Banding Techniques Research Articles

Short- and long-term outcomes of polyethylene band attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: 60 cases (2010-2020).

To report the short- and long-term outcomes following attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs using a novel polyethylene band. Records were retrospectively reviewed for dogs that underwent congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt attenuation by a polyethylene banding technique, at a single institution between 2010 and 2020. Short-term outcome data were collected from peri-operative clinical records with follow-up examinations, scheduled at 6 and 18 weeks post-operatively, and post-operative imaging when performed. Long-term follow-up was collected by validated owner questionnaire, telephone interview or medical records. Long-term outcomes were categorised by "excellent", "good" or "poor". Sixty dogs were included. Post-operative complications occurred in 10 of 60 dogs (16.7%), four major and six minor, with a peri-operative mortality of 6.7%. Persistent shunting was identified in nine of 53 dogs (17%) available for follow-up examination and four dogs underwent a revision surgery. Long-term follow-up was available for 44 dogs at a median of 75 months post-operatively (range 7 to 128). Long-term outcomes were "excellent" (26) or "good" (8) in 81.8% of dogs and "poor" (8) in 18.2%. At the time of follow-up, 30 of 44 (68.2%) dogs were not receiving any medical treatment and 27 of 28 (96.4%) questionnaire respondents were satisfied with the response to surgery. Polyethylene band attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts provides comparable outcomes to cellophane. The material used in this study is widely available and consistent while being pre-sterilised and pre-folded makes it easy to use.

FISH with Whole Chromosome Painting Probes.

Some types of chromosome aberrations are not easily identified by the traditional Giemsa staining. It usually needs some banding technique and skilled person's eye. Whole chromosome painting FISHprobe can stain designated entire chromosomes or domains in metaphase chromosomes or interphase nuclei, respectively. It allows to visually identify translocations, deletions, or amplifications of specific chromosomes. Once chromosomes are stained, even non-skilled researchers can easily identify those chromosome aberrations. Whole chromosome painting FISH has higher sensitivity to detect chromosome aberrations. This chapter introduces the method for whole chromosome painting FISH staining.

Advanced compensation scheme for enhancing photovoltaic power quality

With the photovoltaic (PV) system becoming highly popular in distribution network, there is also a growing concern regarding its adverse impacts over the power quality (PQ) of integrated system. This deterioration in PQ hassparked a new interest in the filtering techniques used in the power systemfor mitigating these problems. In contrast to conventional passive filters now active power filters (APFs) are being looked as the predominant solution.This paper presents a state-estimation based effective compensation strategy for enhancing performance of employed APF scheme. A novel control technique for PQ enhancement is proposed where Kalman filtering approach has been applied for generating the reference signals. Also, an adaptive hysteresis band technique has been applied here in the switching strategy. Thus an enhanced filter performance is achieved with reduced complexity and better elimination of distortions. Simulated results obtained in MATLAB/Simulink platform have been analyzed completely, where the superiority of filtering algorithm has been also demonstrated through leasttotal harmonic distortion (THD) achieved in source current among all the existing Kalman filters.

Distance to the Neurovascular Bundle for Iliotibial Band Graft Passage During Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Pediatric Cadaveric Study.

Background:The Micheli technique for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) has proven to be a reliable method with a minimal risk for growth disturbance among skeletally immature patients.Purposes:To evaluate the Micheli technique of iliotibial band (ITB) graft passage for ACLR using cadaveric knee models and to measure the distance between the surgical instrument tip and the neurovascular bundle in the posterior knee joint: specifically, the peroneal nerve, tibial nerve, and popliteal artery.Study Design:Descriptive laboratory study.Methods:Gross dissection was performed on 17 pediatric cadaveric knees (12 male and 5 female) aged between 4 and 12 years. To simulate ITB graft passage, we passed a curved-tip hemostat clamp through the posterior capsule, with the knee flexed from 90° to 100°. Next, clinical photographs were taken, and digital imaging software was used to measure the distance in centimeters from the clamp tip to each respective neurovascular structure.Results:The mean distances from the clamp tip to the tibial nerve, popliteal artery, and peroneal nerve were 0.875 cm (range, 0.468-1.737 cm), 0.968 cm (range, 0.312-1.819 cm), and 1.149 cm (range, 0.202-2.409 cm), respectively. Mean values were further calculated for age groups of ≤8, 9-10, and 11-12 years. The mean distance from the clamp tip to the peroneal nerve was 1.400 cm larger for 11- to 12-year-old specimens than for ≤8-year-old specimens (95% CI, 0.6-2.2 cm; P = .005).Conclusion:The neurovascular structures in the posterior knee were in close proximity to the path of graft passage, with distances <1 cm in many specimens in this study. When passing the graft through the knee for an over-the-top position, surgeons should consider these small distances between the path of graft passage and critical neurovascular structures.Clinical Relevance:As the incidence of ACL tears is continuously increasing within the pediatric population, there are a larger number of ACLR procedures being performed. Although neurovascular injuries during ACLR are rare, this study clarifies the close proximity of neurovascular structures during ITB graft passage using the Micheli technique of ACLR.

O076 Long term outcomes of “Christmas tree” banding for the treatment of dialysis access related steal syndrome: a thirteen-year experience with the technique

Abstract Introduction High flowrates in arterio-venous fistulas (AVF) and the associated distal arterial insufficiency can cause Dialysis-Access related Steal Syndrome (DASS). Various techniques including ligation, banding, and bypass with interval-ligation have been advocated to treat this difficult problem with varying success. We present the long-term outcomes following a novel banding technique. Methods 46 patients in this prospective cohort-study from 2008–2021 underwent an adjustable banding procedure using a PTFE patch shaped with one slit-end and saw-tooth edges (resulting in a ‘‘Christmas tree’’ pattern) to provide a ratchet mechanism to progressively constrict the draining vein. Real-time finger perfusion pressure monitoring allowed an optimal compromise between distal extremity and AVF perfusion. Comparisons between groups were measured and survival curves were obtained using the Kaplan-Meier method based on the log-rank test to calculate the thrombosis-free survival. Results 63%(n=29) presented with constant pain and 24%(n=11) presented with tissue loss due to steal syndrome. Post-intervention patency was 100%,97.7%,95%,86% and 72% at 30 days, 60 days, 180 days, 1 year and 3 years, respectively. Complete resolution of symptoms was achieved in 74%(n=34) of patients and 11%(n=5) reported partial response needing no further intervention. We also observed that pre-procedure finger pressures of 41mmHg or below was highly specific for “true” steal-syndrome and these patients were more likely to completely respond to banding (p=0.016). The overall mean thrombosis free survival was seen to be 1844±168 days. Conclusion This adjustable dynamic method of AVF banding demonstrates a sustained efficacy in patients with DASS in the long term with a very low risk of patency loss. Take-home message The described adjustable dynamic method of AVF banding under local anaesthesia demonstrates a sustained efficacy in patients with DASS in the long term with a very low risk of patency loss.

Photobiomodulation and trigger band technique on groin adductor strain in athletes

Aim of the study: In athletes, groin pain-related adductor strain is a common problem in sports medicine, like groin injuries, so the study investigated the effect of Photobiomodulation (905 nm) and Trigger Band Technique (TBT) on handball athletes' groin adductor strain. Methods: Forty handball athletes with adductor groin strain were divided into an experimental group (A) that received Diode laser 905nm, TBT, and medical treatment, while control group (B) received sham laser with TBT and medical treatment for four weeks. Outcome measures investigated Copenhangen hip and groin outcome score, pressure algometry, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Results: Both groups showed a significant improvement in the post-treatment outcome measures, where experimental group showed more significant improvement than the control group with p-value &gt;0.05. Conclusion: results imply that treatment of handball athlete's groin adductor strain by TBT and low-level laser is more effective than TBT alone.

Karyomorphological delineation, and the NOR loci on the sex chromosome in three species of Chrysopeleinid (Chrysopeleinae: Colubridae) from Thailand

Abstract. Donbundit N, Bausriyod P, Tanomtong A, Srisamoot N, Sumontha M, Thongnetr W, Patawang I, Supiwong W, Ditcharoen S, Muanglen N, Kaewmad P. 2022. Karyomorphological delineation, and the NOR loci on the sex chromosome in three species of Chrysopeleinid (Chrysopeleinae: Colubridae) from Thailand. Biodiversitas 23: 3813-3819. The description of chromosomal characteristics of three snakes from Thailand namely, Ahaetulla fusca, A. prasina, and Chrysopelea ornata was by using conventional staining and Ag-NOR banding techniques. The results showed that the same diploid chromosome number (2n) = 36 (16 macrochromosomes + 20 microchromosomes) and the fundamental number (NF) was 54 while the karyotype formulae in these three species are as follows: A. fusca; 2n(36) = Lm6 + Sm2+ Ssm4 + Sa2+ ZZ/ZW + 20 microchromosomes, A. prasina; 2n(36) = Lm6+ Sm6+ Sa2+ ZZ/ZW + 20 microchromosomes and C. ornata; 2n(36) = Lm4+ Lsm2+ Sm2 + Ssm4+ Sa2+ ZZ/ZW + 20 microchromosomes. Besides, the ZZ/ZW sex chromosome was observed in all species, whereas C. ornata was discovered the heteromorphic sex chromosome for the first time. Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are located on telomeric region of one pair in all species, while located on microchromosomes in A. fusca and A. prasina, whereas C. ornata was detected on sex chromosomes. Therefore, the Z chromosome revealed the NOR on the telomeric region of the long arm, while NOR of the W chromosome was located on the telomeric region of the short arm.

Arthrodesis for Carpometacarpal Joint Arthritis: A Systematic Review.

This study reviews the patient demographics, functional outcomes, and complications of trapeziometacarpal arthrodesis as a treatment for arthritis of the first carpometacarpal joint. A literature search was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines using PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles located by the search were independently assessed by title, abstract, or full article review for inclusion or exclusion. Demographic, outcome, and complication data from included articles were extracted, compiled, and analyzed. Frequency-weighted means and proportions were generated. In total, 21 articles met inclusion and exclusion criteria accounting for 802 patients and 914 thumbs. Average age at time of surgery was 55.4 years, and mean follow-up time was 72.7 months. Arthrodesis techniques include Kirschner-wire fixation (51.3%), plate fixation (24.6%), screw fixation (9.8%), tension band technique (7.1%), staple fixation (7.0%), and none (<0.1%). Mean preoperative Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score was 58 and 25.4 postoperatively (∆ = -32.6 points). Mean preoperative visual analogue scale score was 6.8 and 1.9 postoperatively (∆ = -4.9 points). Mean preoperative grip strength was 15.7 kg, and 23.0 kg postoperatively (∆ = +7.3 kg). In all, 48.7% of thumbs had complications, 15.1% of which were major, while 33.6% were minor. The most common major complication was symptomatic hardware (8.6%) requiring return to the operating room, and the most common minor complications were peritrapezial arthritis (8.5%) and nonunion (8.4%). Arthrodesis for arthritis of the trapeziometacarpal joint is associated with good functional outcomes and low to moderate patient-reported disability and pain scores, but a high complication rate. IV.

A novel technique of pulmonary artery banding by means of radiofrequency ablation: An experimental study in rabbits.

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of a novel method of narrowing pulmonary arteries with catheter angiography using radiofrequency energy in rabbits. Methods A total of nine New Zealand white rabbits weighing 3.0 to 4.2 kg each were utilized in this experimental study. After the location of pulmonary artery was confirmed by echocardiography and angiography, radiofrequency energy was applied by starting with 5 W energy for the first time and increasing by 5 W, if there was no rupture to a maximum of 20 W. Multiple applications of radiofrequency energy with different durations were performed at different levels of the pulmonary artery. Eight weeks later, surviving rabbits were sacrificed. The pulmonary arteries were removed for histological investigation. Results Five rabbits remained alive after the experiment. There was a significant correlation between radiofrequency power and the degree of vessel thickness change in the pulmonary artery. The endothelial integrity of the tunica intima was impaired in all groups and the diameter of vessel was thickened by an average of 3.5 times. Conclusion The narrowing of the pulmonary artery using radiofrequency energy was successfully performed in a small sample size of experimental animals in this study.

100 Years of Chromosome Research in Rye, Secale L.

Although microscopy and genetics were still in their infancy, there are cytological results produced a hundred years ago that are still relevant today. Since the 1920s, rye has been a subject of chromosome research. It started by plotting its mitotic and meiotic chromosomes to determine genome size. After controversial evidence, it became clear that the base number is n = 7. However, structural differences exist between species within the genus Secale. Some rye populations even carry accessory chromosomes evolutionary derived from the A genome. The development of tetraploid strains significantly promoted chromosome analysis. Various techniques have tried to stabilize the disturbed chromosome pairing of the induced tetraploids. Although slight improvements could be achieved, they did not lead to a breakthrough. However, the various aneuploid derivatives of the polyploids found major advances in the genetic analysis of rye. Trisomics, telo-trisomics, and reciprocal translocation have served as important tools for gene mapping. Since the 1970s, various chromosome banding techniques have stimulated scientific progress. The seven haploid chromosomes could be diagnosed unequivocally, not only in S. cereale but also in related species. These findings led to a clear homoeologous assignment to the genomes of related grass species such as wheat, barley, rice, etc. Current applications of in situ fluorescence staining methods, such as GISH and FISH, allow even more precise results, depending on the specificity of the DNA samples. Advanced preparation techniques are supplemented by the variety of innovations in the field of molecular genome analysis. They replace complex cytological examinations. In this way, introgressions can be safely detected by DNA markers and be much more detailed. In addition, CRISPR/CAS-mediated chromosome engineering will become an important method of the future.

A Simple New Cost-Effective Retractor System for Exposure in Lumbar Microdiscectomy: 1-Year Outcome Analysis

To introduce a new technique for retraction in lumbar microdiscectomy, the rubber band technique (RT), and compare 1-year clinical outcomes of the technique with standard microdiscectomy (SM). In this retrospective analysis, 81 consecutive patients with single-level lumbar disc herniation underwent lumbar microdiscectomy by either RT or SM. The primary outcome was Oswestry Disability Index score 1 year after surgery. Secondary outcomes included Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) physical functioning subscale score, SF-36 bodily pain subscale score, and visual analog scale back pain and leg pain scores. Other parameters were operative time, hospital stay, skin incision, complications, and redo surgery. Of 81 patients, 93% (76 patients) had complete data up to 1-year follow up. The RT group comprised 39 patients (20 males, 19 females), and the SM group comprised 37 patients (19 males 18 females). Primary and secondary outcomes Oswestry Disability Index score, SF-36 physical functioning score, SF-36 bodily pain score, VAS back and leg pain scores, complications, and redo surgery did not differ significantly between the treatment groups at follow-up points (P > 0.05). Skin incision was smaller in the RT group compared with the SM group (P= 0.0001). Over the 1-year follow-up period, clinical outcomes of patients treated with RT were comparable to patients treated with SM. RT appears to be an alternative safe, effective, and economical approach for lumbar microdiscectomy.

PB1891: VARIANT PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME IN CML

Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia is a clonal malignant disorder of a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell characterized by the Philadelphia chromosome and the reciprocal translocation t(9:22)(q34;q11). Almost 5 to 10 percent of chronic myeloid leukemia cases demonstrate variant Philadelphia translocations. Aims: To contribute to the description of patients’ clinical characteristics and prognosis with variant Ph chromosome-positive leukemia, we report a Ph chromosome-positive CML in the chronic phase characterized by an unusual variant Ph chromosome. Methods: An elderly male Libyan patient was suspected to have chronic myeloid leukemia. Cytogenetic and molecular exploration were conducted using bone marrow and blood samples. Cytogenetic analysis was performed on lymphocytes and bone marrow cells after short-term culture (48 hours). The cells were treated with colchicine and hypotonic KCl solution. The pellet was fixed and washed in methanol-acetic acid (3:1). The cells were resuspended in fixative and dropped onto slides. Chromosome-banding analysis was performed using RHG and GTG banding techniques. Three karyotypes and 25 metaphases were analyzed according to the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature. Multiplex reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was used to identify the BCR-ABL1 transcript. RT-PCR was performed according to European recommendations, as described previously. Results: Clinical assessment confirmed the first chronic phase of a chronic myeloid leukemia. Chromosomal formula showed an homogeneous structural translocation: t(1;9;12;22)(p35-36;q34;p13;q11) involving four chromosomal regions, 1p35-36, 9q34, 12p13 and 22q11.2. Molecular investigation confirmed the Ph nature of the chromosomal abnormality by showing the BCR-ABL1 transcript. The patient was treated by using Imatinib molecule with a favorable therapeutic response. Summary/Conclusion: A new variant Ph chromosome-positive CML in the chronic phase is reported. It is a four-way Ph translocation t(1;9;12;22)(p35-36;q34;p13;q11) involving four chromosomal regions, 1p35-36, 9q34, 12p13 and 22q11.2. Imatinib, the first-generation TKI treatment was efficient.

PB1912: MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME WITH ISOLATED 5Q DELETION AND ASSOCIATED 5Q DELETION TO 13Q DELETION

Background: The 5q deletion is the classic chromosomal abnormality in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Critical regions are 5q31 and 5q33, leading to gene haplodeficiency and other pathogeneic mechanisms. 13q deletion occurs in about 2% of MDS cases. This deletion involved band 13q14. Aims: Here we describe cytogenetic abnormalities in a Tunisian cohort of MDS patients and we shed the light on cases with 5q deletion. Methods: Cytogenetic analyses of bone marrow cells were performed according to standard procedures for 12 Tunisian patients presenting with MDS. Cytogenetic analysis was performed on lymphocytes and bone marrow cells. Cultured cells were treated with colchicine and hypotonic KCl solution. The pellet was fixed and washed in methanol-acetic acid (3:1). The cells were resuspended in fixative and dropped onto slides. Chromosome-banding analysis was performed using RHG and GTG banding techniques. Three karyotypes and 25 metaphases were analyzed according to the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature. Results: Cytogenetic abnormalities were detected in 9 cases and del5q was recorded in four patients (3 patients with refractory anemia (RA) and a fourth with RA and excess blasts-T (RAEB-T)). The del5q was isolated in two RA cases as a del (5) (q13 q33) in a new diagnosed and a treated patients. It was associated in two patients: a RA patient explored during the evolution, harboring a del (5) (q12 q33) associated to a del (13) (q12 q14) and the RAEB-T patient harbouring a del (5) (q21 q31) associated to a clonal hyperploidy. Summary/Conclusion: The diagnosis of MDS was based on cytomorphology and cytogenetics. However, nowadays, an increasing number of molecular aberrations have been discovered and included in the WHO revised new classification of myeloid neoplasms. The del13q described in MDS seems to be a marker of the evolution of the clonal cells harboring 5q deletion. However, the molecular basis and the implicated genes of the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13 associated to the 5q deletion clone remain until now not well explored.

Clinical Outcomes of Cannulated Screws versus Ring Pin versus K-Wire with Tension Band Fixation Techniques in the Treatment of Transverse Patellar Fractures: A Case-Control Study with Minimum 2-Year Follow-Up.

Purpose K-wire with tension band (KTB) technique has long been the primary surgical method for transverse patella fractures; however, it also has shortcomings. This study is aimed at evaluating the three different techniques to see whether the cannulated screw tension band (CSTB) or ring pin tension band (RPTB) techniques could decrease complications and achieve better knee function compared with KTB. Methods We conducted a retrospective comparison of the KTB, CSTB, and RPTB fixation techniques. We selected and reviewed 90 patients (30 patients in each fixation group) with follow-up at least 2 years. Duration of operation, intraoperative blood loss, mean healing time, visual analog scale score, range of motion, Böstman score, Iowa knee score, modified Lysholm rating scale, and postoperative complications were compared. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify the independent risk factors for fracture healing time, postoperative complications, and knee function recovery. Results After adjusting for confounding factors, multivariate regression analysis revealed that CSTB was 0.26 times (95% CI: 0.08-0.86, p = 0.027) less likely to prolong fracture healing time, 0.20 times (95% CI: 0.06-0.64, p = 0.007) lesser risk of postoperative complications, and more than four times (95% CI: 1.41-13.56, p = 0.011) as likely to improve the knee function score compared with KTB. Besides, RPTB were also superior to KTB in reducing the incidence of postoperative complications (OR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.07-0.64, p = 0.006) and improved knee function score (OR: 3.96, 95% CI: 1.30-12.08, p = 0.016); however, the CSTB group being more superior. In addition, AO/OTA C2 fractures (OR, odds ratio: 10.68, 95% CI: 1.30-87.70, p = 0.027) and high-energy fracture (OR: 8.78, 95% CI: 1.57-49.17, p = 0.013) were also associated with prolonged fracture healing time but not with postoperative complications and knee function. No significant differences in related indicators such as gender, age, BMI, AO/OTA classification, fracture side, injury mechanism, duration of operation, and intraoperative blood loss were detected among the three groups. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the CSTB technique is superior to KTB and RPTB techniques in reducing the incidence of postoperative complications, and it also has advantages in accelerating fracture healing, achieving better VAS, ROM, and functional recovery. Further long-term large-sized prospective randomized trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of the KTB in treating transverse patellar fractures.

The Technique of Bilateral Pulmonary Artery Banding in High-Risk Patients With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

The management of high-risk neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome or its variants remains a tremendous surgical and medical challenge for our specialty. The hybrid strategy has been shown to improve outcomes in high-risk patients. This article illustrates the specific technical details of bilateral branch pulmonary artery banding for such high-risk patients.

Total Elbow Arthroplasty in the Context of an Olecranon Nonunion: A Surgical Technique and Report of Three Cases.

The deficiency of the triceps tendon has been considered a relative contraindication to performing a total elbow arthroplasty. One of the conditions that may compromise triceps integrity is the presence of an olecranon non-union (ON). In this scenario, the placement of a total elbow arthroplasty in a patient with end-stage elbow arthritis is a complex problem to be solved. The aim of this study is to describe the surgical technique for the placement of a TEA in the context of a previous ON and to report the results of three cases. Surgical technique: the focus of the nonunion is identified, and the olecranon fragment is proximally reflected with the triceps tendon to allow accurate exposure of the medullary canal of the ulna and easy access to the joint. With the elbow in a fully flexed position, the previously assembled test prosthesis is placed and the proximal ulna fragment should then be reduced to match the distal ulna. Osteosynthesis with a tension band technique was performed at 45° of elbow extension. A non-absorbable Krackow suture (Ti-Cron 2-0) from the triceps's tendon to the hole of the wire in the distal ulna is applied to decrease the triceps tension traction. Bone grafting is performed when a persistent gap is present at the fracture site following reduction. This technique enables us to achieve a stable elbow with little pain and maintains the extensor apparatus's continuity.

Compressive spectrum sensing for 5G cognitive radio networks – LASSO approach

In recent years, the importance of Artificial Intelligence is inevitable for effective performance in communication area. The progressing in standards from beyond 5G networks are compatible gadgets for incorporate wireless communication. Cognitive radio (CR) is a sensible and advanced scientific communication that can effectively handle the radio spectrum applications. Spectrum sensing (SR) is the primary role in CR. In SR, various Wide Band techniques suited for 5G were investigated in this paper. (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) LASSO is the suitable choice for communication in compressive sensing and recovery in wideband 5G networks. The obtained results were correlated with recent report. Further, the relative merit and demerits are discussed significantly.

Cytogenetics in Oral Cancer: A Comprehensive Update

To evaluate the application of cytogenetic techniques in determining the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics in oral cancer. Genetic aberrations that play an important role in oral oncogenesis demand substantial research for in-depth characterization of the tumor. Cytogenetic techniques have the potential to detect these aberrations. This review highlights about various cytogenetic approaches in cancer and how these findings support its application in the field of oral oncology. Google scholar search was done for articles on cancer cytogenetics, and in particular, PubMed database was queried for articles published from 2015 to 2020 using keywords cytogenetics, chromosomal aberrations, conventional cytogenetics, karyotyping, banding techniques, molecular cytogenetics, fluorescent in situ hybridization, spectral karyotyping, comparative genomic hybridization, multiplex ligation probe analysis, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) in oral cancer. Abstracts were reviewed, and relevant full text was accessed to extract the cytogenetic findings in oral cancer. Data regarding various cytogenetic approaches from conventional to molecular techniques have been published in oral cancer. They convey a highly complex cytogenetic finding from gross chromosomal aberrations to specific gene mutations in oral cancer. Crucial information in the development and progression of oral cancer is achieved through cytogenetic findings in particular with the molecular cytogenetic techniques. Novel technologies like NGS have emerged in recent years that hold promise in the detection of these alterations more efficiently. An appraisal of cytogenetic analysis in oral cancer helps to determine the diagnosis and the most important prognosticators. It assists in building targeted therapies for patient benefit.

Hazard Flood Mapping and Monitory in Parts of the Niger Delta Region Using Sentinel 1 Synthetic Aperture Radar

In this study, the RGB band and threshold techniques were used to distinguish between the flooded area and permanent water bodies with the use of Sentinel 1 images to map and monitor flood hazards in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. The acquired images were before the flood events in January 2019 and during the events in October and November 2019 with the aid of Snap 7.0 and ArcGIS software. The preprocessing of Sentinel-1 images and the mapping procedure have been described in detail, and the results have been evaluated. The results show that the Sentinel 1 sensor can rapidly provide quality data in mapping floods. The applied techniques, RGB and Threshold, show a clear disparity between permanent water bodies and floods by applying contact stretch to histograms. Zones with low backscatter signify flooded areas in red, with high radar response signifying land in the archive indicating surfaces. Areas with black indicate permanent waterbodies, while areas with white indicate built up areas. The estimated significant difference in mean water surface for January and October 2019 is -0.23 dB, while for January and November 2019 it is-0.36 decibels (dB). The difference between October and November 2019 is -0.12 decibels (dB) for the estimated mean water surface in the study area. Therefore, emphasizing remote sensing and GIS as essential tools for flood mapping, risk analysis, and better flood management is therefore essential.

Descriptive Epidemiology of Complete ACL Tears in the Skeletally Immature Population: A Multicenter Investigation of the Pluto Study

Background:ACL injuries are being seen with increased frequency in pediatric and adolescent patients. Understanding patient and injury characteristics as well as treatment strategies are important to help guide future surgical decisions in the care of these young patients.Hypothesis/Purpose:To report the demographic characteristics and descriptive epidemiology of a large cohort of skeletally immature patients with complete ACL tears through a prospective, multicenter study.Methods:At 10 geographically diverse institutions in the United States, consecutive skeletally immature patients diagnosed with complete ACL tears between January 2016 and April 2020 were enrolled. Treatment was provided by one of 23 participating orthopedic surgeons. Patient demographics, including chronological and skeletal age, sex, race, ethnicity, as well as anthropometric measures, mechanism of injury, and ACL treatment type were collected.Results:748 skeletally immature patients were included in the final cohort; the mean chronological age was 12.3 years, and 62.3% were male. Mean skeletal age (13.2 years) was on average 0.9 years higher than mean chronological age (p<0.001). The median BMI percentile for the cohort was 71st (IQR, 45-88), and 10.8% were classified as obese (≥95th percentile). 5.3% reported a previous ipsilateral knee injury, and 32.5% had a family history of ACL injuries. Sport was the predominant mechanism of injury (89.4%), with non-contact injuries the most common (61.5%). When stratified by sex, non-contact injury was significantly higher in females (68.3%) than males (57.4%) (p=0.005). The most common sport resulting in an ACL tear among males was football (41.2%) and among females was soccer (44.2%) (p<0.001). 99.9% percent of skeletally immature patients were treated surgically by one of four reconstruction techniques: transphyseal (52.7%), partial transphyseal (7.1%), all-epiphyseal (13.1%), and the physeal sparing iliotibial band (ITB) technique (27.0%). One patient underwent non-operative treatment. The most common surgical techniques for patients with a bone age younger than 13 years were physeal sparing with ITB (56.7%) and all-epiphyseal (21.8%), while in patients with a bone age of 13 years and older, transphyseal (71.1%) and physeal sparing with ITB (11.9%) were most common (p<0.001).Conclusion:This multicenter, prospective study is the first to describe the characteristics of an exclusively skeletally immature cohort with complete ACL tears. Almost all patients were injured during sports, surgical treatment was overwhelmingly the treatment of choice, and preferred surgical techniques varied based on skeletal age.