Development Bank Research Articles

Language Education for Development: Enhancing Regional Banks' Performance through Illocutionary Speech Act Mastery in Indonesia

This study aims to explain how language plays a significant role in improving the performance of regional development banks in Indonesia. The method used was qualitative with a questionnaire instrument involving 6 regional development banks in Indonesia. Some of the main findings are 24 statements were found, 19 of which fall into 5 categories, namely assertive illocutionary speech acts, directive illocutionary speech acts, expressive illocutionary speech acts, commissive illocutionary speech acts, and declarative illocutionary speech acts. In its implementation, the process emphasizing the humanistic approach scored over 90%. By prioritizing language training initiatives that emphasize the mastery of illocutionary speech acts, regional banks in Indonesia can expect improved operational efficiency, strengthened customer relationships and a more strategic approach to communication, contributing to the overall development and success of the banking sector. This study is limited to the context of only one type of bank, the regional development bank. It is further suggested that there is a strong need to provide adequate and timely capacity building for the employees of regional development banks, particularly in language training as part of public service and satisfaction development.

The Public Debt Conundrum: Unpacking Its Effects on Nigeria’s Economic Progress

The study assessed the effect of public debt on economic progress in Nigeria from 1986 to 2022. It investigates the connections among gross domestic product growth rate which is used to measure economic progress, domestic debt, external debt, gross capital formation and exchange rate to throw light on their effect on the path of economic progress of Nigeria. Employing ARDL method, with data sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and World Bank Development Indicators. Findings reveals that domestic debt and external debt had a positive insignificant short-term effect on Nigeria’s economic progress and both domestic and external debt have an adverse effect on Nigeria’s economic progress in the long term. Also, gross capital formation had an adverse insignificant effect both in the short and long term, exchange rate had a negative insignificant short-term effect, but its long run effect was positive and significant on Nigeria’s economic progress. A long run cointegrating equilibrium relationship was established among the variables in the study. Based on the findings, the study recommends among others that policy makers should manage debt prudently, avoid over reliance on debt as it is only a short-term solution, boost revenue generation and capital formation to drive economic progress and manage exchange rate properly to avoid fluctuations as it has potential to boost Nigeria long-term economic progress.

Digitalization and diversification strategies for effective bank liquidity management in emerging markets

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of income, assets, and geographic diversity on bank liquidity in the Indonesian banking sector. This study uses purposive sampling and multiple regression analysis (MRA) to investigate the impact of digital banking on bank liquidity, as measured by the loan-to-deposit ratio (LDR) and liquidity ratio. The sample used is 87 banks in Indonesia, which include state-owned banks, commercial banks, regional development banks, and Islamic banks. The key findings of this study indicate that income and asset diversification significantly affect bank liquidity, with income diversification having a negative effect on the Loan-to-Deposit Ratio (LDR). The use of digital banking simplifies the relationship between diversification strategy and liquidity, thereby improving banks' ability to manage liquidity. However, despite digital integration, asset diversification continues to show an adverse correlation with liquidity, indicating limitations in its effectiveness. The study concludes that while digital banking enhances the effect of income diversification on liquidity management, it limits its effect on asset diversification. This suggests that digital utilization is a strategic resource for increasing liquidity, although it requires focused implementation. These findings offer important insights for bank management and policymakers in formulating digital transformation plans that enhance efficient cash management and financial stability, particularly in developing countries like Indonesia. Keywords: income diversification, asset diversification, digital banking, bank liquidity, financial stability.

THE CONSUMPTION EFFECT OF 2007–2008 FINANCIAL CRISIS: EVIDENCE FROM COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES

To analyze the demand shock effect, we concentrated on the 2008 Financial Crisis, relying on the data from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development’s “Life in Transition Survey” conducted in 2010. This survey offers detailed information on how households reacted two years after the crisis. Regression models were developed to analyze the measures that households took during the economic decline and their implications for consumption. Such measures entailed alterations in spending patterns, saving practices, and other mechanisms of survival. The empirical investigation of the paper gives an understanding of the effects of demand shock such as the 2008 Financial Crisis on households’ consumption behavior and their ability to cope with the shocks. The results show that Financial Crisis affect negatively the labor market, which had a negative impact on consumption. Moreover, we explored how government tried to help households, what they used, etc.

Multilevel actor networks in China’s growing fossil-fuel based role in the global electricity sector

Abstract Chinese investments into fossil fuel-based electricity generation capacity under its Belt and Road Initiative will create lock-in for decades. Despite China’s recent rise as major public finance provider for the electricity sector of the developing world and the related environmental impacts, there is limited knowledge of the extent and characteristics of non-Chinese participation in Chinese-funded projects. We apply complexity theory approaches and network modelling on a new dataset that links funding activities of Developmental Institutions (Chinese Developmental Institutions (CDIs), Western-backed Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs)) and the involvement of companies in different roles (i.e., as direct investors, contractors, equipment suppliers, and other service providers) to power plants around the world at the unit-level (1999-2020). Previous literature suggests that CDI funded projects show preference to Chinese commercial partners, but we find more than 70% include non-Chinese participants. This also applies for fossil-fuel based technologies where we observe increasing shares of international actors that together account for nearly every third commercial linkage. However, involvement levels and interaction patterns not only differ by technologies (fossils, hydro, non-hydro renewable, nuclear) but also by the time period and types of commercial partners and we observe overall convergence between the CDI- and MDB-supported power plant networks over time. The decreasing involvement of Chinese companies in CDI-funded projects, across technologies, in favour of increasing Western involvement, has important implications for development and climate policy on which we elaborate. However, the failure of both MDB and CDI funding to promote domestic company involvement in the recipient countries may be the largest failing of both sets of agencies in the pursuit of development outcomes.

National and Multilateral Development Banks during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of the IADB and CDC-BII during the Second Phase

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the strategic role played by a multilateral development bank, the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), and a bilateral development bank, the UK BII (formerly the CDC Group), during the COVID-19 pandemic. In detail, we will compare the initial activity of these two development banks (DBs) during the first phase, in 2020, with their actions in the following period. The analysis will also reflect on the role of safeguard policies in ensuring that the activities of DBs are in line with the fulfilment of their public purpose mandates and whether these rules were sufficiently broad and flexible enough to respond to an unexpected event such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

How does Public Financial Management (PFM) influence health system efficiency: A scoping review.

Effective Public Financial Management (PFM) approaches are imperative in the quest for efficiency in health service delivery. Reviews conducted in this area have assessed the impact of PFM approaches on health system efficiency but have left out the mechanisms through which PFM influences efficiency. This scoping review aims to synthesize evidence on the mechanisms by which PFM influences health system efficiency. We searched databases of PubMed and Google Scholar and websites of the World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank and Overseas Development Institute (ODI) for peer-reviewed and grey literature articles that provided data on the relationship between PFM and health system efficiency. Three reviewers screened the articles for eligibility with the inclusion criteria. Data on PFM and health system efficiency was charted and summarized. We then reported the mechanisms by which PFM influence efficiency. PFM processes and structures influence health system efficiency by influencing; the alignment of resources to health system needs, the cost of inputs, the motivation of health workers, and the input mix. The entire budget process influences health system efficiency. However, most of the findings are drawn from studies that focused on aspects of the budget process. Studies that look at PFM in totality will help explore other cross-cutting issues within sections of the budget cycle; they will also bring out the relationship between the different phases of the budget cycle.

Defence sector and military cooperation between Turkey and the Central Asian Republics: limitations and prospects amidst intensified regional and global rivalry

ABSTRACT Recent Turkey-Central Asian Republic integration attempts are notable. Regular visits, Turkic World summits, economic steps to build a cooperative development bank, defense procurement, and regional policy collaboration have driven this trend. China's Bridge and Road Initiative, NATO's exit from Afghanistan, the Taliban's ascent, and the Russian elite's use of the “Russkiy Mir” after the Russo-Ukrainian War make the “Turkic world” geopolitically vital. Global and regional power struggles will make the region's natural resources and strategic location more important in coming decades. Turkey-Central Asia defense cooperation may also shape the region. This study aims to determine if Turkey-region defense cooperation improves Turkic integration. The states utilize regional military ties and diverse tools for regional and global objectives. The probe will begin with “Turkic integration” and recent Turkish defense industry achievements, then regional defense ties. Finally, a comparative analysis will reveal regional integration constraints and potential, focusing on defense cooperation.

Item Bank Development and Content Validation of a Youth Sport Specialization Assessment

OBJECTIVE: To refine and evaluate the content validity of a bank of items representing the physical, social, and motivation behaviors associated with youth sport specialization. DESIGN: Qualitative analysis METHODS: The conceptual framework for item generation involved an existing consensus-based definition of youth sport specialization. Purposive sampling recruited English literate youth athletes who participated in at least one organized sport in the past 12 months to participate in individual cognitive interviews. Three rounds of interviews used a ‘read aloud; think aloud’ strategy to evaluate the comprehension, relevance, and comprehensiveness of the items and their response structure. One reviewer conducted thematic analysis of verbatim transcripts following rounds 1-2; after round 3, two independent reviewers evaluated the content validity of all items. The full research team reviewed results and established consensus regarding item acceptance, revision or removal. RESULTS: Twenty-two participants (64% male, 13.8±3.0 years) were interviewed. Participants were classified as low (59%), moderate (23%), and high (18%) specialization. Thirty-one items organized into participation volume, physical, motivation, and social domains were tested. Comprehension of 24 items in the physical (n=6), motivation (n=12), and social (n=6) domains was acceptable. No participation volume items achieved content validity. Acceptable items were considered relevant to youth sport specialization, and the item bank was deemed comprehensive. Participants affirmed the response structure was easy to understand and use. CONCLUSION: Content validity was established for a bank of patient-reported items assessing youth sport specialization. An appropriate next step is to conduct psychometric evaluation and develop a youth sport specialization assessment.

Трансформация структуры государственного долга по составу кредиторов в странах Центральной Азии и Южного Кавказа

The rapid growth of public debt in developing countries in recent years and the increasing risks associated with this process emphasize the importance of research in this area. The article examines one of the key aspects of public debt management — the structure of creditors’ debt portfolio. The object of the study is the public debt of four countries of Central Asia and three countries of the South Caucasus. The states of this region are important foreign economic partners of Russia, their contribution to mutual trade and realization of joint projects is growing. Their role in the global and regional economy is also expanding, including participation in major transport and logistics projects designed to increase the connectivity of Eurasia. The study is based on the data of international organizations on the total volume of public debt, debt to individual external creditors and the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators. The article examines changes in the structure of the main groups of creditors for each country over three long-term periods and analyzes similarities and differences in the observed structural shifts. It also decomposes the indicator of public debt dynamics and estimates the contribution of the economic growth factor and the effects of changes in countries’ debt to certain groups of creditors. The study identified the following key trends in public debt structural changes: 1) the declining role of bilateral loans from developed and developing countries since the 2000s; 2) the continued strong influence of debt raised from international financial organizations and development banks in most countries throughout the period under study; 3) in a number of countries, a gradual increase in market sources of debt financing (domestic and Eurobonds); the increasing role of loans from China — in the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Tajikistan, etc. The study identifies reasons for these structural changes, and concludes with a discussion of the risks associated with the observed shifts in the structure of public debt.

Assessment of Textbook Content and Teachers’ Competence in Climate Change Education at the Primary Level

Abstract This study aims to examine the climate change education (CCE) provision in grade 5 textbooks (science and social studies) and the competence of teachers in teaching CCE in a primary girls’ schools in Skardu, Baltistan, Pakistan. It employs mixed-method research that uses both qualitative and quantitative approaches to gather data. The first phase of the study involved collecting qualitative data to examine the provision of CCE content in selected textbooks taught in grade 5. The researcher adapted an interview questionnaire to assess the competence of teachers teaching in 38 schools. The provision of themes and topics based on the seven principles of climate literacy given by the U.S. Global Change Research Program was identified by using latent content analysis (LCA). The study concludes that science and social studies textbooks lack the incorporation of CCE content of principles 1, 4, 6, and 7. Furthermore, the majority of teachers have not received training to use digital media and apply activity-based methods to engage campus and community support for CCE. The study also found that the selected schools lack school planting campaigns, CCE committees, and CCE walks. Above all, the respondents possess conflicting views about whether climate change is a natural or human-contributed phenomenon. Significance Statement Like other countries around the globe, Pakistan is the victim of climatic disasters which have disastrous effects on the economy, agriculture, healthcare, and weather conditions. These effects are exacerbated by lacking awareness, attitudinal issues, and poor pro-climate-supported practices at the academic and societal levels (Asian Development Bank 2022). Awareness, knowledge, and a supportive environment during childhood form attitudes and promote practices that have lasting impacts throughout the life of the individual (Gulraiz and Ali 2021). Therefore, children need to learn and adopt proclimate lifestyles, such as observing cleanliness, practicing planting, and judicious use of energy resources. With this background, we assessed the textbooks based on seven principles of climate literacy given by the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP 2009) and observed that principles 1, 4, 6, and 7 are not adequately addressed in science and social studies textbooks taught in public schools. Moreover, teachers have not received training to use digital media and gather campus and community support, and they have a stereotypical understanding of climate change. The study possesses significant implications for curriculum revisions and elementary education management to address the gaps relating to climate change education (CCE).

Financial risk prevention and corporate green innovation: A quasi-natural experiment based on the new asset management regulation

In the context of economic globalization in the 21st century, financial risk prevention and corporate green innovation development have emerged as two indispensable themes in global economic growth. This paper selects Chinese A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2021 as a research sample and uses the introduction of the New Asset Management Regulation as a quasi-natural experiment. Employing a generalized difference-in-differences model, this paper identifies the causal relationship between financial risk prevention and corporate green innovation and assesses the policy effects of financial risk prevention. The results show that financial risk prevention significantly enhances the green innovation activities of companies with a high degree of financialization by constraining investments in financial assets and mitigating management's myopic tendencies. Heterogeneity tests reveal that the promotion effect is primarily evident in the service sector, regulated industries, state-owned enterprises, and regions with a higher level of shadow banking development. The findings reveal the value of financial risk prevention at the micro-level of corporate green innovation and provide useful policy implications for guiding finance to effectively serve the real economy.

Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Financial Health of Nepalese Development Banks: A Comparative Analysis

Purpose: This research aims to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the financial health of Nepalese development banks by comparing their financial ratios before and after the pandemic outbreak. It seeks to identify areas of strength and weakness enabling stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding the sector’s stability and prospects.Methods: Descriptive research design with a longitudinal comparative approach has been adopted. Financial ratios are calculated for six selected development banks for the period of 2017-2023. Mean ratios are computed for pre-COVID and post-COVID periods, and percentage changes are analysed using paired sample t-tests.Results: The analysis reveals significant differences financial ratios during the periods of pre and post-COVID including shifts in asset allocation, increased non-performing loans, reduced capital adequacy, improved market valuations, and decreased profitability ratios.Conclusion: The study demonstrates the pandemic’s wide-ranging impact on Nepal’s development banking sector, highlighting the need for effective risk management, capital planning, and strategic changes to maintain financial stability and to facilitate effective recovery.

Brazil's Foreign Policy in the Emerging Multipolar World: Data-Driven Strategic Positioning within BRICS and Beyond

In the multipolar world, Brazil's foreign policy faces complex geopolitical realities as a part of its strategy to expand its global influence and economic presence. On another front, Brazil considers itself one of the leading countries in the Global South. It has partnered with BRICS to call for better transport, and help has a say in running the world (power balance) instead of being overruled by Western powers. Brazil demonstrates regional leadership by actively participating in initiatives like the New Development Bank and organizations such as MERCOSUR, CELAC, and BRICS, emphasizing its commitment to sustainable development and regional cooperation. The plan is to broaden Brazil's regional power reach, seeking economic and diplomatic relations throughout the planet. Brazilian foreign policy is characterized by a pragmatic search for equidistance, maximizing economic possibilities and strategic ties without ever fully committing to any one bloc or country. These measures will increase Brazil's clout on global issues and solidify the country as a critical factor in shaping a more equitable and representative international order.

Assessing the impact of environmental component on the development of Russian banks applying ESG policy

Subject. The article discusses operations of steadily developing Russian banks in the context of environmental component. Objectives. The aim is to identify patterns in functioning of Russian banks, applying ESG policy in their activities, under the influence of environmental factors, to improve the management of their development. Methods. The study employs regression analysis. We selected 26 Russian banks based on ESG ratings, formed an empirical base for 2011–2020 from open sources (financial and economic indicators and macro-level indicators characterizing the environmental impact by the activities of economic entities), built a linear regression model in MS Excel. Results. The constructed regression model helped reveal that the indicator “Recycling and disposal of production and consumption waste in the Russian Federation” has a significant positive impact on the pretax profit of banks applying ESG policy. However, a negative trend in the impact of banks on the environment was identified in terms of connection between the resulting indicator and the indicator “Primary energy intensity level”. This suggests that the internal capacity of banks to implement the environmental component is not sufficiently developed and used. Conclusions. The findings can be used both at the macro and micro level when generating the strategy and tactics for ESG banking development. The offered regression modeling technique can be used to analyze the role of environmental component in the activities of banks in other countries, which implement ESG policy.

The Paleogene Forebulge Carbonate Banks, Zagros Foreland Basin, Northern Iraq: their Paleogeography, Basin Evolution, and Economic Implications

The Paleogene sequence of Zagros foreland basin NE Iraq during the Late Paleocene- Middle Eocene is punctuated by linear and disconnected chains of carbonate bank-ramp associations. These carbonate units had developed over the NW-SE trending Paleogene basin forebuldge. Discussion of origin, facies type, and stratigraphic architecture of these banks and associated facies was fully covered by the first part of this research project. In this part the chronostratigraphic synthases of the sequence, the paleogeography, and basin evolution is examined as an integral part of the investigation of the evolution of the Paleogene Zagros foreland basin. Research methods include regional stratigraphic correlation, and biostratigraphic data compilation to infer the chronostratigraphic sequence of the events. The paleogeographic facies mapping and basin history are reviewed accordingly. Research data are collected from 15 master surface sections. In addition to the re-examination and re-interpretation of 40 previously studied surface and subsurface well logs, which are compiled for basin-wide study and regional paleogeographic mapping. The analysis of the compiled biostratigraphic data shows that the inferred age of the associated stratigraphic units is as follows: Sinjar Formation. (E. Thanetian – L. Ypresian), Khurmala Formation (Ypresian - E. Lutetian), Kolosh Formation (Daian -Thanetian), and Aaliji Formation (Danian - Ypresian). Based on this chronostratigraphic synthesis, the basin forebulge history during the Paleogene period is divided into 5 stages: the Pre-bank, Early Bank Development, Bank-ramp Development, Back-bank Lagoon, and Lagoonal dolomitization stage. The paleogeography and paleofacies maps of each stage is discussed in terms of the basin forebulge evolution. An alternative hydrocarbon play of the forebulge-controlled Paleogene sequence is discussed, with a case study from the Sufaiyah oil field of northwest Iraq.

Research Trends and Hotspots in Food Bank: A Visualization Analysis Using CiteSpace

Using CiteSpace software and various statistical methods, this study analyzed 1000 pieces of literature from the Web of Science database spanning from 2012 to 2022. Through a visual econometric analysis of the existing research results, this study aimed to discern the research hotspots and development trends related to food banks. A visual map was constructed to highlight aspects, such as geographical distribution, author distribution, research fields, emerging words, and keyword clustering. The findings indicate that “food bank” is a burgeoning research direction within the realm of food loss and waste. Since 2012, there has been a consistent annual increase in the research output. Notably, there exists a collaborative dynamic among the authors, leading to the formation of a distinct core group. However, these collaborations tend to be localized, resulting in an overall low degree of cooperation. The prevailing research trends in this domain revolve around the challenges and synergies between food scarcity and food safety in food banks, strategies to ensure sustainable development of food banks, and methodologies to effectively evaluate their operational performance.

Digital Inclusive Financial Development, Financing Constraints and Shadow Banking by Non-Financial Firms

Shadow banking by non-financial enterprises is outside the banking regulatory system, and its scale is expanding, posing a threat to China's financial stability and security. The development of digital inclusive finance can help restrain its blind expansion, and this restraint is mainly reflected in two effects: firstly, the ‘technological’ and ‘inclusive’ nature of digital inclusive finance has a direct restraint effect on the shadow banking business of non-financial enterprises; secondly, the digital inclusive finance has a direct restraint effect on the shadow banking business of non-financial enterprises; secondly, the digital inclusive finance has a direct restraint effect on the shadow banking business of non-financial enterprises. First, the ‘technological’ and ‘inclusive’ nature of digital inclusive finance has a direct inhibitory effect on shadow banking of non-financial enterprises; second, the development of digital inclusive finance has an indirect inhibitory effect by reducing the financing constraints of SMEs, thereby reducing the demand for shadow banking of SMEs in the region. Further heterogeneity analysis shows that the inhibitory effect of digital inclusive finance on shadow banking is more pronounced in enterprises with a low degree of digital transformation, suggesting that digital inclusive finance enhances the information transparency of enterprises, and also facilitates their seamless connection with the formal financial system, thus reinforcing the inclusive nature of digital finance.

Evolving Organizational Models: Microfranchises and the BOP 4.0 Paradigm in Post-Conflict Colombia

ABSTRACT Microfranchises (MFs), as an innovative organizational model, aim to enhance the productive capacity of the base of the pyramid (BoP) population in diverse contexts. We provide original insights into the underexplored role of MFs in the socioeconomic inclusion of victims of the conflict and former combatants in conflict settings while advancing theory-building in overlooked areas. To bridge these gaps, we use grounded theory in exploratory analysis of the total population sampling of 17 Colombian social enterprises/seven MFs financed by the United Nations Development Program and Inter-American Development Bank. Our results suggest that MFs were the most adopted organizational model in post-conflict Colombia, promoting the inclusion of victims and ex-combatants who collaboratively create contextualized solutions and prioritize community well-being, which has led to the development of a new iteration of the BoP model – BoP 4.0 - closely aligned with MFs, an innovative sustainable business typology developed. Its focus on Colombian social enterprises in post-conflict settings delimited this research. Thus, generalizing these findings beyond this context should be approached with caution. This study marks a significant contribution by revealing the pivotal role of MFs in promoting socioeconomic inclusion for victims in conflict-affected regions. Furthermore, it introduces the innovative concept of BoP 4.0, representing an evolution in sustainable business typology within the BoP framework.

Evaluating ESG frameworks: A comparative analysis of global standards and their application in Kazakhstan

This article investigates the key drivers and barriers to the adoption of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles in Kazakhstan. By conducting a thematic analysis of relevant documents, frameworks, and case studies, the study evaluates the current state of ESG practices in Kazakhstan and compares them with international standards set by S&P Global, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG). The findings highlight significant progress in regulatory support and investor demand but also identify critical challenges such as the lack of comprehensive ESG reporting standards, limited expertise, and infrastructure constraints. To address these issues, the article proposes a strategic framework that includes the development of a Unified ESG Reporting Standard, enhancement of corporate governance structures, investment in ESG infrastructure, and leveraging of market incentives. The proposed framework aims to align Kazakhstan's ESG practices with global standards, thereby enhancing its attractiveness to sustainable investment and improving its global standing in responsible business practices. Additionally, the article identifies gaps between Kazakhstan's ESG practices and international standards and offers targeted solutions to bridge these gaps, contributing to the country's sustainable development goals and attracting increased international investment.