Savings Banks Research Articles

Banking concentration and its determinants at the regional level during the Spanish developmentalism

Abstract In 1962, Spain implemented significant banking law changes to boost competition. This study investigates their impact on provincial banking concentration from 1964 to 1975, utilising novel provincial-level private bank balance sheet data and including savings banks. Results show a substantial decline in concentration across most provinces. Panel data models identify the determinants of banking concentration: larger populations and higher gross domestic product per capita correlate with lower concentration, while agrarian-focused provinces exhibit higher concentration. The provincial financial sector's structure also matters, with a higher number of branches and headquarters per capita associated with reduced banking concentration. These findings refine existing literature and provide new insights into the intricate relationship between banking concentration and regional economies in Spain.

The Effect Of Profitability, Leverage And Company Size On Company Value In Sharia National Pension Savings Bank For The Period 2014-2023

The purpose of this study is to find out whether or not there is a relationship between Profitability, Leverage, Company Size and Company Value at the Sharia National Retirement Savings Bank. The data used is secondary data taken from the Quarterly financial statements of the Sharia National Retirement Savings Bank for 2014-2023. Multiple linear regression analysis was used for the analysis in this study, partially showing that Profitability has a partial negative effect on the company's value. Leverage has no effect on the Company's Value. The size of the company affects the value of the company. Simultaneously, it can be explained that the variables of profitability, leverage, and company size have a simultaneous effect on the value of the company

Determinants of the Profitability of Savings Banks in the US and the Moderating Effect of the Pandemic Crisis

The pandemic crisis that began in 2020 and lasted until 2021 has raised concerns about the impact on banking profitability. As a result, the global banking system suffered a drop in the profitability of its banking business as part of the crisis. Taking into account the problem of profitability in the banking sector, some studies have been increasingly highlighted both in academia and in the financial market. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the determinants of bank profitability for banks operating in the savings segment in the United States, for the periods between 2012 and 2022. To this end, four factors explaining profitability (default rate, liquidity, solvency and productivity) were analyzed for 57 banks. In addition, we wanted to assess the moderating effect that the pandemic crisis had on the banking sector. To obtain the results, a panel data analysis model was used, combining cross-section data (banks) and time-series data (years), and a strongly balanced panel was obtained. Four multiple linear regression models were then used and it was possible to identify liquidity and solvency as the main positive factors in bank profitability. In contrast, the factors of default rate and productivity have a negative influence on bank profitability. The results also show that banks with high default rates had greater difficulties during the period of the pandemic crisis, that is, the crisis negatively moderated the effect of default on profitability.

Banking on Housing: Credit Foncier Loans and The State Savings Bank of Victoria, 1890–1941

Following the collapse of the Australian property boom in the 1880s, public trust in the volatile colonial land market — largely fuelled by overseas speculation — was exceptionally low. Colonial governments and financial institutions attempted to stabilise the economy in part by making ownership of property more accessible to greater portions of the domestic population. In the colony of Victoria, this led to the introduction of a transformative financial instrument: the credit foncier loan. Credit foncier loans are fixed-term loans, secured against the value of land and backed by the government, in which principal and interest are repaid on a regular basis. The State Savings Bank of Victoria (SSBV) established its first credit foncier scheme in the 1890s. Loans covered the cost of land, construction and connection to utilities, as well as one of the many designs preapproved by the bank under the scheme. These designs prescribed suitable materials, methods of construction, fixings and appliances. By the 1920s, around 1,300 so-called bank houses were being constructed in Victoria annually and the SSBV had established a dedicated Building Department to ‘design and supervise the erection of low-cost housing’ for the people of Victoria. This essay explores the ways in which the credit foncier scheme effectively transformed a Protestant-inspired savings bank into a real estate developer. It examines how the architecture of the bank houses was designed to meet the commercial imperatives of the SSBV: by mitigating risk, acting as collateral, attracting insurance premiums and through the sale of architectural plans produced for the scheme. At the same time, the paper examines how the terms of the credit foncier loan also facilitated homeownership for a financially indebted — and thereby ‘settled’ — 20th-century population, propelling the settler colonial project in Victoria towards a pervasive paradigm of ‘residential capitalism’ based on the commodification of dispossessed Aboriginal land.

Beyond profit: Exploring CEO tenure, social value risk‐taking, and competitive dynamics in savings banks

Beyond profit: Exploring <scp>CEO</scp> tenure, social value risk‐taking, and competitive dynamics in savings banks

Role of Microfinance in Socio-Economic Development in Nepal

No systematic effort to map the distribution of microfinance has yet been undertaken. A benchmark was established by an analysis of 'alternative financial institutions' in the developing world in 2004. The authors counted approximately 665 million client accounts at over 3,000 institutions that are serving people who are poorer than those served by the commercial banks. Of these accounts, 120 million were with institutions normally understood to practice microfinance. Reflecting the diverse historical roots of the movement, however, they also included postal savings banks (318 million accounts), state agricultural and development banks (172 million accounts), financial cooperatives and credit unions (35 million accounts) and specialized rural banks (19 million accounts). Regionally, the highest concentration of these accounts was in India (188 million accounts representing 18% of the total national population). The lowest concentrations were in Latin America and the Caribbean (14 million accounts representing 3% of the total population) and Africa (27 million accounts representing 4% of the total population, with the highest rate of penetration in West Africa, and the highest growth rate in Eastern and Southern Africa Considering that most bank clients in the developed world need several active accounts to keep their affairs in order, these figures indicate that the task the microfinance movement has set for itself is still very far from finished. This paper attempts to study the role of Micro-Finance in socio- economic empowerment.

Effect of households’ members disability and serious illness on public health insurance subscription among urban refugees during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya

BackgroundThe adverse selection theory speculates a high level of demand for health insurance by people with vulnerable health conditions. However, the COVID-19 pandemic changed the prevailing narratives and pattern of healthcare utilization in many African countries. This study estimated the effects of household member’s disability and presence of serious illness on the probability of National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) subscription with the average treatment effect (ATE) and average treatment effect on the treated (ATET).MethodsThe data were collected telephonically in 2020 using the sampling frame of the United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR). The respondents were refugees with active phone numbers who were registered by the UNHCR in Nairobi, Mombasa and Nakuru cities. A total of 2,438 completed the surveys. The data were analysed with Treatment Effects Probit regression model using the regression adjustment estimator.ResultsThe results showed that 24.89% of the respondents had health insurance. Also, 3.28%, 1.39% and 2.46%, respectively suffered from physical, cognitive and sensory disability, while 8.28% had some form of serious illness. The Probit regression results showed that probability of being health insured significantly increased (p < 0.05) with membership of community-based organizations (CBO), asset index, possession of bank savings account, residence in Nairobi and household size, while residence in Nakuru reduced it. The ATE for physical and cognitive disabilities were significant (p < 0.05) with 0.1100 and 0.1816, respectively, while that for serious illness was 0.1046 (p < 0.01). The ATET for physical disability and serious illness were also significant (p < 0.05) with 0.1251 and 0.0996, respectively.ConclusionIt was concluded that efforts to facilitate NHIF subscriptions among the refugees should be channelled among people with disability and serious illness. In addition, there is the need to promote refugees’ welfare through employment that can induce formal savings and promote less reliance on informal borrowing. The operational mechanisms and differences in healthcare service distribution between the three cities should be considered along some salient interventions for health insurance subscription that are channelled through some CBOs.

Determinant of Islamic bank Savings Customers Satisfaction: A Case of Indonesian Islamic Bank

Bank competition is fierce among conventional banks, Islamic banks, and among these types of banks. To win the competition, bank management must try to satisfy customers. This study aimed to determine the determinants of customer satisfaction in terms of savings. This study aimed to determine the determinants of voluntary consumer satisfaction. This research is a development of the Peng and Moghavvemi (2015) model and only using 'Voluntary Savings Customers' of Islamic banks and add three variables. There were 247 participating respondents. Respondents came from Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI), Bank Muamalat, Bank BPD Syariah, Bank BTN Syariah, Bank Bukopin Syariah. Snowball sampling was used. The analysis tool used was Partial Least Square (PLS) with SmartPLS software. The results showed that empathy had a moderately significant effect, whereas assurance; reliability; tangibles and compliance had a significant effect on perceived value. On the other hand, the empathy and trust have a significant effect on customer satisfaction. The test results also show that assurance, reliability, perceived value, tangibles, compliance, and religiosity are not significant for Customer Satisfaction.

Determinants of Access to Bank Credit by Smallholder Agricultural Households in Uganda: Evidence from UNHS 2019/2020

Agricultural credit plays a significant role in boosting cash and food crop production for household consumption, domestic and foreign markets. The purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants that affect smallholder farmer’s access to bank credit in Uganda. The study used data from the Uganda National Household Survey 2019/2020 (UNHS). The study utilized a logit regression model for the analysis of data. The findings from the model showed that farmer’s access to bank credit in Uganda was positively and significantly influenced by sex of the household head, income level of the household head, marital status of the household head, age of the household head and ownership of a bank savings account. The study’s conclusions led to the development of key policy recommendations. These include promoting a savings culture through various initiatives, providing incentives such as special savings accounts or matching deposit programs, creating customized banking products to carter to farmers needs and offering free tertiary education to graduates of Universal Primary Education, Universal Secondary Education, and Universal Post O Level Education and Training

The real effects of distressed bank mergers

We show that distressed bank mergers that are a widely used instrument for bank resolution have the potential to generate adverse real economic effects. We analyze distressed mergers of German savings banks and show that they represent exogenous shocks to the (initially non-distressed) acquiring bank. In the years after a distressed merger: (i) the performance of the acquiring savings bank deteriorates; (ii) the shock is transmitted to firms in the acquirer’s region which cut back their investments and reduce employment and (iii) the overall macroeconomic dynamics in the region of the acquirer deteriorates, leading to reductions in investment and employment growth. To support a causal interpretation of our results we perform several tests that confirm that local economic dynamics is affected by the shock to the acquiring bank and not by real economic contagion.

Microfinance Providers and Rural Lending in the Province of Carniola Before 1914: a Case Study of the District Credit Cooperative Litija

The study provides new insights and compares two different types of microfinance intermediaries and their role and impact on the economic and financial situation of the rural population before the beginning of World War I. The abolition of serfdom in the Habsburg monarchy in 1848 had a significant impact on traditional life in the second half of the 19th century. Peasants became landowners, and their participation in the market and monetary economy became crucial. The development of microfinance intermediaries, such as savings banks and credit cooperatives, was essential for the financial inclusion of the rural population. The article shows the development of credit operations in a rural environment using the example of the District Credit Cooperative Litija.

Los NODESS en Sinaloa como estrategia para incentivar el desarrollo regional

The Social and Solidarity Economy refers to a group of organizations that through their work promote socioeconomic, cultural and environmental development in a region. This model evokes cooperatives, ejidal communities, savings banks and foundations. In Mexico, the INAES regulates NODESS, defined as alliances between the social sector of the economy, academia and government, which unite their capabilities to have a positive impact on a region. The objective was to analyze the importance of the Social and Solidarity Economy and the relevance of NODESS alliances in Mexico, particularly in Sinaloa, as a regional development strategy. The research was qualitative, with the category study technique supported by the documentary record of digital scientific databases, with search criteria the period of the publications (2018 to 2023) and the keywords. The information was classified into concepts, practices and axes, synthesized and patterns were deduced. To deepen the analysis, a NODESS experience from Sinaloa was integrated. The results highlight the importance of the practices of the Social and Solidarity Economy in the communities and the acceptance of the NODESS in Mexico, the coincident axes were strengthening of productive management, associative entrepreneurship and professionalization of personnel. It is concluded that NODESS alliances are an opportunity to promote the primary sector in Sinaloa. For future research, it is proposed to prepare a compendium of good practices of the NODESS in Sinaloa, with the intention of disseminating it and promoting the creation of new alliances.

The Returns of Early Adoption of Information Technologies: Order of Adoption or Level of Adoption Advantages?

We study whether the early adoption of information technologies provides competitive advantages and examine the source of such advantages. Existing research in this area has failed to differentiate between the advantages arising from the timing of adoption (e.g., asset preemption) and those that are related to higher levels of adoption (e.g., organizational learning). In this paper, we break down these advantages into two components: order of adoption (early vs. late adopters) and level of adoption (high vs. low internal diffusion levels). The empirical analysis examines the adoption and subsequent intrafirm diffusion of the automated teller machine in a sample of Spanish savings banks using a long data panel extending from 1988 to 2004. The results show that the advantages associated with the order of adoption outweigh those associated with the level of adoption and have the potential to be long lasting. Our findings are consistent across various estimation methods, and we assess different performance dimensions (ROA, income, and efficiency). Our modeling and findings have implications for managers and can be applied to the study of the early adoption of modern technologies.

Actions to improve energy efficiency on the example of selected historic buildings in Poland in the context of European Union guidelines

The article presents, in the context of the guidelines of the "Long-Term Strategy for Renovation of Buildings" valid until 2050, examples of renovations of historic buildings carried out in Poland in 2018-2021, which serve as public facilities. They were designed and constructed in a manner consistent with the guidelines for the transformation of a climate-neutral economy, which stem from Article 2a of Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of May 19, 2010. The purpose of the article is a comparative analysis of selected Polish examples of revaluation of public buildings from the point of view of the Architecture of these objects. These are: the Wagner Villa in Kostrzyn on Oder, the railway station in Białystok, the Teodor Sixt Villa in Bielsko-Biała, the office building of the Forestry Commission in Elbląg, the building of the Savings Bank in Ropczyce and the former granary in Żukowo. Also cited are the current financial tools available and the basic measures needed to ensure high energy efficiency and low-carbon performance of public buildings in the run up to 2050.

Financial Portfolio Analysis of Single Households: Monthly Saving and Financial Assets

The purpose of this study was to analyze the financial portfolios of single-person households. For the analysis, data from the Korean Labor Panel Survey (2021) was utilized, comprising 2,905 single-person households. The major findings are as follows: First, the proportion of households with monthly savings was 32.0%, while the proportion of households holding financial assets was 72.1%. Second, regarding the composition of monthly savings, single-person households predominantly held savings accounts (93.3%), followed by insurance (4.7%), with cumulative funds at a mere 0.8%. The composition of financial assets showed that the majority were in bank deposits (78.5%), followed by risk management assets (18.0%), and investment assets (2.4%). Third, multivariate analysis results revealed that younger age, higher education level, and better financial factors were associated with a higher probability of having monthly savings. The results for financial assets were largely similar, with females showing a higher likelihood of asset possession compared to males. Fourth, the proportions of both bank savings in total savings and insurance generally had opposing effects. Fifth, age group had the greatest influence on the proportions of safety and insurance assets, followed by income group. Middle-aged households had lower proportions of safety assets but higher proportions of insurance assets compared to young households, while the opposite trend was observed for elderly households. Middle-income households had higher proportions of insurance assets compared to low-income households, whereas high-income households had higher proportions of investment assets. Lastly, cluster analysis categorized single-person households' financial portfolios into five groups: Group 1 (32.2%): "Old-Sustain" characterized by insufficient current income but economically stable retirement. Group 2 (29.4%): "Financially Active" engaging in various financial activities due to relatively high education and employment rates. Group 3 (28.0%): "Financially Inactive" classified as elderly groups with minimal financial activities. Group 4 (9.1%): "Risk Financial Structure" consisting of relatively young individuals focused on risk management assets but facing issues in financial asset management due to high-risk assets and financial loans. Group 5 (1.3%): "Stable-Insurance Oriented" with high financial assets and income concentrated in insurance for both savings and financial assets.

Competing narratives in the Swedish 1929 deposit insurance-debate

In early April 1929, eight Swedish savings banks were declared insolvent and closed due to economic crimes committed by some of their founders. After the crash, the Swedish parliament entered into a month-long debate over whether the state should cover some, all, or none of the losses of the 88,000 depositors of the failed banks. The two main parties, the Right Party, in government, and the Social Democrats, the largest party in parliament, developed competing narratives about the causes of the crash, the motives for state intervention, which depositors should be helped, and with how much public money. This paper provides the first account and analysis of this political debate, which ended with a decision for the state to provide an informal, partial, one-time deposit guarantee. The case is unique in Swedish banking history and demonstrates the importance of analysing policy makers’ narratives to understand state intervention in banking crises.

Implementation of Loan to Value Easing Policy and Efforts to Overcome Problem Property Credit

The function of national banking is not only as a forum for collecting and distributing public funds or as an intermediary for savers and borrowers (investors) but also to improve people's living standards; one of these efforts is to provide various types of Credit, one of which is property credit. One of Bank Indonesia's efforts is to provide relief by increasing the loan to value (LTV) ratio for the lower middle class. Based on this background, this article examines and analyzes the considerations for issuing macroprudential policies regarding loan to value relaxation on property loans and the efforts banks should make to handle problem loans. This type of research is empirical legal research because it examines the considerations for issuing macroprudential policies regarding loan to value relaxation on property loans and the efforts banks should make to handle problem loans. PT. State Savings Bank (Persero) Tbk. Applying a maximum limit differs from Bank Indonesia Regulations because banking upholds the principle of prudence.

A Bank for the People: The People’s Savings Bank and Community Building in Philadelphia, 1907–1917

ABSTRACT This article examines how Black Americans used Black economic nationalism to create community through the formation and support of The People’s Savings Bank in early twentieth-century Philadelphia. Through its lending practices, The People’s Savings Bank offered Black Philadelphians credit opportunities that allowed them to circumvent the Jim Crow practices of the period. Furthermore, the article argues that the success of the bank was the result of inter-gender mutualism by a community determined to achieve self-determination through economic empowerment. Banking in Black Philadelphia went beyond creating a successful moneyed class, it was about crafting an oasis for a people besieged by White supremacist structures.

ESG Performance of Chinese Commercial Banks

As a core component of China’s financial system, the banking industry is crucial for economic development. As a leading institution in the Chinese financial sector, commercial banks can actively promote the ESG development of Chinese enterprises by leveraging their ESG performance. This study selected the top three commercial banks in China’s ESG rating rankings, including the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, China Construction Bank, and Postal Savings Bank of China, to conduct a detailed analysis of their published ESG reports and social responsibility reports. The purpose is to extract the practical experience of these banks in ESG governance and provide a reference for other banks in the same industry.

Digital Transformation in HRM: Leveraging AI and Big Data for Employee Engagement and Retention

The Jordanian banking sector is now seeing a significant change in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data in human resource management (HRM). To assess the influence of this era on employee engagement and retention, 300 employees of Jordanian bank were the sample of the study. Using partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling, we have a look at investigating how pride mediates and organizational culture modifies those effects. The study found a favorable correlation between AI adoption (r = 0.65, p &lt; 0.01) and Big Data use (r = 0.58, p &lt; 0.05) and work satisfaction, organizational culture, savings technology, staff engagement, and positive connections with Jordanian savings banks. Furthermore, regression research demonstrates that AI adoption and usage of Big Data are predictive. AI and big data can optimize HRM practices and provide insights, leading to higher employee satisfaction (r = 0.72, p &lt; 0.01). This can enhance competitive advantage and strategy in the digital age.