Bangia Fuscopurpurea Research Articles

Assessing the use of the mitochondrial cox1 marker for use in DNA barcoding of red algae (Rhodophyta)

The red algae, a remarkably diverse group of organisms, are difficult to identify using morphology alone. Following the proposal to use the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) for DNA barcoding animals, we assessed the use of this gene in the identification of red algae using 48 samples plus 31 sequences obtained from GenBank. The data set spanned six orders of red algae: the Bangiales, Ceramiales, Corallinales, Gigartinales, Gracilariales and Rhodymeniales. The results indicated that species could be discriminated. Intraspecific variation was between 0 and 4 bp over 539 bp analyzed except in Mastocarpus stellatus (0-14 bp) and Gracilaria gracilis (0-11 bp). Cryptic diversity was found in Bangia fuscopurpurea, Corallina officinalis, G. gracilis, M. stellatus, Porphyra leucosticta and P. umbilicalis. Interspecific variation across all taxa was between 28 and 148 bp, except for G. gracilis and M. stellatus. A comparison of cox1 with the plastid Rubisco spacer for Porphyra species revealed that it was a more sensitive marker in revealing incipient speciation and cryptic diversity. The cox1 gene has the potential to be used for DNA barcoding of red algae, although a good taxonomic foundation coupled with extensive sampling of taxa is essential for the development of an effective identification system.

Macroalgal communities of the Suez Canal after the recent improvement of marine habitats

The macroalgal communities of the Suez Canal were seasonally investigated at 16 sites during 1996 and 2000. A hundred and twenty eight taxa including 15 new records were identified. The recent reduction of navigation and urbanization works resulted in an increase in species richness (42 species) and algal forms. Distribution pattern, seasonal variation, and algal zonation were also examined. All were intensely regulated by substrate, space, depth, light, and water movement during the passage of ships. Sites were clustered, on the basis of species co-occurrence, into five groups, suggesting division of the Suez Canal into four biological sectors. The hard substrata supported distinct algal zones. Cladophoropsis zollingeri and Bangia fuscopurpurea characterized the littoral zone. A rich algal community dominated the infralittoral at a depth of 30-150 cm, while a few red species with Caulerpa racemosa were found deeper. Competition for space in some sites was evident by presence of 61 epiphytic macroalgae. A half of these were also found on hard substrata when the space was available. Algal succession in the canal during the past century was also discussed in the light of environmental changes. Algal succession could have passed through four stages; including the establishment of pioneers until 1924, the maturity to a climax sometime before1953, degradation of the climax due to navigation and urbanization constructions, and the reestablishment of the climax with the recent improvement in algal habitats.

A structural and phylogenetic analysis of the group IC1 introns in the order Bangiales (Rhodophyta).

Our previous study of the North American biogeography of Bangia revealed the presence of two introns inserted at positions 516 and 1506 in the nuclear-encoded SSU rRNA gene. We subsequently sequenced nuclear SSU rRNA in additional representatives of this genus and the sister genus Porphyra in order to examine the distribution, phylogeny, and structural characteristics of these group I introns. The lengths of these introns varied considerably, ranging from 467 to 997 nt for intron 516 and from 509 to 1,082 nt for intron 1506. The larger introns contained large insertions in the P2 domain of intron 516 and the P1 domain of intron 1506 that correspond to open reading frames (ORFs) with His-Cys box homing endonuclease motifs. These ORFs were found on the complementary strand of the 1506 intron in Porphyra fucicola and P. umbilicalis (HG), unlike the 516 intron in P. abbottae, P. kanakaensis, P. tenera (SK), Bangia fuscopurpurea (Helgoland), and B. fuscopurpurea (MA). Frameshifts were noted in the ORFs of the 516 introns in P. kanakaensis and B. fuscopurpurea (HL), and all ORFs terminated prematurely relative to the amino acid sequence for the homing endonuclease I-Ppo I. This raises the possibility that these sequences are pseudogenes. Phylogenies generated using sequences of both introns and the 18S rRNA gene were congruent, which indicated long-term immobility and vertical inheritance of the introns followed by subsequent loss in more derived lineages. The introns within the florideophyte species Hildenbrandia rubra (position 1506) were included to determine relationships with those in the Bangiales. The two sequences of intron 1506 analyzed in Hildenbrandia were positioned on a well-supported branch associated with members of the Bangiales, indicating possible common ancestry. Structural analysis of the intron sequences revealed a signature structural feature in the P5b domain of intron 516 that is unique to all Bangialean introns in this position and not seen in intron 1506 or other group IC1 introns.

Alkaline phosphatase activity in marine macrophytes: histochemical localization in some widespread species in southern Spain

Alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) was determined in 44 species of marine macrophytes collected throughout 1991 and 1992 along the southern coast of Spain. Activity varied between 0.83 μmol paranitrophenol (pNP) released g-1 dry wt h-1 in Ulva rigida var. gigantea and 238.8 μmol pNP g-1 dry wt h-1 in Bangia fuscopurpurea. Using a histochemical method, APA sites were located in five of these species: Corallina elongata Ellis et Soland, Gelidium latifolium (Grev.) Thur. et Born., G. sesquipedale (Clem.) Born. et Thur., Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kutzing and Zostera noltii Hornem. Enzymatic activity was found in the outer part of the thallus, either on the cell wall or in the cortical cells. In the marine phanerogam Z. noltii activity was also located in the vascular bundle. The results suggest that APA is present in many, if not all, marine macrophytes from southern Spain, and plays a relevant role in the utilization of dissolved organic phosphorus compounds.

Porphyran primary structure

Porphyran, a polysaccharide from Porphyra umbilicalis, is an agarose highly substituted by 6-O-sulfation of the L-galactose units and 6-O-methylation of the D-galactose units (Peat et al. 1961). Unsubstituted agarose sequences have been detected in porphyran by chemical methods (Turvey & Williams, 1964; Anderson & Rees, 1965) and by enzymatic methods (Turvey & Christison, 1967; Duckworth & Turvey, 1969a, b). Similar polysaccharides have been isolated from other Porphyra species (Nun & von Holt, 1957; Villaroel & Zanlungo, 1981; Brasch et al. 1981) and Bangia fuscopurpurea (Usov et al. 1978).

Cellulose in the Cell Walls of the Bangiophyceae (Rhodophyta)

Mechanically isolated cell walls of the conchocelis phase of Bangia fuscopurpurea yield cellulose II (regenerated cellulose) upon treatment with Schweitzer's reagent. X-ray powder analysis and thin-layer chromatography of partial hydrolyzates confirm the presence of cellulose in this extract. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of wall hydrolyzates indicates that xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose are major wall constituents. The presence of cellulose in the conchocelis provides evidence that this bangiophycean life cycle phase represents a transitional form or link between the two classes of red algae, Bangiophyceae and Florideophyceae. This suggests a close affinity of the two classes of the Rhodophyta and supports the hypothesis that bangiophycean algae were precursors of the Florideophyceae.

Carotenoids in red algae

The carotenoid composition of the following 8 species of red algae has been studied quantitatively and qualitatively: Bangia fuscopurpurea, Nemalion helminthoides, Bonnemaisonia hamifera (tetrasporophyte), Gigartina stellata, Rhodymenia palmata, Ceramium rubrum, Polysiphonia brodiaei, and Polysiphonia urceolata. Naturally occurring material of G. stellata, R. palmata, and P. brodiaei was investigated, while monoalgally cultured material was obtained from the remaining 5 species. α- and β-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and small amounts of α- or β-cryptoxanthin were commonly present, but the two species P. brodiaei and P. urceolata were devoid of carotenoids containing α-ionone rings. Fucoxanthin was detected in naturally occurring material of B. fuscopurpurea, N. helminthoides, C. rubrum, and P. brodiaei, but could not be found in cultured material of the 3 first-mentioned species. The possible origin of the fucoxanthin is discussed as well as the biochemical and phylogenetic implications of the results obtained. As judged from the electronic spectrum of the total extracts, chlorophyll d was not present in any of the algae investigated. The total amounts of carotenoids and the ratio carotenoids: chlorophyll a were similar to those reported in previous work.

THE LIFE CYCLE OF BANGIA FUSCOPURPUREA IN CULTURE. I. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND REPRODUCTION OF THE BANGIA PHASE12

SUMMARYThe Bangia phase of Bangia fuscopurpurea was grown in laboratory culture in a variety of photoperiod and temperature regimes. Plants of the Bangia phase grown from 2 types of asexual spores, monospores and conchospores, exhibited growth differences under similar growing conditions. Plants derived from monospores grew more rapidly and matured earlier than those derived from carpospores. Day length and temperature were found to significantly influence growth rule, maturation, and plant size. Long day lengths resulted in more rapid growth in filament length and diameter and earlier spore formation and spore release. Maximum filament length was observed in a 12/12 hr light‐dark cycle at 15 C. Spore formation and release were delayed by decreasing day length or temperature. Temperature and photoperiod were also found to influence the type of spores produced by the Bangia phase. When grown at 22 C, the Bangia phase produced only monospores, which reproduced the Bangia phase. At 9 C, with photoperiods of 11 hr or more of light, the Bangia phase produced carpospores which gave rise to the alternating Conchocelis phase. The conditions under which sporogenesis occurred determined the spore type differentiated.

Experimental investigations on marine and freshwater Bangia (rhodophyta) from the Netherlands

By means of gradual adaptation of the marine Bangia fuscopurpurea (Dillw.) Lyngb. to an almost freshwater medium and of the freshwater B. atropurpurea (Roth) C. Ag. to sea water, it is concluded that these Bangia taxa are conspeciflc and that the correct name is B. atropurpurea (Roth) C. Ag. This adaptation takes place during the formation of neutral spores, which are capable of ‘normal’ growth in a medium with a salinity which does not differ too much from that from which they were taken. A definition of ‘normal’ growth is given.

Observations on the life history ofBangia fuscopurpurea

SummaryPopulations of Bangia fuscopurpurea occurring in intertidal regions of the Northeastern Pacifie at Glacier Point, British Columbia, were examined at different times of the year. Three distinct types of multiscriate filaments have been identified and the further development of the spores has been examined in culture under two light regimes. Asexual filaments occurred in the autumn and produced only asexual spores which developed into bipolar sporelings. Easily distinguishable asexual, female and male filaments occurred in the spring. Under both short and long day conditions bipolar sporelings developed in dishes containing asexual filaments; conchocelis in dishes with female only, or both male and female filaments; and bipolar sporelings and conchocelis in dishes containing a mixture of the three filaments. There was no germination of β spores in dishes containing male filaments alone. These results are discussed in relation to previous studies on culture isolates. The haploid chromosome number is four.

DEVELOPMENTAL AND CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF BANGIA FUSCOPURPUREA IN CULTURE

Two isolates of the red alga Bangia fuscopurpurea have been cultured for over 3 years. The diplobiontic life history consists of morphologically dissimilar generations, the Bangia‐ and Conchocelis‐phases. The life history includes reproduction of the thallus by monospores and conchospores and of Conchocelis by carpospores. Spore germination and development into the two plant types are described. The chromosome number of both Bangia‐ and Conchocelis‐phases is 3.

Developmental and Cytological Studies of Bangia fuscopurpurea in Culture

Developmental and Cytological Studies of Bangia fuscopurpurea in Culture

STUDIES ON THE PHOTOBIOLOGY OF BANGIA FUSCOPURPUREA1

SUMMARYIn the Rhodophyta there are few reports of light‐mediated responses. In Bangia fuscopurpurea the formation of the fertile cell rows by the Conchocelis phase meets criteria established for the definition of photoperiodism in higher plants. Throughout the life history of the alga maintained in culture, cell fate and cell function fire under photoperiodic regulation. Maintenance and conversion photoperiods are established. Sequential induction studies suggest the absence of metabolic effects operative in the induction, response of fertile cell row formation. Preliminary studies of non‐24‐hr photoperiods suggest the absence of short‐term endogenous rhythms involved in spore formation. A phytochrome response involved in the formation of the fertile cell rows is demonstrated.

Pit connections in Bangia fuscopurpurea

The Bangia and Conchocelis-phases of Bangia fuscopurpurea were studied light and electron microscopically. Typical florideophycean algal pit connections were found in the Conchocelis-phase and were lacking in the Bangia-phase. Electron microscopy has revealed that these dumbell-shaped structures are membrane bound plugs continuous between adjacent cells. The presence of such entities in one stage of the life cycle of a bangiophycean alga, once thought to be unique to the higher red algal subclass Florideophycidae, indicates closer evolutionary ties between the two subclasses.

Life History of Bangia fuscopurpurea (Dillw.) Lyngb. in Culture

Two types of spore germination occur in the genus Bangia. The bipolar type is the most frequent, the resultant germlings developing into filaments which resemble the parent thallus. In addition, unipolar germination of certain spores to form filamentous growths with elongate cells has been reported1–6. Drew7 was able to identify similar filamentous growths obtained from spore germination in Porphyra as the alga previously described as Conchocelis rosea Batters. Later, Drew referred to Conchocelis, the product of germination of certain spores in Bangia, although she was not able to obtain the complete life history in culture3,4. Kurogi5 reported completion of the life history in culture for Bangia gloiopeltidicola, giving no details, while Ogata8 reported numerous uniseriate plants, presumably of Bangia fuscopurpurea, growing on calcite in which the Conchocelis-phase of that species had been grown, without being able to indicate their origin.

Osservazioni Ecologiche Su Alcune Alghe Del Golfo di Napoli in Relazione Alla Loro Distribuzione Verticale

Abstract Ecological observations dealing with some seaweeds of Bay of Naples in connection to their vertical zonation. — The algal zonation in a basaltic locality of the Bay of Naples was studied by the A. in order to get some data about the environmental requirements of seaweeds living in that locality. He pointed out the vegetation girdles of: a) « Bangia fuscopurpurea », « Gelidium pusillum », « Nemalion helmintoides » in the supra-littoral belt; b) « Corallina mediterranea » and « Enteromorpha compressa » in the eu-littoral belt; c) « Pterocladia capillacea », « Scytosiphon lomentarius », « Callithamnion granulatum » and « Derbesia tenuissima » in the infra-littoral belt, studied to 70 cm below the water mark. All these belts are overlapped by that of « Porphyra leucosticta ». « Bangia fuscopurpurea » seems to have a scarce adaptability, since it vegetates exclusively on the rocks spraied by the waves, but never submerged, so that this girdle is very large only in the more exposed localities; this sea...

紅藻綱のフィコエリトリンの吸収曲線と系統との関係

1. Absorption spectra of phycoerythrins obtained from 44 species of Rhodophycean algae were examined.2. Phycoerythrins from Compsopogon oishii (Compsopogonaceae) showed an absorption peak at 565mμ and a shoulder at 545mμ.3. Phycoerythrins from Bangia fusco-purpurea and Porphyra suborbiculata (Bangiaceae) show two peaks at 495mμ and 565mμ, t and a shoulder at ca. 545mμ. The spectral characteristics were shared with phycoerythrins from Chantransia chalybea (Chantransiaceae) and 4 species of Batrachospermum and Sirodotia suecica (Batrachospermaceae).4. Phycoerythrin from Nemalion vermiculare (Helminthocladiaceae) has three absorption peaks at 495mμ, 545mμ and 565mμ. Three peak type of phycoerythrin was obtained from Delisea pulchra (Bonnemaisoniaceae) and Galaxaura fastigiata (Chaetangiaceae).5. So far as examined, all species belonged to Gelidiales, Cryptonemiales, Gigartinales, Rhodymeniales and Ceramiales contain phycoerythrin which shows three absorption peaks at the visible region of the spectra.

核型の系統, 特に生物の起原に關連して

The phylogeny of karyotypes was investigated in lower plants i. e., flagellata, algae and fungi. The most primitive plants, bacteria and Cyanophyceae have no nuclei in strict sense and no chromosomes. The nuclei of Protozoa such as Vorticella and Stentor suggest the origin of chromosomes (Fig. 2). The most primitive nucleus seems to have two chromosomes in haploid number. A large number of fungi has lower chromosome number and especially Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes have two chromosomes in haploid number, while on the other hand, most algae have high chromosome number, especially Charophyta has many chromosomes, namely, from twelve to ca. 50 chromosomes in haploid number (of. Tab. 1). The most primitive type of Rhodophyceae, Bangia fusco-purpurea and Porphyra umbilicalis have also two chromosomes in haploid number and the other algae have higher chromosome number.There are three modes of metabolism, namely heterotrophic one assimilating organic substance and autotrophic metabolism of which one assimilates inorganic substance by means of photosynthesis and the other assimilates by chemosynthesis. Osborn and Komarov supported that the chemo-autotrophic metabolism was most primitive, while Oparin suggests the most primitive organism assimilates organic substance which is abundantly produced in such environment, and inorganic substance such as oxygen and carbon dioxide seems to occur more rarely than in present. If this opinion is true, the heterotrophic organism such as fungi may be more primitive than autotrophic one such as algae in the mode of metabolism. Such primitive condition is also observed in karyotype phylogeny (Tab. 1). In short, the parallelism between the mode of metabolism and karyotype phylogeny was clearly demonstrated in fungi and algae.

Tolerance of Fresh Water by Marine Plants and Its Relation to Adaptation

Previous articleNext article FreeTolerance of Fresh Water by Marine Plants and Its Relation to AdaptationW. J. V. OsterhoutW. J. V. Osterhout Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 63, Number 2Feb., 1917 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/331984 Views: 100Total views on this site Citations: 4Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in the Botanical Gazette (1876-1991), which is continued by International Journal of Plant Sciences (1992-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:G. W. Prescott A guide to the literature on ecology and life histories of the algae, The Botanical Review 22, no.33 (Mar 1956): 167–240.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872467J. C. Th. Uphof Halophytes, The Botanical Review 7, no.11 (Jan 1941): 1–58.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872375WALTER STILES PERMEABILITY, New Phytologist 22, no.55 (Dec 1923): 239–276.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1923.tb06616.xHeinrich Walter Zur Biologie der Bangia fusco-purpurea Lyngb, Flora oder Allgemeine Botanische Zeitung 116, no.33 (Jan 1923): 316–322.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-1615(17)31145-X