Bangladeshi Adults Research Articles

Residential land surface temperature and diabetes among urban adults in Bangladesh

Residential land surface temperature and diabetes among urban adults in Bangladesh

Association of household motor vehicle ownership with overweight and obesity among Bangladeshi adults: A cross-sectional analysis of 2017–18 Bangladesh demographic and health survey

ObjectiveThis study investigated the relationship between motor vehicle ownership with overweight and obesity among Bangladeshi adults. MethodThis cross-sectional data was retrieved from 2017 to 18 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), and the total weighted sample of 12,798 male and female were included in the analysis. Both WHO and Asia-Pacific cut-off were used to categorize the weight status of the respondents. Multinominal logistic regression analysis was performed at 5% level of significance. ResultsOverall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 20.1% (95% CI 19.2 to 21.1) and 4.2% (3.8%–4.7%), respectively considering WHO cut-off. However, prevalence of overweight and obesity was found slightly higher when the Asia-Pacific cut-off was considered [29.4% (95% CI 28.4% to 30.4) and 10.8% (95% CI 10.1 to 11.5)], respectively. Adjusted model revealed that the risk of being overweight among the motor vehicle owned household was significantly higher in both cut-offs [WHO cut-off: RRR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.59, p < 0.001 and Asian-Pacific cut-off: RRR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.48, p = 0.014]. Regards to obesity, respondents whose households have motor vehicles were 1.54 times more likely to be obese according to the Asian-Pacific cut-off [RRR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.94, p < 0.001]. Gender stratified analysis suggest household motor vehicle ownership status significantly associated with-overweight (WHO cut-off) and-overweight and obesity (Asia-Pacific cut-off) among males. This association was only significant for obesity (Asian Pacific cut-off) among females. ConclusionHousehold motor vehicle ownership was significantly associated with overweight and obesity status. Interventions and policies promoting active transportation and raising awareness regarding harmful consequences of overweight and obesity could be useful.

Socioeconomic Variables Enhancing Prevalence of Diabetes Disability in Bangladeshi Adults of High Normal and Hypertensive Blood Pressure

The present analysis was based on data collected from rural and urban Bangladeshi 995 adults of 18 years and above. The investigation was done to observe the prevalence of diabetes-disability in respondents of high normal and hypertensive blood pressure. Prevalence was noted in 9 such adults; among them 7 were males and 2 were females. The sample contained males and females in the ratio 50.1: 49.9. The respondents were interviewed during their visit in some diagnostic centres of urban and semi-urban areas. The sample diabetic adults were 67%. Among them who were suffering for 10 – 15 years the percentage of diabetic disable adults of higher blood pressure were 5.1%. For this group the risk of prevalence was 11.31 times. Higher risk was also noted among elderly adults and adults of high economic status. The most responsible variable which enhanced diabetes disability was duration of diabetes. The other enhancing variables were age, body mass index, and sedentary activity. These were identified on the basis of significant correlation coefficient of the variables and discriminant function score. However, rural people, males, illiterate people, housewives, adults of high economic status, had higher risk of prevalence. These were identified from the values of risk ratios. Beside these, the other responsible variables for enhancing the prevalence of the disease were habit of taking process food, and physical inactivity.

Analyzing hypertension and diabetes mellitus status among Bangladeshi adults: evidence from Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (BDHS) 2017–18 data

Analyzing hypertension and diabetes mellitus status among Bangladeshi adults: evidence from Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (BDHS) 2017–18 data

Association between coronavirus 2019 disease and pseudoneurological complaints: analysis of case-control data

Aim: Pseudoneurological complaints (PNCs) are highly prevalent among the general population. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) adversely influences such complaints in individuals who recovered from COVID-19. This study determined the prevalence and identified the predictors of PNCs among individuals who had previously experienced COVID-19 and their healthy counterparts. Methods: This case-control study analyzed the data of 878 Bangladeshi adults (439 patients). Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 individuals were considered cases, and the controls were those who never tested positive for COVID-19. The controls were matched with cases’ sex and age. The seven-item pseudoneurological sub-scale of the subjective health complaints scale produced by Eriksen et al. evaluated PNCs. The descriptive analysis estimated the prevalence of PNCs among the subgroups, whereas multiple logistic regression models were used to determine the predictors of PNCs. Results: Overall, the prevalence of PNCs was 40%; however, patients who recovered from COVID-19 reported a PNC rate of 67.4%. The regression analysis identified COVID-19 as a robust independent predictor of PNCs. Furthermore, occupation, monthly household income, current living location, hypertension, and recovery period from acute COVID-19 were independently associated with PNCs. Conclusions: This study revealed a significant association between COVID-19 and PNCs. The results of this study will be helpful when discussing, planning, and implementing strategies to alleviate the overburden of PNCs among COVID-19 survivors.

How does product packaging features influence the purchase decision of young adult?

Packaging is more than just a suitable way of showcasing a product or getting a product to the consumer without reaching any damage. Here, we intended to know the relative significance of different features of packaging in purchase decision-making. We controlled the diversity of products and their confounding effect in the decision-making task by giving participants a particular product category (toiletries items) in the instruction. A survey was conducted on 386 Bangladeshi adult participants to rate their attitudes toward 11 different packing features when they make a purchase decision. The finding shows that participants rated printed detail on the package as the most important attribute which can manipulate their purchase choice. Moreover, they rated Convenience packaging, Hygienic wrapping material, convincing words on the packet, and attractiveness as the top five packaging features for young Bangladeshi adults, respectively. We found some significant gender differences in four features of product packaging. Bangladeshi adult females are more influenced by the attractiveness, colourful packet, convenience packaging, and convincing words on the packet than male customers. This finding could be an important addition to consumer behaviour literature. Moreover, marketers and designers would know their customer's needs and will be able to use this knowledge in product packaging as a reliable source of marketing strategy to increase their product sales.Keywords: product packaging; consumer behaviour; decision making; young adults

The prevalence and influencing factors of coexisting prediabetes and prehypertension among Bangladeshi adults

BackgroundEarly detection of diabetes and hypertension is helpful to prevent and/or delay the onset of these diseases through proper interventions. Therefore, it is a prerequisite to know the prevalence of prediabetes and prehypertension and the factors associated with these conditions but people from developing countries including Bangladesh often remain undiagnosed and unaware of these conditions. In this study we investigate the prevalence of prediabetes and prehypertension and their associated factors in Bangladesh using nationally representative data.MethodWe used nationally representative Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2017–18 survey data, which included a total sample of 14,704 adults aged 18 years and more from whom blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose were collected. Chi-square test was used to examine the differences between sociodemographic and outcome variables. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify the factors associated with prediabetes and prehypertension.ResultsOverall, the prevalence of prediabetes and prehypertension was 8.6% with 14% of the sampled population having from prediabetes and prehypertension separately. Among the prediabetic and prehypertensive participants, one-fourth of the participant were from the richest families and around one-third were overweight/obese, while more than fifty percent had normal Body Mass Index (BMI) and completed secondary and higher education. In the univariate analysis, the richest wealth status (UOR 3.3, 95% CI: 2.46 -4.35) and overweight/obesity (UOR 3.2, 95% CI: 2.62–3.85) are the highest predictors for prediabetes and prehypertension. After adjusting the other variables, overweight/obesity remains the largest predictor for prediabetes and prehypertension (AOR:2.5, 95% CI:2.05–3.05). Further, people aged 31 and above and from the richest family had around 2 times and 1.8 times higher risk of being prediabetic and prehypertensive compared to the younger age people (18–30 years) and the poorest family (respectively).ConclusionThe coexistence of prediabetes and prehypertension is an early sign of a greater burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the near future for Bangladesh. To reduce the higher burden of NCDs, our findings call for a multisectoral approach to identify the precondition of NCDs with particular attention to maintaining body weight.

Prevalence and correlates of dyslipidemia, awareness, and management among adults in Bangladesh in 2018

Prevalence and correlates of dyslipidemia, awareness, and management among adults in Bangladesh in 2018

Betel quid use is associated with anemia among both men and women in Matlab, Bangladesh.

Anemia accounts for 8.8% of total disability burden worldwide. Betel quid use among pregnant women has been found to increase anemia risk. Betel quid is prepared by wrapping the betel (or areca) nut, with spices and other additions, in betel or tobacco leaf and it is chewed or placed in the mouth. We explored the association between betel quid use and anemia among men and non-pregnant women. We collected data from a random sample of women and their husbands in Matlab, Bangladesh. Participants reported their current betel quid use and individual characteristics. We assessed hemoglobin (a biomarker of anemia) with a hemoglobinometer and soluble transferrin receptor (a biomarker of iron deficiency) and C-reactive protein (a biomarker of inflammation) in dried blood spots via enzyme immunoassay. We estimated logistic regression models to evaluate the association between betel quid use and anemia and structural equation models (SEM) to evaluate mediating roles of iron deficiency and elevated inflammation. A total of 1133 participants (390 men and 743 non-pregnant women) were included. After controlling for important confounders, any betel quid use was positively associated with anemia among men (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.12, 2.89). Among women, betel quid use was associated with anemia only among the most frequent users (OR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.53). SEM did not reveal indirect paths through inflammation or iron deficiency. Betel quid use may contribute to the burden of anemia among adults in Bangladesh. Our findings suggest the burden of disease attributed to betel quid use has been underestimated.

Estimated prevalence of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour among adults in Bangladesh: nationally representative STEPS survey, 2018

Background Numerous available studies used to prepare the guidelines for preventing physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour are mostly compatible with high-income countries. The guidelines are scarce for low- and middle-income countries, including Bangladesh. Thus, the prevalence of current levels of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour needed to be determined to produce effective policies and an intervention strategy for Bangladeshi adults. Methods This cross-sectional study selected adults using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. A representative sample of 8185 adults aged from 18 to 69 years participated. Physical inactivity levels and sedentary behaviour were assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results This study reports baseline information on the physical inactivity level and sedentary behaviour among adults in Bangladesh. Overall, the prevalence of physical inactivity was highest in recreation-related activity (90.5%), followed by vigorous activity (67.5%), transport-related activity (44.7%) and work-related activity (19.9%). Insufficient physical activity at work was significant for all sociodemographic indicators. Adults with significantly high school education, women and the employed were proportionally more prone to sedentary behaviour. Conclusion Five out of ten adults (56%) did not meet the WHO recommended level of physical activity. Adequate public health measures should be addressed considering the different forms of physical inactivity.

Perceived barriers to maintain physical activity and its association to mental health status of Bangladeshi adults: a quantile regression approach

Insufficient physical activity and unhealthy lifestyle preferences have been significant concerns for decades. This study aimed to determine the perceived barriers to maintaining physical activity among adults in three major cities of Bangladesh and their association with mental health status. This is a cross-sectional study where 400 participants were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Twenty municipal wards were randomly selected from three cities, followed by a convenient selection of the study participants from each ward. Questionnaires about perceived physical activity barriers were developed based on previously published literature. The DASS-21 scale assessed the mental health status of the study participants. Descriptive statistics were applied to narrate the baseline characteristics of the respondents. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to check the normality of the perceived physical activity scores. Quantile regression analysis was applied to model the physical activity barrier scores depending on several covariates. Five quantiles were used: the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant for hypothesis testing. Among the respondents, 68.50% were male, half of them were married, 68.0% belonged to nuclear families, 48.0% completed graduate level education, 34.25% were service holders, one-third of the respondent's working hours were 6–8 h, and 19.50% belongs to the overweight and obese groups. Poor traffic and construction work near the road (60.30%) was seen as the most significant barrier to physical activity. Over half of the respondents stated that lack of time, facilities, and expenses hinder physical activity. Mental health status reported mild to extremely severe levels of depression (32%), anxiety (47%), and stress (42.50%), respectively. Significant associations between the perceived physical activity scores and gender, family type, occupation, income, BMI, anxiety, and depression were obtained. Ensuring a safe environment, facilitating accessibility and availability of low-cost exercise facilities, improving road and traffic conditions, and providing appropriate mental health counseling may help to mitigate physical activity barriers.

Socioeconomic Variables Enhancing Prevalence of Diabetes Disability in Bangladeshi Adults of High Normal and Hypertensive Blood Pressure

Socioeconomic Variables Enhancing Prevalence of Diabetes Disability in Bangladeshi Adults of High Normal and Hypertensive Blood Pressure

Ethnic identity and wellbeing in the lives of third-generation British Bangladeshi adults

This study investigated third generation Bangladeshi adults’ experiences of ethnic identity (EI) and sense of wellbeing. British citizens from racially minoritised backgrounds, such as British Bangladeshis, face numerous challenges related to cultural adjustment, discrimination, and exclusion that can impact wellbeing. Strong EI has been shown to increase psychological wellbeing in minority ethnic populations. Fifteen participants who identified as third-generation British Bangladeshi adults were engaged in semi-structured interviews to explore their experiences of EI and wellbeing. Thematic analysis of the data conceptualised three main themes, namely, ‘Oh my God, I’m different’: Being made to feel like an outsider in Britain; ‘You’re a coconut’: Being made to feel like an outsider within the British Bangladeshi community; and ‘A proper sense of belonging’ through ethnic identity. The findings point towards the role that EI can play in later generation immigrants’ sense of self and wellbeing. Implications are discussed.

Triglyceride-Glucose Index as an Alternative Tool for Identifying Prediabetes and Insulin Resistance

Background and Objectives: The triglyceride glucose (TyG) index has emerged as a cheaper alternative to hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) for diagnosing prediabetes and insulin resistance (IR), respectively. This study evaluated the utility of the TyG index as a marker of prediabetes and IR compared to HbA1c and HOMA-IR in Bangladeshi adults. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study evaluated 100 prediabetics and 100 age-sex-matched normoglycemic subjects attending the outpatient department of Chittagong Diabetic General Hospital between October 2021 to September 2022. Anthropometric data were collected; laboratory data included oral glucose tolerance test, HbA1c, fasting triglyceride, serum insulin, and HOMA-IR. Comparative analyses were done between the TyG Index and HbA1c and HOMA-IR with the receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curves. Results: The areas under the curves (AUC) for diagnosing prediabetes for HbA1c and TyG Index were 0.923 (P &lt; 0.001) and 0.874 (P &lt; 0.001), respectively; TyG Index is comparable to HbA1c (P = 0.062). TyG Index &gt;4.762 had 84.5% sensitivity and 80.5% specificity for diagnosing prediabetes. The AUC for the TyG index for IR was 0.792 (P &lt; 0.001); TyG Index &gt;4.762 had 84.5% sensitivity and 46.8% specificity for diagnosing IR. The Pearson correlation coefficients between the various anthropometric measurements related to IR with TyG Index and HOMA-IR demonstrate a highly significant difference in weight (0.186 vs. 0.154) in favor of the TyG index (P &lt; 0.01). It also shows a significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) in body mass index (0.421 vs. 0.372), waist circumference (0.286 vs. 0.253), and waist-to-height ratio (0.392 vs. 0.333) in favor of the TyG index. Conclusion: The TyG index is a reliable surrogate marker for IR and comparable to HbA1c for identifying prediabetes. Hence, it can be used as an alternative screening tool for diagnosing prediabetes and IR.

High prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among Bangladeshi women deserves attention

The high prevalence of MSDs among Bangladeshi adults especially women are a significant public health issue that needs urgent attention. By taking action to address this issue, we can improve the quality of life for millions of women in Bangladesh. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Journal 2023;16(1): 01

Rural-to-urban migration, socio-economic status and cardiovascular diseases risk factors among Bangladeshi adults: A nationwide population based survey.

Rural-to-urban migration is one of the key drivers of urbanization in Bangladesh and may impact on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk due to lifestyle changes. This study examined whether CVD risk factors were associated with migration to and duration of urban life, considering socio-economic indicators. A total of 27,792 participants (18-59 years) from the 2006 Bangladesh cross-sectional Urban Health Survey were included in the analyses of whom 14,167 (M: 7,278; W: 6,889) were non-migrant urban residents and 13,625 (M: 6,413; W: 7,212) were rural-to-urban migrants. Gender-specific prevalence of CVD risk factors were estimated for urban and migrant groups. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to test the association between each CVD risk by education and wealth within each study group and their possible effect modification. An analysis on the rural-to-urban migrant subgroup only was conducted to examine the association between each CVD risk factor and length of urban stay adjusted for demographic and socio-economic indicators. Compared to urban residents, migrants had significantly lower prevalence of overweight/obesity for both genders. Hypertension was higher among urban women while alcohol/illicit drug use was higher among urban men. Mental health disorders were higher among migrants than urban residents for both genders and no difference were noted for diabetes or cigarette smoking prevalence. In both study groups and genders, the risk of overweight/obesity, hypertension and diabetes increased with increasing education and wealth whereas for mental health disorders, alcohol/illicit drug use, cigarette and bidi smoking the reverse was found. Differences in BMI between migrant and urban women were attenuated with increased education levels (p = 0.014 for interaction). Consistent increasing pattern of risk was observed with longer duration of urban stay; in migrant men for obesity (OR = 1.67), smoking (OR = 1.67) and alcohol/illicit drug use (OR = 2.86), and for obesity and mental health disorder among migrant women. Migrants had high proportion of CVD risk factors which were influenced by education, wealth and duration of urban stay.

Modifiable and nonmodifiable factors associated with anxiety, depression, and stress after one year of the COVID-19 pandemic.

People worldwide have experienced various mental health issues during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigates the modifiable and nonmodifiable predictors of anxiety, depression, and stress among Bangladeshi participants after one year of the pandemic. A large group of adult participants (N = 1897), recruited from eight administrative divisions in Bangladesh, completed an online survey in May and June 2021 when the Movement Control Order was in place. We used the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Perceived Stress Scale-4 to assess the participants' anxiety, depression, and stress. We also gave the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale and Life-Orientation Test-Revised to assess mindfulness and optimism. The results revealed that the prevalence rates for anxiety and depression were 62.5% and 45.3%, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that several nonmodifiable factors, such as those who were students, unmarried and females, and those living in the Northern region (Rajshahi and Mymensingh division) and dwelling in the rural areas, suffered from worse mental health (accounted for 5%-23% of the variances in the mental health outcome scores). Modifiable factors accounted for an additional 10%-25% of the variances in the same outcome variables. Adults with higher mindfulness and optimism, living in the country's Southern region (Chattogram division) and those who took both vaccine doses and had no history of mental illness reported better mental health. Anxiety, depression, and stress remained high in Bangladeshi adults after one year of the pandemic. The community-based interventions should aim to increase the mindfulness and optimism levels among the sufferers. More accelerated vaccination programs across the country could protect people from suffering from overall mental distress.

Simultaneous Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Pantoprazole and Vitamin B Complex for Assessing Drug–Drug Interactions in Healthy Bangladeshi Adults by a Newly Developed and Validated HPLC Method

The present study has been designed to evaluate the impact of the co-administration of pantoprazole (PNT) with vitamin B (VTB) complex (VTB comprising VTB1, VTB6, and VTB12 in this study) on pharmacokinetic behavior. In this study, HPLC-based sensitive and efficient methods for simultaneous determination in human plasma were developed per US-FDA bioanalytical standards. The pharmacokinetic parameters of PNT, VTB1, VTB6, and VTB12 were also evaluated when the medicines were administered alone and co-administered. Following linearity, it was observed that the plasma PNT, VTB1, VTB6, and VTB12 retention times were 6.8 ± 0.2, 2.7 ± 0.1, 5.5 ± 0.2, and 3.8 ± 0.1 min, respectively, over the range of 1−100 μg/mL. For all analytes at the lower limit of quantification and all other values, intra-assay and inter-assay bias were within 15% and 13.5%, respectively. They barely interacted when PNT and VTB samples were evaluated in physical combinations through in vitro tests. Moreover, in the pharmacokinetics study, treatment with VTB did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic characteristics of PNT. Therefore, the current work’s results might help assess drug–drug interactions that may be applied to bioequivalence studies and therapeutic drug monitoring.

Identification of Socioeconomic Variables Responsible for Hypertensive Kidney Disease among Bangladeshi Adults

The study was conducted to identify some socioeconomic variables responsible for the prevalence of hypertensive kidney disease among Bangladeshi adults of 18 years and above. For this, 498 males and 497 females, totalling 995 adults of both urban and rural localities were investigated. In the sample there were 17.6% hypertensive adults and 18.9% of them were suffering from hypertension and kidney disease simultaneously. Beside other percentages of respondents, there were 19.6% elderly people of ages 50 years and above, 30.2% obese adults, 67.0% diabetic patients, 44.4% involved in sedentary activity and 33.1% smokers. The overall percentage of hypertensive kidney patients was 3.3. These group of patients were discriminated from the remaining 96.7% adults. During discrimination duration of diabetes was identified as most responsible variable followed by age, body mass index, sedentary activity, smoking habit, etc. The risk of prevalence of hypertensive kidney disease was 12.25 times in diabetic patients suffering for 15 years and above compared to the risk of prevalence in other adults. The risk was 8.43 times in elderly people, 16.80 times in obese adults, 2.50 times in adults involved in sedentary activity, and 1.91 times in smoker adults. Higher risk rate was also observed in adults of lower economic group of families.

Association between hyperuricemia and chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study in Bangladeshi adults

Background and aimsChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health concern worldwide and has been recognized as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The elevated level of uric acid (hyperuricemia) has been suggested to be associated with obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. However, there is limited information on the relationship between hyperuricemia and CKD. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CKD and assess its relationship with hyperuricemia in Bangladeshi adults.MethodsIn this study, blood samples were collected from 545 participants (398 males and 147 females) aged ≥ 18 years. Biochemical parameters such as serum uric acid (SUA), lipid profile markers, glucose, creatinine and urea were measured by colorimetric methods. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and CKD were determined based on serum creatinine levels with existed formula. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between SUA and CKD.ResultsThe overall prevalence of CKD was 5.9% with 6.1% in males and 5.2% in females. Hyperuricemia was prevalent in 18.7% of participants with 23.2% in males and 14.6% in females. An increasing trend of CKD prevalence was observed with increasing age in the groups. The mean eGFR level was significantly lower in male (95.1 ± 31.8 ml/min/1.73m2) than in female (109.3 ± 77.4 ml/min/1.73m2) subjects (p < 0.01). The mean level of SUA was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in participants having CKD (7.1 ± 1.9 mg/dL) than in participants without CKD (5.7 ± 1.6 mg/dL). A decreasing trend for eGFR concentration and an increasing trend for CKD prevalence was observed across the SUA quartiles (p < 0.001). In regression analysis, a significant positive association was found between hyperuricemia and CKD.ConclusionThis study showed an independent association between hyperuricemia and CKD in Bangladeshi adults. Further mechanistic studies are needed to explore the potential link between hyperuricemia and CKD.