectiveness of stone revetment size was analysed in terms of the percentage loss of stone revetment and the percentage loss of the model bank's cross-sectional area. The outcomes of this study indicate that the 6.31 mm stone size exhibits optimal performance.

Species of Laboulbeniales fungi parasitic on some common Indian insects: Isolation, visualization and characterization by Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM)

The Laboulbeniales are a group of lesser-known fungi. They occur as ectoparasites on the exoskeleton of various arthropod species, mainly beetles, cockroaches, ants, dipterans and a few millipede genera appearing as hairs/bristles coming out of their cuticle. They are small, non-mycelial fungi forming compact multicellular thalli, starting from a two-celled sheathed ascospore which continues to envelop the mature thallus. The fungi, being obligate, spend their entire life cycle on their insect hosts. The present study attempted to locate the Laboulbeniales fungi in the common insects of India, isolate them and identify them based on morphology. Different species of insects; Carabid beetles - Stenolophus sp., Bembidion sp., Black ants - Camponotus sp., and Earwigs - Labidura riparia; were collected from different habitats of damp garden soil, river banks, light sources and entomological collection museum situated as different sites New Delhi. The insects were scrutinized for the presence of fungi through light and scanning electron microscopy. The morphological features of each fungus were recorded, and the species were characterized. The studies showed the presence of Laboulbenia anaplogenii and L. stenolophi on the legs of Stenolophus sp.; L. egens on Bembidion sp. legs; L. camponoti on the wings of black ants and Dimeromyces anisolabis on the legs of earwigs. The identification was made primarily based on the size, shape and structure of basal foot, receptacles, antheridia and foot of the thallus or it’s remnant scar found on the insect cuticle. This is the first Indian report of conducting scanning imaging of the Laboulbeniales fungi.

Prevention and Enhancement of Housing Quality and Slum Settlements of Biawu-Biawao, Gorontalo City By IJISRT

This study aims to identify the slum conditions, develop a model of prevention, and improve the housing quality and the slum areas of Gorontalo City. The field survey with a proportional sampling of the Biwau and Biawao river banks was used as the slum identification area, prevention and improvement of housing quality and slum areas. Non-economic vitality criteria, economic vitality, land legality, location strategic value, population, condition of facilities and infrastructure, local government commitment, priority of prevention and quality improvement are used to analyse quantitative and qualitative descriptions. The results of the physical building planning strategies include building arrangements, density, and technical requirements. Facilities and infrastructure planning strategies include improving environmental roads, drinking water supply, environmental drainage, wastewater management, waste management and providing fire protection.