Money Time Research Articles

Time Banking as an Alternative Social Movement: A Case Study of Time Banks in the United Kingdom

This research investigates dynamics of time banking as an alternative social movement against current conventional economic system. This research examines internal elements (motives, consolidation processes, and resource mobilizations) as well as external elements (campaign processes, social dynamics, and impacts) of Time Bank across United Kingdom. This research seeks to explain the dynamics of Time Bank as a multitude to become alternative for current conventional economy. This study uses case study approach, especially in United Kingdom. The method used in this study is qualitative method. Resource data obtained through interviews and literature studies. The research's purpose is: abstracting the dynamics of Time Bank across United Kingdom as a multitude, and then elucidates Time Bank's opportunities &; challenges for their future developments.

Too hot and too close. Bitcoin and gold dynamics during COVID times

Purpose This paper aims to analyze the connectedness between bitcoin (BTC) and other traditional assets (e.g. metals) in times of financial turbulence like the COVID pandemic. The purpose is to see to what extent BTC is mimicking the role precious metals are known for, that of being a reliable store of value. Design/methodology/approach The author relies on vector autoregressive modeling, as it yields a very flexible framework for forecasting and interpreting the interdependencies among variables, while providing a very intuitive framework when the underlying structural model is unknown. The author performs the analysis first for the whole sample and then for a “COVID-19 subsample.” Findings The author finds evidence supporting a stronger link between BTC and gold in COVID-19 times, with BTC the main driving force. The author quantifies the contribution of BTC to the surge in gold’s price during those early months of COVID-19 in the order of 28%, thus lending support to the idea of intrinsic or fundamental value in BTC. Practical implications Investors might consider including BTC in their portfolios as a long-term investment, very much like they do with gold. Social implications Cryptos at large represent an important check on the ever-expanding monetary policy pursued by central banks in recent times. Originality/value The COVID-19 pandemic has taken its toll on the world economy. It is thus timely to reevaluate the relationship between BTC and other assets such as gold and silver, which are traditionally seen as safe havens against uncertainty.

Automated Financial Documents Processing System Using Machine Learning

Abstract: In today’s world technology has affected each sector. But still, within the banking sector, we tend to face several problems. Bank handles giant volumes of cheques within the clearing method. The method involves several technical verifications as well as signature verification. A number of these steps are manual and need human intervention to finish the technique. This method needs high human capital preparation and longer interval. Fallacious practices are one in every one of the foremost problems plaguing banks in recent times. Hiring a lot of folks to manage the cheque verification method does not solve this issue.

A Study of Awareness of E-Banking Services In India

Ever since the nationalization of banks in India, this sector has been growing without Leaps and bounces and catering to the needs of various segments of the society. In recent times, the Banking Sector has been making rapid straights by using information technology as a platform and endeavoring to scale higher heights. An attempt has been made in this paper to examine various innovative instruments that have been introduced by Banks in recent times. Liberalization and Information technology has attracted many foreign banks to India, thereby opening up new markets, new products and efficient delivery channels for the banking industry. In the development of Indian Economy, Banking sector plays a very important and crucial role. With the use of technology there had been an increase in penetration, productivity and efficiency. It has not only increased the cost effectiveness but also has helped in making small value transactions viable. It also enhances choices, creates new markets, and improves productivity and efficiency. It has been noticed that financial markets have turned into a buyer‘s markets in India. Commercial Banks in India are now becoming a one-stop Supermarket. The focus is shifting from mass banking to class banking with the introduction of value added and customized products. Technology allows banks to create what looks like a branch in a business building‘s lobby without having to hire manpower for manual operations. The branches are running on the concept of 24 X 7 working, made possible by the use of Tele banking, ATMs, Internet banking, Mobile banking and E - banking.

How to develop the Time Bank for Old-Age Service in Less Developed Areas: A Comparison of Nanning and Nanjing

With the rapid economic growth, China has officially entered into an aging society and is facing the severe challenge of a population aging crisis. China has begun implementing the Time Bank for old-age service to address the aging problem better. However, Time Bank is usually developed in economically developed regions, and Time Bank is not set in less developed areas. This paper compares and analyzes the operation mechanism of the Time Bank in Nanning from five perspectives: policy support and funding sources, operation model, volunteer team construction, Time Banking platform construction, and service projects. The proposed measures for developing Time Bank in less developed regions fill a problem gap. China needs to address the risk of population aging actively. This is important for China to solve its pension problem and deepen the understanding of Chinese academia on the development of time banking in less developed regions.

Assessing the determinants of time banking adoption intentions in wellness tourism destinations: a unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT)

ABSTRACT With the rapid explosion of deep aging, Time Banking (TB) has been prevalent in recent years and attracts much research attention. Although intensive studies have investigated the factors of users’ acceptance of TB service, much less research has further explored the usage behaviour intention of TB service in wellness tourism destinations (WTD). This study focuses on the TB service usage behaviour intention by examining the role of tourists` psychological perceptions (e.g. attitude, trust, anxiety) in improving their usage behaviour intention of TB service. This study employs the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) to analyze the pathways in which usage experiences (e.g. cognition, effort expectancy, self-efficacy, facilitating conditions, motivation, and social influence) affect psychological perception and then the usage intention of TB service. This model was tested using online survey data from 197 tourists with several times of volunteer experiences. The results confirm the contribution and mediating effects of attitude, trust, and anxiety on TB service usage behaviour intention in WTD. This study presents useful suggestions for WTD management in retaining new customers.

Research on the Rural Mutual Aid Elderly Care Model of “Time Bank”

This paper elaborated on the concept of “Time Bank” and mutual support pension, introduced its development at home and abroad, and analyzed the possibility and necessity of implementing this model in rural areas of China. During the operation of the “Time Bank” mutual support pension model, there were problems such as a lack of publicity and participation, incomplete legal system, low risk resistance, and limited sustainable development due to insufficient investment. It is suggested that the promotion of “Time Bank” mutual support pension in rural areas should focus on improving publicity channels, enhancing mutual aid awareness, improving the legal system to enhance risk management ability, and raising funds through multiple channels to ensure sustainable development by combining multiple models.

“时间银行”：城市社区互助养老服务模式研究——以柳州市东台社区为例

“时间银行”：城市社区互助养老服务模式研究——以柳州市东台社区为例

Mutual Assistance in Aging Issues and Countermeasures in the Central Urban Area of Chongqing

As the aging population intensifies, the service supply of elderly care institutions such as nursing homes and community elderly care service centers is relatively insufficient, failing to adequately address the diverse elderly care needs. The combination of mutual assistance elderly care and the framework of “Family + Community + Institution” enables the elderly to have a better elderly care experience within their familiar environment. This approach better fulfills the demands of home-based elderly care and optimizes the efficient allocation of elderly care resources. It is a new elderly care model widely accepted by urban community residents. A survey of mutual assistance elderly care practices across nine districts of the main city of Chongqing revealed representative models of community mutual assistance elderly care, including community mutual care organizations, “time bank” mutual care models, elderly care service organizations, and elderly community universities. Some practices and innovations in urban mutual assistance elderly care in Chongqing have provided useful exploration for actively addressing the issue of aging. However, there are still issues such as an incomplete urban community mutual assistance elderly care system, poor management and supervision, low social participation, and resource scarcity. Hence, this study seeks to explore the developmental obstacles encountered by mutual assistance and elderly care in Chongqing urban communities. It aims to propose practical and feasible suggestions and plans, ultimately promoting the healthy and sustainable development of the mutual assistance and elderly care model in urban communities in Chongqing.

Volunteering and Depression among Older Adults: An Empirical Analysis Based on CLASS 2018

Introduction:: Older adults are prone to high levels of depression due to their deteriorating physical functions and shrinking social networks after retirement. Volunteering as an important social activity is essential for alleviating depression by building social network. This paper aims to examine the effect of volunteering on depression among older adults by using China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS 2018) data.Methods:: This study uses descriptive analysis and chi-square tests to show differences in demographic factors of older adults’ volunteerism participation, followed by bivariate correlation analysis to examine the correlation between the vital variables. Afterward, stratified linear regression analysis is used to research the significant level and impact between volunteering and degree of expertise, frequency, and variety of participation.Results:: 8,459 older adults are included in study. The research reveals that older adults who are younger, live in urban areas, are married, or have a higher degree of education tend to have fewer depressive symptoms. Meanwhile, participation in volunteering (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.8, 1.1, p < 0.001), as well as that demands specialized skills (OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.2, p < 0.001), more frequency of participation (OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.53, 2.18, p < 0.001), and a wider variety of activities (OR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.29, p < 0.001), all have a positive influence on depression levels.Discussion/Conclusion:: Older adults who participate in voluntary services have lower depression symptoms and should be encouraged to use their professional skills and increase participation frequency and variety in this process. This article suggests that governments should help older adults participate in voluntary services by time bank which will further strengthen social ties, rebuild social networks and alleviate depression symptoms of older adults.

Study on China's Time Bank Mutual Care Model for the Elderly from the Perspective of Social Capital Theory

Study on China's Time Bank Mutual Care Model for the Elderly from the Perspective of Social Capital Theory

THE APPLICATION OF TIME BANKING IN ELDERLY CARING: A MIXED-STUDIES SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Abstract Aging has become a universal concern of the world, and its process is accelerating, which leads to the shortage of the care resources and increased burden of social development. Based on this problem, The concept of time banking has been gradually applied to geriatric caring, forming a model of mutual support for older people, which has been practiced in different countries. However, there is no consensus about the effect of time banking for older person. Thus, the aim of this review was to integrate research on the application of time banking to summarize the benefits for older people and challenges faced in different countries. Moreover, the review put forward solutions to provide references for the localization of time banking in China. PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, SAGE Journals Online, Science Direct, EbscoHost, SpringerLink and CNKI databases were searched to include 22 eligible studies. Qualities of included studies were assessed, evidences about the benefits for older person and challenges regarding time banking was synthesized. Although the overall study quality was medium, consistent evidence was existed to indicate that time banking has beneficial effects which containing social values and personal values on the older people. Furthermore, the comprehensive evidences also showed that time banking would be improved in the following four aspects: diversity of volunteers, improvement of service quality, variety of incentives and scientific management. Additional well-designed and high-quality studies are needed for us to better understand the opportunities and challenges of time banking.

HOW TO ENGAGE SENIORS AS VOLUNTEERS IN SOCIAL CARE SECTORS: A CASE STUDY OF A TIMEBANK IN HONG KONG

Abstract Objective Exploring the roles of older adults as volunteers in social care settings has attracted wide attention to facilitate healthy aging. However, knowledge of engaging older adults as volunteers in social care sectors remains scant. This study explores theoretical mechanisms for promoting volunteer engagement among older adults in the social care sector. Method This study used a time bank program called Good Hands in Hong Kong as a case study. Good Hands was established in 2018 and engaged almost 200 older adult volunteers to provide buddying and accompany (e.g., home visits and medical escort services) to over 390 frail peers in the community. This study adopted a qualitative method. Three semi-structured focus group interviews with 18 participants, including senior volunteers and the timebank staff, were conducted in January – August 2021. The thematic analysis. Stakeholder checks were conducted in July 2022 to enhance the credibility of the findings. Results Three emergent themes were identified as critical components to facilitate engagement among senior volunteers: (1) strong cross-sector collaboration, (2) meaningfulness in voluntary work comprising four subthemes, including capacity optimization, care capacity enhancement, belonging cultivation, and value recognition, and (3) a co-producing environment. In addition, this study also identified the challenges related to the sustainability of the timebank program. Conclusion This study is the first to explore mechanisms for promoting volunteer engagement among older adults in the social care sector. The findings provide theoretical and practical implications for the roles of older adults in social welfare production for our society.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Early Warning Indicators: An Application of Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Approach to Panel Data

Early warning indicators (EWIs) of banking crises should ideally be judged on how well they function in relation to the choice issue faced by macroprudential policymakers. However, the effectiveness of EWIs depends upon the strength of the predicting power, stability, and timeliness of the signal. Using a balanced panel of 6 countries’ experience with banking and currency crises in recent times, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of EWIs using Receiver Operating Characteristics. Following the drivers of the banking crisis and currency crisis, the paper evaluates the effectiveness of aggregate credit growth, sectoral deployment of credit along and other macroeconomic indicators generally used as EWI. The paper observes that credit disbursements to non-financial sectors and the central government provides stable signals about systemic risks. Further debt service ratio, interbank rates and total reserves are also found to be useful in predicting these crises. Lastly, the effective EWIs are combined using shrinkage regression methods to evaluate the improvement of signal strength of the combination of EWIs. The predictive power of the combination of EWIs provides better signal strength in predicting the macroprudential crisis.

Research on Time Bank Mutual Pension Model under the Background of Aging Population

With the aging of the population,the-age security of low-income urban and rural resident,who account for about 70% of china’s total population,has become an important issue related to the national economy and people’s livelihood,and also a short board to be solved urgently in building a socialist modernization power[1].Mutual support for the aged is a new pension model that transcends the blood relationship, can assist the family to provide for the aged, and solve the pension problem with the help of social forces. In this model, the concept of "time money" is introduced and merged into a brand-new mutual support model "Time Bank". China's "Time Bank" mechanism is still in the development stage, and there are still some problems from the current operation of this new pension model in China. In order to promote the extensive development of Time Bank, this paper makes a theoretical analysis on the conversion of time currency value, withdrawal and deposit, the conversion of labor value and time currency value in Time Bank, and the inheritance of time currency savings, so as to create an all-round, wide-area, multi-level and integrated old-age service ecology, create a service-oriented old-age model with China characteristics, and contribute to China's wisdom and China's plan for solving the world's old-age problems.

Controversial regulatory issues related to the working hours of overtime work, rest period, downtime, stand-by duty and on-call duty in Hungarian law in the context of Euro-Atlantic law

In this study, we discuss the European regulation of working time, including the system of the working time banking. First, we review the standards set in Hungary and its application, then the regulations of individual European countries, broken down by country. In addition to the German, Austrian and Greek rules based on the German legal grounds, we also compare the labour law rules of Southern European countries, Scandinavian countries and East-Central Europe. The Anglo-Saxon legislation is also reviewed with its peculiarities.

Commonfare as Urban Digital Platform: ‘Stories’ from Milan and Amsterdam

Digital platforms have an impact on everyday life, changing the organisation of markets, work, consumption patterns, urban governance, local welfare measures and citizen participation. Urban digital platform (UDP), like Commonfare, might promote exchange of welfare measures vary from solidarity buying groups, cohabitation experiences, FabLabs, time banks, co-working spaces, self-managed creches, social cooperatives, ethic banks, urban gardens, popular gyms, initiatives related to free and open-source software. To distinguish UDP from the notorious ones is relevant to observe analytical categories such as, a) discourse and allocation: the capacity to produce and redistribute goods and services for urban communities; b) governance: the level of accessibility, openness, mutualism and internal democratic control for users; c) urban actors and spatialies: the number of users and the type of actors involved, representation, and location of allocated projects. Conversely, Commonfare and similar type of initiatives, encounter limits in access related to techno-biases, media literacy, namely low number of users and lack of participation, over-representation of certain users, as well as obstacles related to the availability of financial resources, such as subsidies and grants, and more.

Exploring Time Banking from Economic Diversity: Analyzing the Social Models of Service Exchange Mechanism

近來時間銀行在許多國家社會成為另類服務機制，自1990年代中期起，臺灣不少公私機構也開始嘗試這個社會創新實驗，希望藉此補充長照資源。時間銀行兼具共同生產、共享社會資本、以及弱勢賦能這些重要功能，本文認為發展操作性強的時間銀行需反思社會和多元經濟形態的關係，並提出透過經濟多樣性的光譜檢視三種時間銀行服務交換模式：（1）R型（Replacing）的照護資源替代服務、（2）E型（Empowering）的行動者與社區賦能、以及（3）G型（Grossing）的營利導向，文中也深入分析R-E-G三種模式所各自呈現出對社會關係與經濟交換之差異與錯位想像。本文之目的在創造讓時間銀行研究對話得以推展的基礎，進而協助非營利倡議組織以及各級政府擬定適當的推動策略。Time banking has been an alternative exchange mechanism in many societies for many decades. In Taiwan, since the mid-1990s, civil societies, community organizations, and governments have begun experimenting with this social innovation to supplement long-term care resources. The authors argue that developing practical time banking systems requires analyzing how diverse economic models interact with particular societies. In this paper, the authors examine three time banking exchanging models through the spectrum of economic diversities, including (1) Replacing care resources as Model R, (2) Empowering actors and communities as Model E, and (3) Grossing profit-oriented time banking model as Model G. The authors propose a multifaceted economic spectrum to locate the three R-E-G models of time banking, which creates a focused dialogue on time banking research, and then assists nonprofit organizations and governments at all levels to strategize practical time banking policies and to formulate sustainable mechanisms.

A Preliminary Analysis of the Practical Experience of Multi-specialty Rural Time Banks

台灣即將進入超高齡社會，日漸沉重的照顧工作需要投入的時間和金錢，已非單一家庭就可獨力承擔。舉凡長輩自立生活日常需求及長照服務制度與個體家庭生活需求之間的「未被滿足需求」（unmet need），應該有更多元的共同協作機制，才能彌補當中可能產生之縫隙。當現代社會人際信任關係日漸消褪，本研究試圖在一個鄉鎮之中導入時間銀行，並透過互助、互惠方式串連資源，強化整體社區面對高齡社會各種衝擊的能力，因此以大林鎮為時間銀行推動範疇，採立意取樣方式挑選時間銀行會員及非會員進行相關問卷和訪談，除了了解研究對象對時間銀行之理解、感受與期待，同時提出未來時間銀行制度運用的可能方向和策略，並給予建議。Taiwan will enter a super-aged society, and the time and money invested in the increasingly heavy care work. The ＂unmet needs＂ between the daily needs of the elderly for self-reliance, the long-term care service system, and the needs of individual family life, more collaborative mechanisms are needed to fill the gaps that may arise. When the trust relationship between people in modern society is gradually fading, Time Bank tries to introduce the concept of ＂mutual aid circle＂, and connects resources through mutual assistance and reciprocity, so as to strengthen the ability of the whole society to face various latent shocks. The study attempts to take Dalin Township as the research area on promoting Time Bank. We adopt a purposive sampling method to select Time Bank members and non-members to conduct relevant questionnaires and interviews to understand their feelings and expects, meanwhile, propose possible directions and strategies in the future.

A Study of Consumer Satisfaction Towards E-Banking Facilities Provided by Private Sector Banks with The Reference Vita City and Its Correlation with The Level of Education

Once upon a time, bank banking services do not provide multiple banking services. The customer of the bank is ca not use the e-banking services after some time banking sector analysis the market environment and provided the various types of banking services. Every customer is the king of the market. In the market, every businessman knows the demand of the customer and they produce the product which is satisfied their need and wants. Nowadays the banking sector adopts the new technology in their sector e-banking services plays an essential role in the banking sector. This facility attracts every customer to our bank If the banking services can not accept the new technology they do not survive very well in the market. E-banking services are provided to the customer with various types of facilities like Electronic fund transfer, mobile banking, Internet banking, Debit card, Credit card, and NEFT. All services are provided to the customer at less cost of transaction and it is very easy to use. This study helps to know the satisfaction of the customer towards E-banking facilities provided by private sector banks in Vita city.