Band Shape Analysis Research Articles

Fermi resonance of two vibrational modes with homogeneously broadened spectral bands

ABSTRACTAnalytical description of the spectra of two coupled vibrational modes in the case of the homogeneous broadening of the interacting bands is proposed. Inter alia, the intrinsic overtone's intensity is taken into account in the course of the analysis of the spectral band shape of the Fermi doublet. General properties of the spectral band at different system parameters are examined. Some experimental spectra are interpreted with our formulas. It is shown that the common practice of decomposition of the observed band into Lorentzian constituents leads to improper values of the interaction parameters when the individual components of the Fermi doublet have different widths.

Phase transition and dynamics of NH3 ligands in [Zn(NH3)4](ReO4)2

One phase transition in [Zn(NH3)4](ReO4)2 at Tc=393.5K (on heating) and 392.0K (on cooling) was found. Thermal stability of this compound was investigated by thermal analysis methods. It decomposes in three main stages. The first two are connected with deamination process, whereas Re2O7 evaporates in the last step. The activation energy for NH3 loss processes was determined from thermogravimetric (TG) measurements. The vibrational and reorientational dynamics of NH3 ligands in the low-temperature phase was probed by various complementary techniques. It was found that at temperatures close to 150K, NH⋯O hydrogen bond is formed. Temperature-dependent band shape analysis of properly chosen infrared (IR) band was performed, whose results showed that activation energy for NH3 reorientational motion (<300K) is rather small and is approximately equal to 2kJmol−1. Neutron and X-ray powder diffraction patterns did not reveal any drastic change in the crystal structure in a wide temperature range.

Phase transition, thermal dissociation and dynamics of NH3 ligands in [Cd(NH3)4](ReO4)2

High temperature phase transition in [Cd(NH3)4](ReO4)2 at Tc=368.5K (on heating) was reported for the first time. Thermal stability was investigated by thermal analysis methods. The titled compound decomposes in three main stages. The first two are connected with deamination process whereas in the last step Re2O7 evaporates. The activation energy for NH3 lost processes was estimated from TG measurements. The dynamics of NH3 ligands in the low temperature phase was probed by various complementary techniques. Temperature dependent band shape analysis of properly chosen infrared and Raman scattering vibrational bands was performed. It was found that activation energy for NH3 reorientational motion (below 300K) is rather small and is equal to ca. 4kJmol−1. The quasielastic neutron scattering measurements revealed that NH3 groups perform fast stochastic reorientational motion even in the low temperatures. The neutron and X-ray powder diffraction data do not revealed any drastic changes in the crystal structure in the wide temperature range.

Phase transition and NH3 dynamics in [Ni(NH3)4](ReO4)2 studied by infrared absorption, X-ray powder diffraction and neutron scattering methods

The phase transition in [Ni(NH3)4](ReO4)2 detected previously by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at Tch=188K was now investigated by infrared absorption (FT-IR), incoherent inelastic and elastic neutron scattering (IINS, ND), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) methods. The reorientational dynamics of NH3 groups was investigated by infrared band shape analysis (IRBS) and quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) methods. The infrared data show that some of the bands split in the vicinity of the phase transition temperature, which suggests a change in the crystal structure. The systematic narrowing of particular bands at cooling is also observed, but reorientational dynamics of NH3 is not stopped at the phase transition temperature, which is fully confirmed by the QENS analysis. The broadening of the quasielastic neutron scattering peak is clearly visible below the phase transition temperature. Both NPD and XRPD measurements indicate that a small change of crystal structure is associated with the phase transition.

Complexes with Tunable Intramolecular Ferrocene to Ti(IV) Electronic Transitions: Models for Solid State Fe(II) to Ti(IV) Charge Transfer.

Iron(II)-to-titanium(IV) metal-to-metal-charge transfer (MMCT) is important in the photosensitization of TiO2 by ferrocyanide, charge transfer in solid-state metal-oxide photocatalysts, and has been invoked to explain the blue color of sapphire, blue kyanite, and some lunar material. Herein, a series of complexes with alkynyl linkages between ferrocene (Fc) and Ti(IV) has been prepared and characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and electrochemistry. Complexes with two ferrocene substituents include Cp2Ti(C2Fc)2, Cp*2Ti(C2Fc)2, and Cp2Ti(C4Fc)2. Complexes with a single ferrocene utilize a titanocene with a trimethylsilyl derivatized Cp ring, (TMS)Cp, and comprise the complexes (TMS)Cp2Ti(C2Fc)(C2R), where R = C6H5, p-C6H4CF3, and CF3. The complexes are compared to Cp2Ti(C2Ph)2, which lacks the second metal. Cyclic voltammetry for all complexes reveals a reversible Ti(IV/III) reduction wave and an Fe(II/III) oxidation that is irreversible for all complexes except (TMS)Cp2Ti(C2Fc)(C2CF3). All of the complexes with both Fc and Ti show an intense absorption (4000 M(-1)cm(-1) < ε < 8000 M(-1)cm(-1)) between 540 and 630 nm that is absent in complexes lacking a ferrocene donor. The energy of the absorption tracks with the difference between the Ti(IV/III) and Fe(III/II) reduction potentials, shifting to lower energy as the difference in potentials decreases. Reorganization energies, λ, have been determined using band shape analysis (2600 cm(-1) < λ < 5300 cm(-1)) and are in the range observed for other donor-acceptor complexes that have a ferrocene donor. Marcus-Hush-type analysis of the electrochemical and spectroscopic data are consistent with the assignment of the low-energy absorption as a MMCT band. TD-DFT analysis also supports this assignment. Solvatochromism is apparent for the MMCT band of all complexes, there being a bathochromic shift upon increasing polarizability of the solvent. The magnitude of the shift is dependent on both the electron density at Ti(IV) and the identity of the linker between the titanocene and the Fc. Complexes with a MMCT are photochemically stable, whereas Cp2Ti(C2Ph)2 rapidly decomposes upon photolysis.

Heteroleptic [Os(H)(CO)(N∧N)(tpp)2]+ and [Os(Cl)(CO)(N∧N)(tpp)2]+ complexes - comparative studies of their luminescence properties.

Two series of cationic heteroleptic osmium(ii) complexes with a coordinated CO molecule, a chloride Cl- or hydride H- anion, two monodentate triphenylphosphine (tpp) ligands and one bidentate α-dimine (N∧N) ligand were prepared from an OsCl2(CO)2(tpp)2 precursor. The investigated complexes, available in the form of PF6- salts, have been identified by means of FT-IR, 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies. Their photophysical properties have been investigated in dichloromethane solutions at room temperature and 1 : 1 ethanol-methanol matrices at 77 K. The investigated complexes exhibit metal to ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) phosphorescence with the emission characteristics distinctly affected by the nature of coordinated α-diimine N∧N and Cl- or H- ligands. Franck-Condon emission spectral band shape analyses and DFT/TD-DFT calculations have been applied to obtain more detailed insight into the nature of emissive 3*[Os(H)(CO)(N∧N)(tpp)2]+ and 3*[Os(Cl)(CO)(N∧N)(tpp)2]+ species.

INS, DFT and temperature dependent IR studies on dynamical properties of acetylcholine chloride

The acetylcholine chloride (2-acetoxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride) was investigation by inelastic neutron scattering and temperature dependent infrared spectroscopy. The infrared spectra in the temperature range 9–300K were collected. The density functional theory calculation with the periodic boundary conditions was used for an experimental data analysis. Bands assigned to the CH3 torsion vibration in the acetylcholine cation were observed at 207, 296, 345 and 359cm−1 in INS spectrum. Activation energy for reorientational motion of the whole N(CH3)3 fragment was determined by means of band shape analysis performed for symmetric stretching vibration of this group. The estimated energy is equal to Ea=5.3(3)kJ/mol.

Raman band shape analysis of cyanate-anion ionic liquids

Raman band shape analysis of the C≡N stretching mode was carried out for ionic liquids based on [SCN]−, [N(CN)2]−, [C(CN)3]−, and [B(CN)4]−, with a common cation, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, [C2C1im]+. Vibrational and reorientational time correlation functions were obtained by Fourier transforming isotropic and anisotropic Raman spectra. Comparison is provided between results for [C2C1im][SCN] and literature data available for molten alkali thiocyanates. Vibrational dephasing of the ωCN mode in [C2C1im][SCN] belongs to the regime of inhomogeneous broadening as it is determined by the distribution of vibrational frequencies, <Δω2>. Vibrational dephasing in [N(CN)2]−, [C(CN)3]−, and [B(CN)4]−, depends on both the <Δω2> and the correlation time of frequency fluctuation. Decay rates of reorientational time correlation functions within the range of 1.0ps do not correlate with the viscosity of these ionic liquids. Molecular dynamics simulations of these ionic liquids provide support to the experimental finding that the reorientational time correlation function of [SCN]− decays faster than the other anions. The Raman band shape analysis suggests that the short-time dynamics of these ionic liquids is structure-limited because of steric hindrance.

Molecular-engineered [Ir(Fppy)2(Mepic)] towards efficient blue-emission

A photophysical investigation of [Ir(Fppy)2(Mepic)] using TD-DFT and Franck–Condon emission band shape analyses revealed successful molecular engineering towards an intensified blue emission, with phosphorescence from a mixed 3MLCT-LCIr(Fppy)→Fppy/3LLCTFppy→Mepic excited state and an impressive unitary quantum yield.

Vibrational relaxation study of C[dbnd]O stretching mode of liquid N,N-dimethylformamide: Comparative study with theoretical calculation

The study reports to the bandshape analysis of CO stretching band of liquid N,N-dimethylformamide using various polar and non-polar solvents. The changes in bandwidths and anisotropy shift have been explained for neat liquid as well as binary mixtures using different solvents. The vibrational relaxation rates were correlated with different solvent concentrations to understand interacting nature of molecules. Ab initio calculation is carried out to give a complete picture of the molecule and vibrational spectra. The calculated characteristics of DMF are in good agreement with experimental values, allowing them to be used in spectral and structural analysis.

Homoleptic nickel(II) complexes of redox-tunable pincer-type ligands.

Different synthetic methods have been developed to prepare eight new redox-active pincer-type ligands, H(X,Y), that have pyrazol-1-yl flanking donors attached to an ortho-position of each ring of a diarylamine anchor and that have different groups, X and Y, at the para-aryl positions. Together with four previously known H(X,Y) ligands, a series of 12 Ni(X,Y)2 complexes were prepared in high yields by a simple one-pot reaction. Six of the 12 derivatives were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which showed tetragonally distorted hexacoordinate nickel(II) centers. The nickel(II) complexes exhibit two quasi-reversible one-electron oxidation waves in their cyclic voltammograms, with half-wave potentials that varied over a remarkable 700 mV range with the average of the Hammett σ(p) parameters of the para-aryl X, Y groups. The one- and two-electron oxidized derivatives [Ni(Me,Me)2](BF4)n (n = 1, 2) were prepared synthetically, were characterized by X-band EPR, electronic spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (for n = 2), and were studied computationally by DFT methods. The dioxidized complex, [Ni(Me,Me)2](BF4)2, is an S = 2 species, with nickel(II) bound to two ligand radicals. The mono-oxidized complex [Ni(Me,Me)2](BF4), prepared by comproportionation, is best described as nickel(II) with one ligand centered radical. Neither the mono- nor the dioxidized derivative shows any substantial electronic coupling between the metal and their bound ligand radicals because of the orthogonal nature of their magnetic orbitals. On the other hand, weak electronic communication occurs between ligands in the mono-oxidized complex as evident from the intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) transition found in the near-IR absorption spectrum. Band shape analysis of the IVCT transition allowed comparisons of the strength of the electronic interaction with that in the related, previously known, Robin-Day class II mixed valence complex, [Ga(Me,Me)2](2+).

Raman bandshape analysis on C[sbnd]H and CSC stretching modes of dimethyl sulfoxide in liquid binary mixture: Comparative study with quantum-chemical calculations

The interacting nature of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in binary mixtures has been carried out on CH and CSC stretching modes of vibration using chloroform (CLF), chloroform-d (CLFd), acetonitrile (ACN) and acetonitrile-d3 (ACNd) solvents. Peak frequencies of both the stretching modes show blue shift with the increase in solvent concentration. Variation of Raman bandwidth with the solvent concentration was discussed using different mechanisms. Ab initio calculation for geometry optimization and vibrational wavenumber calculation have been performed on monomer and dimer structures of DMSO to explain the experimentally observed Raman spectra. Theoretically calculated values are found in good agreement with the experimental results. Vibrational and reorientational relaxation times have been studied corresponding to solvent concentrations to elucidate the interacting mechanisms of binary mixtures.

Paramagnetic lanthanides as magnetic resonance thermo-sensors and probes of molecular dynamics: Holmium-DOTA complex

Investigation of lanthanide (Ln) сhelates and their paramagnetic properties with NMR spectroscopy is an established area of research. However, respective data for coordination compounds of holmium (Ho) are scarce. To fill this gap, the present work focuses on detailed determination of intramolecular dynamics and paramagnetic properties for holmium complexes. 1H NMR measurements are reported for D2O solutions of paramagnetic [Ho(H2O)(DOTA)]− (I) complex in the 273–348K temperature range. Diamagnetic complex [Lu(H2O)(DOTA)]− (II) was used as a reference compound. The spectra obtained have been analyzed using band-shape analysis technique in the framework of dynamic NMR (D NMR). Temperature dependences of lanthanide-induced shifts (LIS) were taken into consideration, too. Сonformational dynamic process has been found. The dynamics is caused by an interconversion of square-anti-prismatic (SAP) and twisted-square-anti-prismatic (TSAP) conformers (the estimated activation free energy ΔG‡(298K) is 65±3kJmol−1). Thermodynamics of equilibrium between SAP and TSAP conformers of I was investigated too. The results obtained are found to be consistent with those collected for other Ln-DOTA complexes. In accordance with literature reviewed, the fulfilled experimental study is the first example of intramolecular dynamics determination for holmium complexes. Taking Ho3+ as an example, the methodology of paramagnetic 4f-element probe applications for the study of free-energy changes in chemical exchange processes is discussed. The advantages of this method, compared to D NMR studies of diamagnetic substances are illustrated. Among them is an extension of the range of NMR-accessible rate constants for paramagnetic 4f-element complexes, compared to diamagnetic ones. And last, usage of coordination compounds investigated as a new type of thermometric NMR sensors and lanthanide paramagnetic probes for in situ temperature control in solutions is demonstrated. The investigated coordination compounds are suggested to apply as thermo-sensing contrast reagent for MRI diagnostics of cancer and inflammation.

Blue-Green Iridium(III) Emitter and Comprehensive Photophysical Elucidation of Heteroleptic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes

Synthesis and photophysical properties of the highly emissive complex [Ir(Fppy)2(dmb)](+) are reported along with those of additional heteroleptic cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes, [Ir(ppy)2(NN)](PF6): FppyH = 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine; ppyH = 2-phenylpyridine; NN = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dmb), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), or 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Ph2phen). TD-DFT calculations and Franck-Condon emission spectral band shape analyses show that the broad and structureless emission from [Ir(Fppy)2(dmb)](+) in acetonitrile at 298 K mainly arises from a triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excited state, (3)MLCTIr(ppy)→NN. The emission maximum varies systematically with variations in electron-donating or -withdrawing substituents on both the NN and the Xppy ligands, and emission efficiencies are high, with an impressive ϕ ≈ 1 for [Ir(Fppy)2(dmb)](+). At 77 K in propionitrile/butyronitrile (4/5, v/v), emission from [Ir(Fppy)2(dmb)](+) is narrow and highly structured consistent with a triplet ligand-centered transition ((3)LCNN) and an inversion in excited-state ordering between the (3)MLCTIr(ppy)→NN and (3)LCNN states. In a semirigid film of the poly(ethyleneglycol)dimethacrylate with nine ethylene glycol spacers, PEG-DMA550, emission from [Ir(Fppy)2(dmb)](+) is MLCT-based. The thermal sensitivity of the photophysical properties of this excited state points to a possible application as a temperature sensor in addition to its more known use in light-emitting devices.

Communication: three-dimensional model for phonon confinement in small particles: quantitative bandshape analysis of size-dependent Raman spectra of nanodiamonds.

Raman spectroscopy of nano-scale materials is facing a challenge of developing a physically sound quantitative approach for the phonon confinement effect, which profoundly affects the phonon Raman band shapes of small particles. We have developed a new approach based on 3-dimensional phonon dispersion functions. It analyzes the Raman band shapes quantitatively in terms of the particle size distributions. To test the model, we have successfully obtained good fits of the observed phonon Raman spectra of diamond nanoparticles in the size range from 1 to 100 nm.

Pressure effect on vibrational frequency and dephasing of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ionic liquids

Raman spectra in the range of the totally symmetric stretching mode of the [PF6](-) anion, νs(PF6), have been measured for 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids [CnC1im][PF6], for n = 4, 6, and 8, as a function of pressure at room temperature. The ionic liquids [C6C1im][PF6] and [C8C1im][PF6] remain in an amorphous phase up to 3.5 GPa, in contrast to [C4C1im][PF6], which crystallizes above ~0.5 GPa. Equations of state based either on a group contribution model or Carnahan-Starling-van der Waals model have been used to estimate the densities of the ionic liquids at high pressures. The shifts of the vibrational frequency of νs(PF6) with density observed in [C6C1im][PF6] and in [C8C1im][PF6] have been calculated by a hard-sphere model of a pseudo-diatomic solute under short-range repulsive interactions with the neighboring particles. The stochastic model of Kubo for vibrational dephasing has been used to obtain the amplitude of vibrational frequency fluctuation, <Δω(2)>, and the relaxation time of frequency fluctuation, τc, as a function of density by Raman band shape analysis of the νs(PF6) mode of [C6C1im][PF6] and [C8C1im][PF6].

Lanthanides as NMR Probes of Fast Molecular Dynamics at High Magnetic Fields and Temperature Sensors: Conformational Interconversion of Erbium Ethylenediaminetetraacetate Complexes

(1)H NMR measurements are reported for D2O solutions of paramagnetic complex [Er(H2O)(EDTA(4-))](-) (I) for temperature interval 273-319 K. Diamagnetic complex [Lu(H2O)(EDTA(4-))](-) (II) was used as an NMR reference compound. The spectra obtained have been analyzed using a band-shape analysis technique in the framework of dynamic NMR (DNMR) taking into account the temperature dependence of lanthanide-induced shifts. Intramolecular dynamics in I was assigned to the interconversion of Δ-λE-δδδδ and Δ-δE-δδδδ conformers with estimated activation free energy ΔG(‡)(298 K) = 50 ± 4 kJ/mol. The methodology of paramagnetic 4f-element probe applications on the example of Er(3+) for the study of free-energy changes in chemical exchange processes, as well as the advantages of this method in comparison with DNMR studies of diamagnetic substances, is discussed. In accordance with the literature reviewed, the fulfilled experimental study is the first example of intramolecular dynamics determination for erbium complexes. An additional advantage of the investigation is in the approach proposed which extends the range of measurement of the NMR rate constants for paramagnetic 4f-element complexes compared to diamagnetic ones. Coordination compounds investigated represent a new type of thermometric NMR sensors and lanthanide paramagnetic probes for in situ temperature control in solutions.

Low temperature Raman study of a liquid crystalline system 4-Decyloxy benzoic acid (4DBA)

The Raman spectra of a liquid crystalline system, 4-Decyloxy benzoic acid (4DBA) have been recorded at different temperatures within the interval 300–78K in order to identify the structural changes in crystalline state of a nematogen and to understand the molecular alignment therein. The earlier predicted dimer structure of 4DBA was optimized with DFT method and the theoretical Raman spectra of dimer as well as monomer have been calculated for comparison with the experimental spectra. The mode specific quartic coupling coefficient; Ai,ω and phonon frequency; ωi have been calculated using temperature dependent anharmonic perturbation theory. The precise band shape analysis of Raman bands at ∼807, ∼881, ∼1255, ∼1282, ∼1436, ∼1576, ∼1604, ∼2881 and ∼3081cm−1 gives signature of temperature induced slow crystal modification. The structural changes leading to crystal modification have been discussed.

Electronic structure of the S1 state in methylcobalamin: Insight from CASSCF/MC‐XQDPT2, EOM‐CCSD, and TD‐DFT calculations

The methylcobalamin cofactor (MeCbl), which is one of the biologically active forms of vitamin B12, has been the subject of many spectroscopic and theoretical investigations. Traditionally, the lowest-energy part of the photoabsorption spectrum of MeCbl (the so-called α/β band) has been interpreted as an S0→S1 electronic transition dominated by π→π* excitations associated with the C=C stretching of the corrin ring. However, a more quantitative band-shape analysis of the α/β spectral region, along with circular dichroism (CD), magnetic CD, and resonance Raman data, has revealed the presence of a second electronic transition that involves the Co-C(Me) bond weakening. Conversely, the lowest-energy excitations based on transient absorption spectroscopy measurements have been interpreted as metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions. To resolve the existing controversy about the interpretation of the S1 state of MeCbl, calculations have been performed using two independent ab initio wavefunction-based methods. These include the modified variant of the second-order multiconfigurational quasi-degenerate perturbation theory (MC-XQDPT2), using complete active space self-consistent field orbitals, and the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) approach using restricted Hartree-Fock orbitals. It is shown that both ab initio methods provide a consistent description of the S1 state as having an MLCT character. In addition, the performance of different types of functionals, including hybrid (B3LYP, MPW1PW91, TPSSh), generalized-gradient-approximation-type (GGA-type) (BP86, BLYP, MPWPW91), meta-GGA (TPSS), and range-separated (CAM-B3LYP, LC-BLYP) approaches, has been examined and the results of the corresponding time-dependent density functional theory calculations have been benchmarked against the MC-XQDPT2 and EOM-CCSD data. The hybrid functionals support the interpretation in which the S1 state represents a π→π* transition localized on corrin, while pure GGA, meta-GGA, and LC-BLYP functionals produce results consistent with the MLCT assignment.

Electronic Communication Across Diamagnetic Metal Bridges: A Homoleptic Gallium(III) Complex of a Redox-Active Diarylamido-Based Ligand and Its Oxidized Derivatives

Complexes with cations of the type [Ga(L)(2)](n+) where L = bis(4-methyl-2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)amido and n = 1, 2, 3 have been prepared and structurally characterized. The electronic properties of each were probed by electrochemical and spectroscopic means and were interpreted with the aid of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The dication, best described as [Ga(L(-))(L(0))](2+), is a Robin-Day class II mixed-valence species. As such, a broad, weak, solvent-dependent intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) band was found in the NIR spectrum in the range 6390-6925 cm(-1), depending on the solvent. Band shape analyses and the use of Hush and Marcus relations revealed a modest electronic coupling, H(ab) of about 200 cm(-1), and a large rate constant for electron transfer, k(et), on the order of 10(10) s(-1) between redox active ligands. The dioxidized complex [Ga(L(0))(2)](3+) shows a half-field ΔM(s) = 2 transition in its solid-state X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum at 5 K, which indicates that the triplet state is thermally populated. DFT calculations (M06/Def2-SV(P)) suggest that the singlet state is 21.7 cm(-1) lower in energy than the triplet state.