Bandstop Filter Research Articles

Theoretical Investigation of Terahertz Spoof Surface-Plasmon-Polariton Devices Based on Ring Resonators

Terahertz is one of the most promising technologies for high-speed communication and large-scale data transmission. As a classical optical component, ring resonators are extensively utilized in the design of band-pass and frequency-selective devices across various wavebands, owing to their unique characteristics, including optical comb generation, compactness, and low manufacturing cost. While substantial progress has been made in the study of ring resonators, their application in terahertz surface wave systems remains less than fully optimized. This paper presents several spoof surface plasmon polariton-based devices, which were realized using ring resonators at terahertz frequencies. The influence of both the radius of the ring resonator and the width of the waveguide coupling gap on the coupling coefficient are investigated. The band-stop filters based on the cascaded ring resonator exhibit a 0.005 THz broader frequency bandwidth compared to the single-ring resonator filter and achieve a minimum stopband attenuation of 28 dB. The add–drop multiplexers based on the asymmetric ring resonator enable selective surface wave outputs at different ports by rotating the ring resonator. The devices designed in this study offer valuable insights for the development of on-chip terahertz components.

Design and FDTD simulation of a remote-controllable visible-light plasmonic waveguide and refractive-index-sensitive switch

In this paper, a plasmonic switch based on metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide structure is proposed, whose transmission characteristics can be remotely controlled by a rake switch design. The distance from the remote control unit to the bus waveguide is more than 1 um and still maintains a very high efficiency. The refractive-index-dependent transmission spectrum of this filter was simulated using the finite-difference time-domain method. The results show that the on/off switching of wave propagation in the bus waveguide can be achieved by changing the refractive index of the control unit 1 µm away from the bus waveguide. A change in refractive index of only 0.2 is required to simultaneously control the switching off and on of four waves in the waveguide in the visible band, with corresponding switching ratios of 40.5, 74.3, 48.6, and 15.1, showing great potential for applications in refractive index sensors and remotely controllable band stop filters.

Tunable ultra-wideband band-stop filters based on a metal-insulator-metal waveguide with triangle resonators

This study introduces the design and analysis of ultra-wideband band-stop filters based on a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide with triangle resonators. The optical features of the filters are determined numerically. Transmission values and field distributions have been obtained. To show the tunability of the resonances of the filters, parameter sweep analysis has been done. This feature provides the shifted wideband bandwidths from visible to mid-infrared regimes. The highest bandwidth is 859 nm for band-stop filtering in this work. Higher bandwidths can be achieved by increasing the number of resonators adjacent to the waveguide. This research offers the potential to improve the filtering capabilities of optical devices through the use of high-efficiency MIM waveguide-resonator systems.

Ship heave measurement method based on sliding adaptive delay-free complementary band-pass filter

Accurate measurement of heave motion plays an important role in multi-beam echo sounding system and seabed feature recognition. Currently, scholars have put forth two primary methods for measuring ship heave, namely employing Kalman filtering and traditional high-pass filters. Nevertheless, the precision of heave measurement is somewhat compromised due to challenges in accurately establishing ship heave dynamics models, reliance on empirical values or peak detection ranges, and the impact of time-delay errors. To enhance the precision of heave motion measurement, this paper introduces a method based on a sliding adaptive delay-free complementary band-pass filter. The method adaptively acquires cutoff frequencies of band-stop filters within different windows and derives the transfer function of the non-delay complementary band-pass filter based on complementarity. To validate the efficacy of the algorithm, this study conducted experiments utilizing two distinct sets of shipborne data acquired on September 18, 2023, and September 22, 2023. The proposed method significantly improved accuracy compared to other methods, reducing reliance on prior knowledge or empirical values, and mitigating time-delay errors, thus achieving high-precision heave motion measurement.

High-Sensitivity, High-Resolution Miniaturized Spectrometers for Ultraviolet to Near-Infrared Using Guided-Mode Resonance Filters.

Miniaturized spectrometers have significantly advanced real-time analytical capabilities in fields such as environmental monitoring, healthcare diagnostics, and industrial quality control by enabling precise on-site spectral analysis. However, achieving high sensitivity and spectral resolution within compact devices remains a significant challenge, particularly when detecting low-concentration analytes or subtle spectral variations critical for chemical and molecular analysis. This study introduces an innovative approach employing guided-mode resonance filters (GMRFs) to address these limitations. Functioning similarly to notch filters, GMRFs selectively block specific spectral bands while allowing others to pass, maximizing energy extraction from incident light and enhancing spectral encoding. Our design incorporates narrow band-stop filters, which are essential for accurate spectrum reconstruction, resulting in improved resolution and sensitivity. Our spectrometer delivers a spectral resolution of 0.8 nm over a range of 370-810 nm. It achieves sensitivity values that are more than ten times greater than those of conventional grating spectrometers during fluorescence spectroscopy of mouse jejunum. This enhanced sensitivity and resolution are particularly beneficial for chemical and biological applications, facilitating the detection of trace analytes in complex matrices. Furthermore, the spectrometer's compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology enables scalable and cost-effective production, fostering broader adoption in chemical analysis, materials science, and biomedical research. This study underscores the transformative potential of the GMRF-based spectrometer as an innovative tool for advancing chemical and interdisciplinary analytical applications.

High-Extinction Photonic Filters by Cascaded Mach–Zehnder Interferometer-Coupled Resonators

In this study, we demonstrate high-extinction stop-band photonic filters based on Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI)-coupled silicon nitride (Si3N4) resonators fabricated using I-line lithography technology. Leveraging the low-loss silicon nitride waveguide, our approach enables the creation of stable, high-performance filters suitable for applications in quantum and nonlinear photonics. With destructive interference at the feedback loop, photonic filters with an extinction ratio of 35 dB are demonstrated with four cascaded MZI-coupled resonators. This cascading design not only enhances the filter’s extinction but also improves its spectral sharpness, providing a more selective stop-band profile. Experimental results agree well with the theoretical results, showing linear scaling of extinction ratios with the number of cascaded MZI-coupled resonators. The scalability of this architecture opens the possibility for further integration and optimization in complex photonic circuits, where high extinction ratios and precise wavelength selectivity are critical for advanced signal processing and quantum information applications.

All-dielectric transmissive narrow-band filters adjustable within wide spectral range

The challenge of obtaining transmission spectra with both a wider tunable spectral range and high resolution persists. In this paper, a novel all-dielectric transmissive grating structure based on Mie resonance is proposed. The structure excites the Mie resonance by embedding a high refractive index contrast grating in a KF-Si film system band-stop filter. The dipole resonance energy is confined within the high refractive index silicon grating material, expanding the cutoff bandwidth of the KF-Si film system to over 400 nm and achieving single-peak transmission in the visible range. And the continuous transmission spectrum has an adjustable range of 300 nm with the highest spectral resolution (FWHM) (∼20 nm) can be achieved by adjusting the grating period. To suppress the coupling energy excitation between the higher-order magnetic dipole and the substrate, a silicon-rich nitride (SRN) matching layer is introduced between the KF-Si film system and the substrate. This layer enhances the intensity of the resonance peaks while simultaneously suppressing the short-wavelength sidebands, thereby improving the saturation and purity of the spectrum. In addition, we obtained a large angular tolerance of up to 15° by stacking the silicon film system. This work is of great significance for the advancement of hyperspectral imaging and display technology.

Numerical Verification of a Polarization-Insensitive Electrically Tunable Far Infrared Band-Stop Meta-Surface Filter

Tunable filters have many potential applications in diverse fields, including high-capacity communications, dynamic beam shaping and spectral imaging. Although providing a high-performance solution for actively tunable devices, metasurface combined with tunable materials faces the great challenges of limited tuning range and modulation depth. Here, we propose a far-infrared tunable band-stop filter based on Fabry-Perot (FP) resonators and graphene surface plasmons. By switching the wavelength of the critical coupling condition of the filter via the gate voltage applied on graphene, achieving the dynamically tunable band-stop filtering at the central wavelengths from 12.4 μm to 14.1 μm with a modulation depth of more than 99%. Due to the symmetry of the proposed meta-atoms, the filter is insensitive to the polarization direction of the incident light. And it can realize more than 85% filtering efficiency within 60° angle of incidence around the vertical direction. By adjusting the geometry of the meta-atoms structure, it is feasible to move the operational range from the near-infrared to terahertz bands.

Design of Band Stop Filter Using Epsilon-Negative Frequency Selective Surface

This paper focuses on designing a band stop filter based on epsilon-negative frequency-selective surface (FSS). The unit cell has an electrical length of 0.104λ0 × 0.104λ0 which offers a bandwidth of 2.53 GHz from 1.24 GHz to 3.77 GHz. It has a center frequency of 2.44 GHz and the obtained fractional bandwidth is above 100%. Additionally, the behavior of the presented FSS is explained by the equivalent circuit model and surface current distribution. Within the entire bandwidth, it offers a negative permittivity. The refractive index of BSF is almost zero for 2.45−3.98 GHz range of frequency. The proposed FSS structure exhibits polarization-independent properties and offers a stable frequency response for normal and oblique angles under both TE and TM polarization. Good agreement between the simulated and measured results is obtained for the designed prototype.

Comparison of non-Hermitian three-dimensional quantization line shape in ion-doped microcrystals

In this paper, we studied the relationship between non-Hermitian quantization and line shape in ion-doped microcrystals. We depict the Eu3+: BiPO4 exhibited a broad line shape in contrast to Eu3+: NaYF4, and Dy3+: BiPO4. The line shape is controlled through angle quantization (constructive and destructive quantization) and phonon detuning effects. The Eu3+: BiPO4 and Eu3+: NaYF4 exhibits less sensitivity to line shape as compared to Dy3+: BiPO4. The more sensitivity of Dy3+: BiPO4 is supported by the presence of multiple levels, which disrupt the transition from destructive (out of phase de-phase rate Г) to constructive (in phase dressing Rabi frequency G) three-dimensional quantization. The line shape evolution from out of phase to in phase could be tuned by changing time gate position (the ratio of G and Г regulated largely) and time gate width (the ratio of G and Г regulated on a small scale). We observed that the line shape ratio in Dy3+: BiPO4 is significantly smallest (13.63 %) as compared to Eu3+: NaYF4 (61.29 %) and Eu3+: BiPO4 (85.18 %). Furthermore, the angle quantization affects the line shape evolution of fluorescence and Autler-Townes. However, spontaneous four-wave mixing line shape evolution can not be controlled by the angle quantization. Such results hold significant potential for applications in long band stop filter.

Hybrid Deep Learning Based Model for Removing Grid-Line Artifacts from Radiographical Images

The digital imaging technique known as Computed Radiography (CR) has transformed the medical imaging industry by providing a number of advantages. It eliminates the need for traditional film-based methods, making it more efficient and convenient. A common issue faced with CR images is the presence of grid artifacts and other pattern artifacts, which can have a significant impact on the quality of the images when viewed on a computer screen, especially if a clinic-grade display is not accessible. This paper presents a novel framework for removing grid line artifacts from X-ray images, which is a critical challenge in medical imaging. The framework proposes a hybrid Deep Grid model that combines a Gaussian band-stop filter with ADAM optimization to produce high-quality, grid-line free X-ray images that are suitable for further analysis and diagnosis. Deep learning (DL) models for instance the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), DenseNet, VGG-Net, and Fast R-CNN were utilized to classify images, and the grid-by-grid removal of grid lines in the image was performed. The proposed framework achieved a high accuracy rate of 98% in eliminating grid line artifacts from X-ray images, demonstrating its possibility for a big improvement the accuracy and reliability of diagnostics for medical based on X-ray images

Five-pole wideband quasi-reflectionless interdigital BPF with second harmonic suppression

Abstract In this paper, a 5-pole quasi-reflectionless (QR) interdigital BPF with a wide range of non-reflecting signals is proposed, offering good impedance matching. Two absorptive T-shaped stubs are placed at the input and output ports of the interdigital BPF. The absorptive stubs are optimised to obtain the reflection as low as possible for a wide range. Additionally, we shift the adjacent resonators of the interdigital BPF up and down to improve overall performance. The design follows a specific procedure in order to investigate factors affecting the performance. Firstly, the convetional interdigtial bandpass filter is designed relying on the coupling matrix method. Next, we study the conversion of the stopband filter into an absorptive stub. The input impedance of the stub plays a vital role in determining the reflection bandwidth, so it is optimised as well. Meanwhile, the interdigital BPF and one abosrptive stub are combined, where the bandwidth of reflectionless becomes wider compared to the conventional interdigital BPF. Another absorptive stub is added into the other port of the BPF to make the proposed filter symmetric. Different orders of the interdigital PBF are analysed, where the fifth order has the best response. The proposed filter is fabricated and tested, and an FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.5 mm and a dielectric constant of 4.5 is utilized. The simulation and measurement results agree well. The realised S11 is less than -10dB from 0.72GHz to 4.1GHz (i.e., -10dB reflectionless bandwidth 3.38GHz), while the realised S11 is less than -3dB from 0.42GHz to 6GHz (i.e., -3dB reflectionless bandwidth 5.58GHz). The S21 response is good for the transmission band. Finally, some slots are etched out from the gorund to reduce the influence of the second harmonic response.

A planar three-section coupled-line high-selectivity wideband bandstop filter

A planar three-section coupled-line high-selectivity wideband bandstop filter (BSF) is proposed. The proposed filter topology contains three coupled-line sections (CLs) and two transmission-line sections (TLs). The four locations of transmission zeros (TZs) are obtained through the deduction of the theoretical equations, which validates the proposed topology. During circuit simulation, the effect of the Z e1 on the skirt roll-off is investigated. A highly selective wideband BSF with center frequency at 2.4 GHz, rejection level below 20 dB and attenuation rate at 278.69 dB/GHz is designed and manufactured. The theoretical and simulation results are in good agreement. Indeed, it illustrates the correctness of the theoretical analysis.

Design and implementation of low power multiplierless FIR filters on FPGA and ASIC

ABSTRACT This paper presents a low-power design and implementation approach for multiplierless FIR filters by reducing switching activity between filter coefficients using different optimisation algorithms. The objective function simultaneously minimises hamming distance between the consecutive filter coefficients, passband, and stopband ripples. Low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop FIR filters of different order and word lengths are designed using improved grey-wolf optimisation. Comparison with grey-wolf optimisation, hybrid particle swarm optimisation, and grey-wolf optimisation, and whale optimisation algorithms is performed for different statistical parameters. The proposed filter is also compared with existing filter designs and shows considerable improvement in design metrics. For low-power implementation of designed FIR filters, carry-save-adder trees are utilised. FPGA and ASIC platforms are used for implementation. Basys-3 (Artix-7) FPGA board is targeted using the Vivado tool for FPGA implementation. Hardware design metrics such as slice LUTs, slice registers, slices, and dynamic power consumption are obtained. ASIC implementation is also performed using the Cadence Genus tool for a 45 nm Nan gate open cell library and total area, power, and delay are reported. The obtained results for FPGA slice utilisation and power consumption provide an average reduction of 61.39% and 74.13%, respectively. ASIC implementation provides an average 58.60% reduction in area-power product.

Ultra-compact narrow-band band-stop filter based on inverse design

Ultra-compact narrow-band band-stop filter based on inverse design

Cascaded Frequency Selective Surfaces with Matryoshka Geometry for Ultra-Wideband Bandwidth

The purpose of this paper is to present cascaded frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) with matryoshka geometry to increase the effective bandwidth. We carry out an analysis of the influence of the spacing between the surfaces on the FSSs frequency response. The application involves a two-layer cascaded FSS, one as a band-stop filter with a matryoshka geometry and the other as a band-pass filter with inverted or negative matryoshka geometry. With this framework, it is possible to extend an ultra-wideband (UWB) of a bandwidth up to 2 GHz in the 1.8 GHz to 3.8 GHz range with just two layers and an air gap of 12 mm, in addition to a bandwidth of 2 GHz to 3.2 GHz with a smaller 4 mm gap between layers.

Polarization-insensitive compact frequency selective surface with higher angular stability for GSM applications

This article proposes a highly compact, angularly stable, and polarization-insensitive frequency selective surface (FSS) based bandstop filter geometry for shielding electromagnetic (EM) radiations across the GSM band. Each of the unit cells (having dimensions of 10 mm × 10 mm) is made of convoluted meander patterns, which are orthogonally printed on both sides of a dielectric substrate to design this highly compact FSS (the unit cell size is 0.029λ0· 0.029λ0, where λ0 corresponds to the resonance frequency). The metallic pattern on the top layer of the substrate selectively reflects the EM wave for one particular polarization around 890 MHz but transmits the orthogonally polarized wave. In contrast, the pattern printed on the bottom layer behaves oppositely (allowing one polarization and reflecting other polarization), thereby the overall structure exhibiting a bandstop filter response with a 3-dB stop bandwidth ranging from 800 MHz to 960 MHz under dual polarizations. In addition, the geometry exhibits a high angularly stable response till 80° angle of incidence under both transverse electric (TE) mode and transverse magnetic (TM) mode. Good agreement is also observed between the simulated and measured responses for various cases.

Multi-stopband filter based on frequency selective surface

This paper presents the design of a terahertz multi-stopband filter based on a metasurface structure which consisting of multiple metallic strips. By adjusting the dimensions and arrangement of these metallic strips placed on a dielectric substrate, the precise control of the filter performance is achieved. This structure exploits the electromagnetic resonances of metallic strips at terahertz frequencies to generate stopbands, thereby enabling selective filtering. Numerical studies demonstrates that these configurations can produce multiple stopbands within the 4.2 to 15.5 THz frequency range, with tunable center frequencies and bandwidths. Through the research of the transverse and longitudinal filter model structure, the band-stop filter with more stopbands can be realized, and the transmission valley value is kept within 5 %, which is crucial for enhancing filter performance. Moreover, the study reveals that tuning the dimensions of the metallic strips can modulate the resonances, resulting in a redshift of the filter's central frequency and an expansion of the passband width. These findings provide a new method for the performance improvement of terahertz filters, advanced filtering technology and electromagnetic wave control technology.

Design of Coplanar Stripline Bandpass Filter With Reconfigurable Filter Switch

ABSTRACTThis article has designed a bandpass filter using a coplanar stripline stub (CPS) resonator consisting of open and short‐ended strip lines connected to the PIN diode switches. The use of spurline stub resonators inside CPS results in bandpass and bandstop filters, depending on the PIN diode switch configurations. The work presents a novel circuit architecture aimed at reducing the parasitic resonance of the spurline resonators and acquiring the necessary series stub characteristics. The proposed filter resonates at 6.9–9, 1.7–4.7, and 8.4 GHz when the PIN diodes are forward and reverse‐biased, respectively. It also resonates at 1–2.1, 4.8–5.3, and 6.9–9 GHz when one diode is reverse‐biased, and the other is connected in forward bias. An insertion loss below −0.55 dB and a return loss less than 10 dB have been obtained during simulation and measurement. The designed filter can find different applications for the 1.8 GHz GSM band, 2.4/5.8 GHz (WLAN), 3.6 GHz (WiMAX), long‐term evolution (LTE), and WIFI. The filter can be used in various multi‐frequency systems owing to its compact size. The measured and simulated findings of the proposed CPS spurline stub resonator wideband bandpass filters are substantially consistent.

Easy-to-design wide stop-band multi-layer metamaterial filter based on symmetrical modified circular resonators for terahertz communication applications and electromagnetic interference shielding

Terahertz filters represent an essential element in modern communications system engineering. Designing a stopband filter with unique electrical qualities remains a relatively complicated task to achieve. In this context, the present paper suggests an easy-to-design bandstop filter to exploit it in terahertz communications and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. The proposed filter is based on the multi-layer metamaterials stacking technique; it is constituted by a five-layer metal-insulator-metal-insulator-metal (MIMIM) microstructure. The two dielectric layers in polyimide with the three metallic layers in gold represent a total thickness of 43 μm. Each metallic layer is represented by a modified metamaterial resonator (MTMR) of the same symmetrical circular shape. The filter cell dimensions are optimized as 120 × 120 μm2 to have the desired stopband feature. The electrical qualities of the proposed filter have been analyzed by the finite element method (FEM) via the ANSYS high-frequency structure simulator software (HFSS). Through the simulation outcomes, salient filter features were highlighted. A wide −20 dB bandwidth of the order of 1.062 THz centered at 1.872 THz with a low transmission rate in the stopband which is less than 0.87 %, a significant square ratio of 0.86 and a relative bandwidth of around 57 %. Moreover, the absorption rate of the stopband has reached more than 97 % with excellent flat-top characteristics. To give more credibility to our results, we have presented a parametric analysis that included several components. In addition, the designed filter was insensitive to the polarization angle thanks to the symmetrical metamaterial resonators. Based on all these results and due to the simplicity of its design combined with all these unique features, our filter can be a prominent contender in the field of THz communications. It can be also required for terahertz imaging and EMI shielding.