Banks In Countries Research Articles

The impact of financial development and regulation on technology gaps and cost efficiency in banks: a cross-country analysis

Purpose This study aims to examine the effects of financial development and banking regulation on technology gaps and cost efficiency in banks, controlling for bank- and country-specific factors. Design/methodology/approach A stochastic frontier analysis is used to empirically investigate the cost efficiency of 277 banks in 11 Asia-Pacific countries from 2011 to 2019. To compare their banking sectors, 11 countries are categorized as high- or low-income. Findings The results show that the level of financial development is key to the technology type adopted by banks in low-income countries, but the regulatory environment is more important to technology gaps and cost efficiency in high-income countries. Research limitations/implications A limitation of this study relates to data availability: some firms were excluded through the application of limiting criteria. The research has implications for bank regulators in high-income countries and demonstrates the need for further investigation of the financial development of banks in low-income countries. Originality/value This study applies the most recent meta-frontier technique to a sample of banks in the Asia-Pacific region to identify determinants of bank cost efficiency and technology gaps.

Digital Banking Practices and its Impact on the Competitive Scenario of the Indian Banking Sector

Advancement in technology and digitalization has altered the way economic activities are carried out, and has paved the way for a faster pace of growth across most sectors of the worldwide economy. The Indian Banking Sector (IBS) is no exception to this transition. The IBS has progressed over the years and digital adoption has played a significant role in financial inclusion. Studies have established that adoption of digital practices have impacted operational efficiency and profitability of banks. Bank characteristics are also found to have impacted digital adoption, and have shaped the competitive structure of the country's banking sector. Digital technology has also enabled banks to economize of personnel and branches. In this context, this paper sought to examine the extent of digital adoption in the Indian banking sector and inquire into any structural changes it had led to, over a period of time. The study is exploratory in nature and examined the composition of the IBS in terms of banks leading in the overall digital banking practices. As a measure of depth of digitalization, the study also analyzed and compared the value of digital banking transactions in relation to total assets of the banks. The study also inquired into whether bank ownership type had any implications for adoption digital technology in banking practices. Through these gradations of analysis, the purpose was also to look for indications of the future structural composition of the IBS.

Diversity in the medical research ecosystem: a descriptive scientometric analysis of over 49 000 studies and 150 000 authors published in high-impact medical journals between 2007 and 2022

ObjectivesHealth research that significantly impacts global clinical practice and policy is often published in high-impact factor (IF) medical journals. These outlets play a pivotal role in the worldwide dissemination of...

Temporal trends and patterns in mortality from falls across 59high-income and upper-middle-income countries, 1990-2021, with projections up to 2040: a global time-series analysis and modelling study.

Deaths related to falls are a substantial public health problem worldwide, and insight into trends and differences in global fall-related deaths can be valuable for identifying prevention strategies and developing effective policies. Thus, we aimed to estimate global fall-related mortality rate trends and forecast future fall-related deaths. In this global time-series analysis and modelling study, we investigated temporal trends in fall-related mortality rates from 1990to 2021using the WHO Mortality Database, following the GATHER guidelines, and forecasted trends until 2040across 59 high-income and upper-middle-income countries. We focused on identifying specific patterns of variation in mortality rates across different age groups, sexes, and income levels based on World Bank country classification. We analysed temporal trends and patterns using a locally weighted scatter plot smoother curve presented by age-standardised mortality rates (ASMRs), and future projections were calculated based on Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis. We performed a decomposition analysis to identify variations in fall-related deaths by examining factors such as population growth, ageing, and epidemiological changes. Fall-related mortality rates per 100 000people declined from 23·21 (95% CI 21·30to 25·12) in 1990to 11·01(9·94to 12·08) in 2009, increasing to 12·50 (10·36to 14·64) by 2021. Throughout the period from 1990to 2021, fall-related mortality rates were consistently higher among men, individuals in high-income countries, and older adults. The results represent a clear pattern in fall-related mortality rates according to sex, income level, and age group. ASMRs exhibited varying patterns, with an initial decrease of 43·83% (from 11·54 [95% CI 9·33to 13·76] in 1990to 6·48 [95% CI 5·28to 7·68] in 2005) in upper-middle-income countries with a subsequent rise of 49·69% to 9·70 (9·33to 13·76) in 2021, with a 17·81% increase among women (from 9·04in 2009to 10·65in 2021), and with a 1434·8% increase in individuals aged 85years and older (from 5·00 [-4·94to 14·94] in 1992to 76·74 [62·10to 91·39] in 2021). Furthermore, ASMRs showed a positive correlation with Socio-demographic Index (β=42·29 [10·26to 74·32]; p<0·011), the Environmental Performance Index (β=0·19 [0·05to 0·33]; p=0·0090), and the reverse Gini coefficient (β=22·58 [0·45to 44·72]; p=0·046). Projections indicate that the fall-related mortality rate is expected to rise from 14·80 (95% credible intervals, 14·04to 15·59) per 100 000people in 2021to 19·48 (7·02to 98·84) by 2040. The increase in fall-related deaths from 1990to 2040can be attributed to the growth in population, because the absolute number of fall-related deaths has risen despite a declining rate. Temporal trend in fall-related deaths declined from 1990to 2009, followed by an increase in 2021. Fall-related deaths among women and individuals aged 85years and older will continue to increase until 2040, particularly in upper-middle-income countries. Urgent and proactive implementation of targeted interventions and prevention programmes is necessary to reduce fall-related mortality effectively. National Research Foundation of Korea.

Assessing Basel Capital Regulations: Exploring the Risk and Efficiency Relationship in Emerging Economies

This research investigates the relationship between Basel capital regulations, bank risk, and bank efficiency in the context of Pakistani and Indian commercial banks. This study examines the period from 2009 to 2022 and specifically analyses the impact of Basel III capital requirements on risk and efficiency. Quantitative methods are employed, utilising data from central bank websites and the BankScope database to construct a comprehensive sample of commercial banks in Pakistan and India. The system-generalised method of moments (GMM) estimation technique addresses potential endogeneity issues in the regression models. The findings shed light on the effectiveness of these regulations and provide insights for policymakers and regulators in both countries. The results indicate that Basel capital regulations have generally increased banks’ risk-taking behaviour in Pakistan and India. However, they have not improved the overall efficiency of the banking sector in either country. Bank efficiency declined during the study period, highlighting the limited effectiveness of Basel capital regulations in enhancing efficiency. Furthermore, the impact of these regulations on risk and efficiency varies between the two countries. In Pakistan, the regulations do not significantly affect bank efficiency, while in India, they decrease efficiency. Additionally, Basel III capital regulations do not significantly impact the risk taken by banks in either country. This study concludes by emphasising the need for alternative mechanisms or policies to improve the banking industry’s efficiency, as Basel capital regulations alone have proven ineffective. The findings offer valuable insights for central banks and regulators in assessing the relationship between capital regulations, risk, and efficiency and implementing appropriate measures to enhance the performance of the banking sector. This study recommends the following key points: the adoption of tailored regulatory approaches to address specific challenges, achieving an optimal balance between risk management and operational efficiency, enhancing the effectiveness of management roles, considering the influence of macroeconomic factors, and evaluating the implications of long-term policy development for sustainable progress. The present study adds to the prevalent literature on the impact of capital regulations on bank risk and efficiency nexus. This study focuses on Pakistan and India, which are two important developing nations. Moreover, another important contribution of this study lies in the effect of Basel III capital regulation on bank risk, as these capital regulations are different from other Basel capital requirements.

Defining and Measuring Financial Toxicity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Financial toxicity (FT) of cancer treatment likely affects more patients in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs); however, most of the research on FT comes from high-income countries, which may not apply to LMICs. The causes and consequences of FT in patients with cancer in LMICs remain understudied. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched MEDLINE, Web of Science, and CINAHL for FT literature in cancer originating from LMICs from inception until the end of 2023, and documented the different definitions used to define FT in LMICs, and the magnitude of FT documented using those definitions. LMIC was defined using the World Bank Country and Lending Group classification. Sixty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies on FT in cancer originating from LMICs have increased in recent years (>75% studies published 2020 onward) and used varying criteria to define FT, broadly categorized into five themes. Majority of the studies defined FT in terms of catastrophic health expenditure (45%) or household impoverishment (10%), while 26% of the studies used the Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity tool, developed and validated in US patients, to measure FT in LMIC settings. Twenty-six percent of the studies defined FT in terms of coping mechanisms and 10% in terms of subjective financial burden. The magnitude of FT in patients with cancer was substantial irrespective of the definitions used. This review synthesizes the different definitions of FT for LMICs that have been used in the literature so far. We conclude that the definitions that capture the coping mechanisms or hardships might reflect the magnitude of FT better than absolute dollar values or relative percentages of expenditures. Future studies can use our results to devise locally tailored definitions of FT.

Does market structure mediate relationship between merger and acquisition and performance of Islamic and conventional banks?

Purpose Merger and acquisition (M&amp;A) plays an important role in developing the financial sector. The purpose of the paper is to analyze and evaluate the effects of M&amp;As on the outcome of Islamic and conventional banks. Furthermore, examines the mediating role of market structure between M&amp;A and bank outcome. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses POLS, panel data techniques and structural equation modeling to analyze a set of samples for 24 banks consisting of 10 Islamic banks and 14 conventional banks involved in M&amp;A from 2004Q1 to 2020Q4 from 6 countries. Findings Generally, M&amp;A improves the post-M&amp;A performance of Islamic banks and conventional banks. However, there is size issue. Bank size positively affects Islamic bank performance while conventional does not. Furthermore, market structure mediates the relationship between M&amp;A and the operational performance of Islamic and conventional banks. Implying that after M&amp;A, the market becomes concentrated while it reduces competition. Research limitations/implications Number of banks are limited due to unavailability of data for pre and post-M&amp;A. Future researches can be carried out to study the cross-border M&amp;A along with the regulation between Islamic banks in GCC and Asia Pacific countries. Practical implications Improving operational performance plays a significant role. To enhance the performance of Islamic banking industry, M&amp;A between small Islamic banks could be beneficial depending on the market structure. Originality/value The mediation role of market structure in between M&amp;A and performance for Islamic and conventional banks is the main contribution of the study.

Ethical banking practices: a comparative analysis of Islamic and conventional banks in GCC countries

Ethical banking practices: a comparative analysis of Islamic and conventional banks in GCC countries

Developing a Network Theory-Based Tool to Assess Central Bank Policy Effectiveness

Aim of the Study: The paper aimed to create a mathematical tool that would aid economists in predicting the effectiveness of central banks in different countries. Methodology: This study adopted an organized methodology starting with the specification of necessary parameters to be incorporated in the final equation. Country cases were provided for each variable and their significance was discussed and illustrated. Variables were then quantified and assigned a value between 0 and 1, with their mean calculated to provide a simplified representation of the overall impact. This approach helped in reaching a structured and clear conclusion with relation to the selected variables. Findings/Results: The study proposed a new analytical tool that clearly linked various factors, including political stability, the informal economy, and Social and Religious attitudes, and their relationship with monetary policy outcomes. The tool could also predict the future possibilities regarding interest change in any country to favor its decision. Conclusion: This study introduced a novel network theory-based quantitative tool to evaluate the effectiveness of central bank monetary policies globally. With features like the political stability index, the size of the informal economy, and social/religious acceptability of policies, the tool gave firm comprehensive benchmarks for the outcomes of policies. According to the observations made during this work, these and other variables depend on central bank effectiveness, as a quantitative analysis of various examples proved.

Differences in capital structure between public and private hospitals: new evidence from a small country banking system using panel data

Differences in capital structure between public and private hospitals: new evidence from a small country banking system using panel data

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI PENYALURAN KREDIT DOMESTIK PADA ASEAN COUNTRIES

This research aims to analyze the determinants of interest rates, profit tax, total debt service, gross domestic product (GDP), and time to resolve insolvency on domestic credit by banks in ASEAN countries. This research is descriptive quantitative research using secondary data obtained from the World Bank website in 2013-2022 by taking a sample of ASEAN countries namely Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and Brunei Darussalam. The analysis used in this research is the panel data regression method. This research is expected to contribute to government policy, namely improving credit quality in Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and Brunei Darussalam. The result show that time to resolve insolvency is significant to domestic credit to private sector by banks, while nominal interest rates, profit tax, total debt service, and gross domestic product have no significant effect.

Digital Banking Across the Balkans: Navigating Adoption, Innovation, and Regional Challenges

Digital banking has emerged as a major force in reshaping financial services globally, providing greater access, efficiency, and cost savings. This study focuses on the usage and adoption of digital banking in the Balkan countries, including Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, and Slovenia. These nations, at varying stages of economic development and regulatory alignment, offer a unique context for exploring the trends, drivers, and barriers to digital banking. The article begins by examining the global rise of digital banking and its potential to address financial inclusion, particularly in emerging markets. It then provides an in-depth analysis of the Balkan region, where some countries have embraced digital banking more rapidly, while others face challenges such as limited infrastructure, digital literacy, and regulatory hurdles. Through a comparative analysis, this paper identifies the key factors influencing digital banking penetration, including technological advancements, economic conditions, regulatory frameworks, and consumer trust. The study utilizes secondary data from a range of sources, including financial reports, statistical databases, and academic literature. Received: 2 August 2024 / Accepted: 31 October 2024 / Published: 3 December 2024

Assessing the impact of sanctions on the performance of Russian banks

Subject. The article discusses the impact of sanctions on the performance of Russian banks. Objectives. The focus is on the consideration of key performance indicators of banking activities, analysis of the impact of sanctions on the efficiency of 100 Russian banks. Methods. We made a sample of 100 Russian banks, sorted by net assets, identified and calculated key performance indicators of banking activities, built a model and analyzed the impact of sanctions on performance indicators under the Difference-in-Difference method, using STATA software. Results. The study unveiled a slight negative impact on the performance indicators of banking activities. Conclusions. In 2022, unfriendly countries imposed unprecedented sanctions on Russia, including the banking sector. Thus, the analysis of the impact of sanctions on the effectiveness of Russian banks is highly relevant in modern economic conditions. Given the complex international relations and sanctions policy towards Russia, the study of this issue is extremely important for understanding the impact of external factors on the functioning of the country's banking system.

Sharia-supervisory board’s characteristics and green banking disclosure: exploring from Islamic banking in MENA countries

Purpose This study aims to investigate the extent to which the characteristics of Sharia supervisory boards (SSB) in banking institutions impact the disclosure of information pertaining to green banking practices. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive dynamic panel data analysis approach was applied to a data set comprising Islamic banks from 15 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, covering the period from 2012 to 2022. In addition, a series of robustness and endogeneity analyses were conducted to ensure the consistency of the main findings. Findings This study shows that the characteristics of the SSB significantly impact the green banking disclosure practices of Islamic banks. Specifically, the proportion of board members who hold multiple SSB positions and the presence of foreign board members exhibit a negative and significant effect on green banking disclosure. Conversely, the size of the SSB is positively and significantly associated with green banking disclosure. Thus, the extent of green banking disclosure in Islamic banks is likely to increase with the size of the SSB. However, an increase in board members’ external commitments and a higher proportion of foreign board members are associated with a decline in green banking disclosure. Further analysis supports these findings, confirming their consistency across different contexts. Research limitations/implications The findings of this study highlight the critical role that the composition and characteristics of the SSB play in shaping the green banking practices of Islamic banks in MENA countries. These insights provide valuable guidance for policymakers and Islamic financial institutions aiming to strengthen sustainability practices while adhering to Shariah principles. As green banking becomes increasingly crucial in the global financial landscape, optimizing the SSB’s composition could be a key driver in advancing the environmental goals of Islamic banking in the MENA region. Practical implications Islamic banks in the MENA region should focus on optimizing their SSB composition to enhance green banking disclosure. Increasing the size of the SSB can positively influence disclosure practices. However, banks should manage board members’ external engagements to ensure they have sufficient focus on green initiatives. Strategic recruitment of foreign members with a commitment to sustainability, coupled with targeted training programs, can further improve disclosure. Originality/value Specific SSB characteristics such as size and foreign board members influence disclosure of green banking, which previous studies did not conduct research on.

Evaluating Objectives of TVET in Kenya in Light of Pragmatic Theory towards Lifelong Learning: A Holistic Approach to Competency Training

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Bank and different countries including Kenya have placed education and training as a central tool towards youth employability and realization of the industrialization agenda. Despite the dying industries and increase in demand for employability skill in training, TVET graduates lack employability skills. The study was tasked to evaluating objectives of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Kenya in light of pragmatic theory towards lifelong learning: A holistic approach to Competency Training. The study sought to answer the following research question; what are the objectives of TVET in Kenya in light of pragmatic theory towards lifelong learning. The study was a literature review and both Primary and secondary sources were used, this overruled the adoption of quantitative tools and methods towards data collection and analysis. Since the study was a qualitative review, constructivism paradigm and a philosophical design were adopted. The methods were philosophical analysis and synthesis. Philosophical analysis method was used in reviewing commissions, presidential taskforce reports, acts of parliament and policies. Synthesis method was adopted in developing arguments and searching for the findings of the study. The study found out that education and training in Kenya has been polished by Policy documents and Taskforce reports towards realizing the country’s development agenda. The study also found out that the objectives of TVET have not been explicitly stated in the past documents it is after the TVET Act 2013 that clearly reorients TVET as an engine of attaining The Kenya Vision 2030.The objectives of TVET are; committed in training for skill development, social efficiency and democratic participation however skill development has been overemphasized. Implications of the study identify TVET as an engine of national development that has been all along given a low profile, lowly funded and a level of training that accommodates majority of the secondary graduates. The study recommends promotion of holistic competency training that promotes lifelong learning whereby emphasis is on the competencies for the world of work and not only for employability and economic development.

Status of Digital Payments in BRICS Countries

Rapid technological advancements and FinTech initiatives in the recent past have been facilitating the transformation of financial and payment services across the globe. The present study examines the status of digital payments, digital payment environment and digital financial inclusion among the BRICS countries. The digital payment trends in the BRICS countries for the period 2011–2021 through the access and use indicators of digital payments are compared. There exist significant differences between the BRICS countries and the developed countries for both the access and use indicators of digital payments, which requires the respective governments and central banks of BRICS countries to take necessary steps to achieve the goal of digital financial inclusion. JEL Codes: E42, E58

The impact of cybersecurity disclosure on banks’ performance: the moderating role of corporate governance in the MENA region

This study aims to: (1) examine the impact of cybersecurity disclosure on banks’ performance and (2) explore whether the existence of a chief risk officer (CRO), an information technology (IT) committee, and a board of directors (BOD)’ size moderates the association between cybersecurity disclosure and bank performance. The study used manual textual analysis to measure cybersecurity disclosure in a sample of listed banks in the MENA region countries based on data from 2019 to 2021. The data were collected from annual reports and financial statements of banks available at Orbis Bank Focus database. The study employed a random effect regression model to test the hypotheses and discuss the results. The findings show that banks in the MENA region are increasingly interested in disclosing cybersecurity information, where cybersecurity disclosure over the sample years is increasing from 17% in 2019 to 19.6% in 2021. In addition, the results show that cybersecurity disclosure has a positive and significant influence on bank performance. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the presence of a CRO moderates the relationship between cybersecurity disclosure and bank performance. These findings show that depending largely on a bank's CRO to handle complex and dynamic risks can have serious consequences for decision making processes connected to managing cybersecurity risk and disclosure. This paper creates a new research paradigm by focusing on the disclosure of cybersecurity information in the MENA banking sector, where exploring the moderating role of the CRO, IT committee, and board size in enhancing the cybersecurity disclosure-bank performance relationship is lacking. The findings provide practical implications for various stakeholders, where it reveals the current practices of cybersecurity disclosure of banks in the MENA region with the objective of minimizing information asymmetry, maintaining public trust, and identifying potential risks of financial distress. In addition, the results direct the attention of banks and regulators toward the role of CRO in risk governance, particularly in managing cyber risks within the banking industry.

A comparative study of implementation Basel III between commercial and Islamic banks: a bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review

Purpose This study aims to compare up-to-date research on Basel III implementation between commercial and Islamic banks in both developed and developing countries. The research examines the five main variables (capital, liquidity, lending growth, size of banks and performance) used in studies listed in the Scopus database, using bibliometric analysis and a systematic literature review (SLR) as methodologies to map the research landscape and synthesize the results of existing literature on the subject. The findings clarify that most differences in the results of previous studies relate to the impact of Basel III on capital and the size of banks, whether at the country level or based on the type of bank. However, most studies illustrate a positive effect of implementing Basel III regulations on lending growth and liquidity, regardless of the type of bank or the level of the country. Overall, the impact of Basel III on performance shows a positive result for all studies on commercial banks in developed and developing countries, except for one study that found a negative effect. Design/methodology/approach This study used a bibliometric analysis and SLR as a methodology to map the research landscape domain and compare current trends of Implementation Basel III between commercial and Islamic banks in the literature. Findings The finding clarified that most differences in the results of previous studies were regarding the impact of Basel III on capital and the size of banks, whether at the level of the country or the type of bank. However, most studies illustrate a positive effect of implementing Basel III regulations regarding lending growth and liquidity, whether by type of banks or level of the country. Overall, the impact of Basel III on performance shows a positive result for all studies on commercial banks in developed and developing countries, except for one study that found a negative effect. Originality/value By using bibliometric analysis and an SLR, this study uniquely synthesizes existing literature while highlighting notable disparities in outcomes based on bank type and country context. In addition, it emphasizes the need for tailored regulatory frameworks that account for the specific characteristics of different banking institutions, particularly small and medium-sized banks. This nuanced approach not only contributes to the academic discourse but also offers practical insights for policymakers and practitioners, addressing gaps in current research and proposing future directions for investigation.

Effect of External Debt On the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya (2008-2022)

This study analyses the impact of external debt on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya for the period 2008-2022. Employing descriptive, correlational, and inferential research designs, the study reviewed data from the Central Bank of Kenya, the World Bank, KNBS, and IMF on a quarterly basis. By employing the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, ROE and external debt were further qualified to be stationary at first difference. The results highlighted by the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) analysis indicated a statistically significant negative relationship between external debt and financial performance; the coefficients (-0.8998) confirmed that for every unit of increase in external debt, there would be a decline in ROE by 0.8998 units. The study establishes that external debt has been detrimental to the financial health of Kenyan banks due to the economic pressure it brings to the sector. For this purpose, it suggests that the government should avoid borrowing from external sources, and it has advised the development of measures that encourage overseas investors to invest in the country's banking sector. The policy of attracting FDI can enhance capital availability and alleviate the financial load on banking institutions. Relaxing regulations that restrict foreign investors would pave the way for this and help increase the bank’s performance, thus enhancing long-term economic growth.

Banking on distant shores: a comparison of the development of foreign banks in pre-World War I China and Japan

Abstract This article provides the first in-depth systematic comparison of foreign banking in pre-World War I China and Japan. As the article shows, after their entry into China and Japan, the presence and activities of foreign banks in China and Japan differed markedly, with these banks developing a much more prominent position in China. Making use of sources in German, English, Chinese, and Japanese, this article aims to explain why foreign banks in China and Japan developed so differently before World War I. It does so by first providing an overview of the development of foreign banks in both countries and then discussing their activities and development with regards to Chinese and Japanese financial institutions, trade finance, and public finance. The article shows that it was Japan's emphasis on financial reforms that led to the limited presence of foreign banks in that country.