Banana Research Articles

VALORIZATION OF BANANA FLOWER RESIDUES: POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC AND ANTIOXIDANT APPLICATIONS

Various parts of the banana tree (Musa spp.), such as leaves, fruits, inflorescences, roots, peels and stems are used in traditional medicine, in several cultures around the world, for the treatment of diarrhea, ulcers, pain, inflammation, and diabetes mellitus. The inflorescence, in turn, stands out as a promising by-product of the banana agroindustry, since it is rich in micronutrients and bioactive compounds relevant to the human health, such as β-sitosterol, flavonoids, saponins, and phenolics like catechin and isoquercetin. Studies reveal that the consumption of banana inflorescences can provide various health benefits, including improved intestinal function, weight management and reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. For this work, a bibliographic narrative review was carried out with a focus on the valorization of banana flower residues, exploring its therapeutic and antioxidant potential. The research was developed through the analysis of scientific articles and relevant studies, highlighting the bioactive properties of these by-products and their potential applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. This review showed that banana inflorescences are rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids and terpenoids, which have antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, these by-products can be used by the pharmaceutical and food industries and can contribute to the circular economy and sustainable management of agricultural resources.

Chitosan enriched with ZnO[sbnd]nanoparticles fabricated using Synadenium glaucescens (Pax) aqueous leaf extract maintains postharvest quality of banana

Applications of edible coatings containing metallic nanoparticles for the preservation of post-harvest fruit quality have emerged as one of the most preferable strategies because of their enhanced antimicrobial properties. In the current study, zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using Synadenium glaucescens leaf extract and added to chitosan for the post-harvest quality preservation of banana. The synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnOSydlNPs) were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), elemental dispersive x-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The nanoparticles were found to form large particles due to aggregations of small particles of an average size of 11 ± 4 nm. The coating solution containing a mixture of chitosan and zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibited higher antimicrobial effects against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Puccinia asparagi and Candida albicans compared to chitosan. The inhibition diameters of chitosan and chitosan-ZnOSydlNPs against E. coli were 6 and 15 mm, respectively. Similarly, the average inhibition diameters of chitosan, chitosan-ZnOSydlNPs (0.1%) and chitosan-ZnOSydlNPs (0.3%) against Staphylococcus aureus, Puccinia asparagi and Candida albicans were 10 ± 2, 15 ± 0.5 and 16 ± 3 mm, respectively. The banana coated with chitosan-ZnOSydlNPs solutions exhibited higher titratable acid (maleic) than control and chitosan-coated samples. Additionally, banana coated with chitosan-ZnOSydlNPs films showed lower total soluble solids, weight loss and ripening index compared to chitosan-coated and control samples. The findings from the current study indicated that ZnOSydlNPs incorporated in polymeric materials (chitosan) could serve as a potential preservative of post-harvest qualities for banana and related fruits.

Early Chilling Injury Symptom Development and Recovery of Mature Green Banana: Involvement of Ethylene under Different Severities of Chilling Stress

The involvement of stress ethylene in early chilling injury (CI) symptom development of mature-green (MG) banana fruit was examined using the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methyclopropene (1-MCP). MG banana fruit pretreated with 0 or 50 μg L−1 1-MCP were stored at two chilling temperatures, 5 °C or 10 °C, for 0, 1, 12, or 72 h (different CI stresses), then transferred to 20 °C (rewarming) for 2 d. Irreversible CI symptoms that developed during 72 h storage at 5 or 10 °C included vascular browning and epidermal color parameters (L*, chroma, and hue angle). Some CI symptoms drastically intensified during exposure to 5 or 10 °C for 72 h, even being exacerbated after rewarming. Fruit in the other treatments suffered milder CI, and the recovery response progressed from slight and reversible to severe and irreversible with longer durations of exposure to lower temperatures. The effect of 1-MCP pretreatment was to attenuate the effect of chilling in terms of the CI symptom development (i.e., the browning of sub-epidermal tissues and the increasing of electrolyte efflux) and to promote recovery after rewarming, especially for the fruit stored at 5 °C, indicating the potential involvement of ethylene in membrane structural alterations under CI stress.

Genetic resistance to Fusarium wilt shapes rhizospheric beneficial microbiota in four banana cultivars

This study explores the dynamics of bacterial communities in the bulk soil, rhizosphere, and endosphere of banana plants, focusing on variations among cultivars with differing levels of genetic resistance to Fusarium wilt. We examined four banana cultivars: one resistant (P), one moderately susceptible (PT), and two susceptible (W and M). Using 16S rDNA sequencing, we analyzed the bacterial community structures in these habitats. The results showed significant differences in bacterial communities across the three habitats and among the cultivars, with the endosphere communities being the most distinct. The rhizosphere and bulk soil communities were more similar, likely due to the soil microbiome's influence on the rhizosphere. Resistant cultivars (PT and P) displayed unique bacterial communities, with notable taxa such as Burkholderia, Leifsonia, and Marmoricola in the rhizosphere, known for their antagonistic properties against Fusarium oxysporum. In contrast, susceptible cultivars (W and M) harbored different dominant genera, such as Reyranella and Mucilaginibacter, which did not play significant defensive roles against Fusarium wilt. Additionally, the endosphere of resistant cultivars featured beneficial genera like Amycolatopsis and Achromobacter, known for promoting plant growth and enhancing disease resistance. The findings underscore the importance of plant genotype in shaping the rhizosphere microbiome, with specific microbial taxa linked to resistance against Fusarium. These insights point to the potential for developing targeted microbial-based strategies to enhance disease resistance and overall plant health. The study identifies key microbial players that could be harnessed for biological control and improved management of Fusarium wilt in banana cultivation. This research advances our understanding of plant-microbe interactions and their implications for sustainable agriculture, particularly in combating soilborne pathogens.

Utilization of banana crop ligno-cellulosic waste for sustainable development of biomaterials and nanocomposites.

Banana (Musa spp.) is a tropical fruit cultivated in over 130 countries, producing significant lignocellulosic biomass. However, much of the agro-industrial waste from banana plants is neglected, contributing to environmental pollution. Around 60 % of the plant's biomass is generated after fruit harvesting, representing an untapped resource. This review examines the potential of banana plant waste for developing biocomposite and biodegradable materials. It covers the extraction and modification of banana fibers for composites, with a focus on the fabrication of nano biocomposites using banana fibers as reinforcement and polysaccharides or proteins as matrices. The review also evaluates the biodegradability and environmental impact of these materials through Life Cycle Assessment studies. Future research directions include refining processing methods, improving fiber-matrix compatibility, and enhancing the durability of banana fiber composites for packaging applications.

THE BENEFITS OF MUSA PARADISIACA L. (SABA BANANA) AS A SUNNAH–BASED HEALTH IMPROVEMENT ALTERNATIVE

One of the plants that can be used as the main ingredient of medicine is the banana plant. Basically, the saba banana plant is not only to fulfill daily needs, but can be used as an alternative sunnah-style treatment for physical and spiritual health. Every part of the banana can be used as a source of traditional medicine with easy processing to be practiced daily. Almost all parts of saba banana, starting from the fruit, skin, heart, stem, to the leaves, have different properties such as traditional medicine and industrial raw materials. That way, saba banana can be used as evidence of how blessed Allah SWT's creation has a variety of benefits for humans. Utilizing saba banana as a sunnah-based health improvement alternative is an environmentally friendly step. In addition, saba bananas are also easy to find and affordable and can be consumed every day and are also recommended by scholars as in HR. Tirmidzi.

Resource use efficiency in the production of Chengalikodan Nendran banana (GI Tag variety) in Thrissur district of Kerala

Resource use efficiency in the production of Chengalikodan Nendran banana (GI Tag variety) in Thrissur district of Kerala

Exogenous Methyl Jasmonate Alleviates Mechanical Damage in Banana Fruit by Regulating Membrane Lipid Metabolism

Bananas are economically important fruits, but they are vulnerable to mechanical damage during harvesting and transport. This study examined the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the cell membrane integrity and membrane lipid metabolism of wounded banana fruits after harvest. The results showed that 10 and 50 μM MeJA treatments on mechanically wounded bananas significantly delayed ripening and senescence in comparison with the control. At the end of storage, MeJA-treated groups showed a significant reduction in electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content, indicating that MeJA protected cell membrane integrity. MeJA also led to a significant decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including lipoxygenase, diacylglycerol kinase, and lipid phosphate phosphatase. Furthermore, MeJA reduced phospholipase (C and D), phosphatidic acid, and diacylglycerol levels, as well as slowed down the decrease in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol contents. Compared to the control, MeJA significantly downregulated the expression of MaPLDγ, MaPLDα, and MaPLDζ. Therefore, MeJA treatment could be a reliable method to delay the senescence of harvested banana fruits subjected to mechanical wounding.

Ergonomic design of paddy irrigation covers to increase agricultural productivity

The use of conventional galengan in rice fields in Rumpa'e hamlet, Telle Village, Ajangale District. Bone is still made from soil, banana trees and bamboo as raw materials for making galengan. This is easy for damage to occur because the soil is not dense and is not effective in making galengan, thus hampering the irrigation process system between rice fields. Therefore, the aim of this research is to design a rice irrigation cover design that is not easily damaged and makes the irrigation process system between rice fields easier. This research uses the method QFD (Quality Function Deployment)So there are 9 statements produced based on the results of interviews with farmers, these 9 statements have been classified based on the interests and needs of farmers. Based on the results of this research, it is possible to design a rice irrigation cover design based on the results of QFD data processing that is not easily damaged using various types of raw materials.(Stainless steel) and is efficient in the manufacturing process, making it easier for farmers in the process of using it because it uses a sliding system.

BUMDes Strategies for Successful Banana Planting Programs

General Background: Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) are essential for enhancing local economies through agricultural initiatives. Specific Background: In Krembung Village, Sidoarjo Regency, a banana planting program has been implemented to improve productivity and income. Knowledge Gap: However, challenges like high seedling mortality and inadequate practices hinder success. Aims: This study analyzes BUMDes strategies in executing the banana program, focusing on community involvement and resource management. Results: While strength and progress indicators are optimal, the value aspect is suboptimal due to significant seedling losses. Community support for banana cultivation has been strong. Novelty: The research highlights practical challenges and strategic approaches in managing BUMDes agricultural programs. Implications: Findings emphasize the need for better resource allocation and community engagement to enhance agricultural initiatives, providing insights for improving BUMDes operations and promoting sustainable rural development. Highlights: Community Involvement: Strong local support is crucial for the success of the banana planting program. Resource Management: Effective allocation and management of resources are necessary to mitigate seedling mortality. Strategic Approaches: Implementing targeted strategies can enhance agricultural productivity and economic benefits for the village. Keywords: BUMDes, Banana Planting, Community Engagement, Agricultural Productivity, Village Potential

The Sombor Indices of Banana Tree Graph and Fractal Tree Type Dendrimer

Topological descriptors are graph-theoretical metrics that allow one to describe a molecular structure’s underlying connectedness. Degree-based topological descriptors have been investigated widely and are associated with several chemical characteristics. The examination of graph entropy indices as a gauge for the intricacy of the underlying connection and as a means of characterizing structural attributes has also gained significance.The present study utilizes the graph-theory-based edge partition method to examine Sombor variants for the Banana Tree Graph, Fractal, and Cayley Tree Type Dendrimers. We have employed Shannon’s entropy model to determine the graph-based entropy of these graphs and produced Sombor indices.

Insights on mining the pangenome of Sphingobacterium thalpophilum NMS02 S296 from the resistant banana cultivar Pisang lilin confirms the antifungal action against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense.

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), poses a significant global threat to banana cultivation. Conventional methods of disease management are increasingly challenged, thus making it necessary to explore alternative strategies. Bacterial endophytes, particularly from resistant genotypes, are gaining attention as potential biocontrol agents. Sphingobacterium thalpophilum, isolated from the resistant banana cultivar Pisang lilin (JALHSB010000001-JALHSB010000029), presents an intriguing prospect for combating Fusarium wilt. However, its underlying biocontrol mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the antifungal efficacy of S. thalpophilum NMS02 S296 against Foc and explore its biocontrol mechanisms at the genomic level. Whole genome sequencing of S. thalpophilum NMS02 S296 was conducted using next-generation sequencing technologies and bioinformatics analyses were performed to identify genes associated with antifungal properties. In vitro assays were used to assess the inhibitory effects of the bacterial isolate on the mycelial growth of Foc. To explore the biomolecules responsible for the observed antagonistic activity, metabolites diffused into the agar at the zone of inhibition between Foc S16 and S. thalpophilum NMS02 S296 were extracted and identified. Whole genome sequencing revealed an array of genes encoding antifungal enzymes and secondary metabolites in S. thalpophilum NMS02 S296. In vitro experiments demonstrated significant inhibition of Foc mycelial growth by the bacterial endophyte. Comparative genomic analysis highlighted unique genomic features in S. thalpophilum linked to its biocontrol potential, setting it apart from other bacterial species. The study underscores the remarkable antifungal efficacy of S. thalpophilum NMS02 S296 against Fusarium wilt. The genetic basis for its biocontrol potential was elucidated through whole genome sequencing, shedding light on the mechanisms behind its antifungal activity. This study advanced our understanding of bacterial endophytes as biocontrol agents and offers a promising avenue for plant growth promotion towards sustainable strategies to mitigate Fusarium wilt in banana cultivation.

Endogenous viral elements are targeted by RNA silencing pathways in banana.

Endogenous banana streak virus (eBSV) integrants derived from three distinct species, present in Musa balbisiana (B) but not Musa acuminata (A) banana genomes are able to reconstitute functional episomal viruses causing banana streak disease in interspecific triploid AAB banana hybrids but not in the diploid (BB) parent line, which harbours identical eBSV loci. Here, we investigated the regulation of these eBSV. In-depth characterization of siRNAs, transcripts and methylation derived from eBSV using Illumina and bisulfite sequencing were carried out on eBSV-free Musa acuminata AAA plants and BB or AAB banana plants with eBSV. eBSV loci produce low-abundance transcripts covering most of the viral sequence and generate predominantly 24-nt siRNAs. siRNA accumulation is restricted to duplicated and inverted viral sequences present in eBSV. Both siRNA-accumulating and nonaccumulating sequences of eBSV in BB plants are heavily methylated in all three CG, CHG and CHH contexts. Our data suggest that eBSVs are controlled at the epigenetic level in BB diploids. This regulation not only prevents their awakening and systemic infection of the plant but is also probably involved in the inherent resistance of the BB plants to mealybug-transmitted viral infection. These findings are thus of relevance to other plant resources hosting integrated viruses.

Active bio-nanocomposites from litchi seed starch, tamarind kernel xyloglucan, and lignin nanoparticles to improve the shelf-life of banana (Musa acuminata)

Valorization of agricultural byproducts to biodegradable packaging films aids in reducing plastic dependency and addressing plastic perils. Herein, starch (LSS) from litchi seeds and xyloglucan (XG) from tamarind kernels were recovered, and composite films were developed. The XG addition strengthened the weak polymer networks of LSS and improved rheological, molecular, morphological, mechanical, and water vapor barrier properties. The incorporation of lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) into the LSS-XG network further increased the tensile strength (14.83 MPa), elastic modulus (0.41 GPa), and reduced surface wettability (80.07°), and water vapor permeability (5.63 ± 0.38 × 10−7 g m−1s−1Pa−1). The phenolic hydroxyls of LNPs imparted strong UV-shielding and free radical scavenging abilities to films. These attributes aided in preserving the quality of coated banana fruits with minimal weight loss and color change. Overall, this research highlights the potential transformation of underutilized abundant byproducts into sustainable active bio-nanocomposites for food packaging and shelf-life extension of fruits.

Endophytic Bacteria From Banana Plants Improves The Growth of Rice (Oryza sativa) and Maize Plants (Zea mays)

AbstractFive isolates of endophytic bacteria from the roots of klutuk and ambon banana plants produce indole acetic acid (IAA) hormone. However, the evidence of its potential as Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) has not been observed. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of bacterial isolate to increase the growth of rice and maize plants. The growth rates of bacterial isolates were measured before the inoculation into the plant root. The root inoculation was performed following a complete randomized design. Root inoculation was carried out using 5 isolates of endophytic bacteria in rice and maize plant seedlings, and the process was repeated 15 times (n=15). The growth of rice and maize plants was monitored from 1st day after planting (dap) to the 14th dap. The collected data were analyzed by student t-test with a significant level of 5% (a= 0.05). The results showed that the logarithmic phase of all isolates was reached at 4 to 16 hours and K10, K25, K35, K111, and A41 isolates increased the height of plants while the K111 isolate can significantly increase the plant height compared to the control. This experiment revealed that the endophytic bacteria from banana plants increase the rice and maize plant’s growth.AbstrakLima isolat bakteri menghasilkan hormon indole acetic acid (IAA) yang berpotensi memacu pertumbuhan tanaman. Namun, bukti empiris potensinya sebagai Plant Growth Promoter Bacteria (PGPB) belum didapatkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh isolat bakteri terhadap peningkatan pertumbuhan padi dan jagung. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan desain rancangan acak lengkap dan setiap perlakuan diulang 15 kali (n= 15). Hasil pertumbuhan tanaman yang diinokulasi dengan isolat bakteri masing-masing dibandingkan dengan perlakuan kontrol. Sebelum perlakuan, tingkat pertumbuhan bakteri endofit diukur sehingga didapatkan fase logaritmik yang cocok untuk dilakukan inokulasi ke akar tanaman. Setelah perlakuan, pertumbuhan tanaman padi dan jagung dipantau dari hari ke-1 setelah tanam (hat) sampai dengan ke-14 hat. Data dianalisis dengan uji t dengan taraf signifikan 5% (α= 0,05). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 5 isolat yang berasal dari tanaman pisang mengalami fase logaritmik pada masa inkubasi 4 hingga 16 jam dan semua isolat bakteri meningkatkan tinggi tanaman serta isolat K111 dapat meningkatkan tinggi tanaman secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan kemampuan bakteri endofit dari tanaman pisang untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman.

Development of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS)/natural fiber composite filaments for innovative 3D and 4D printing

AbstractFruit wastes from the agro‐industry may be used in the preparation of polymer/natural fiber composites. In the current scenario, there is a growing need for sustainable materials that can reduce environmental impact while maintaining or enhancing material properties. One promising approach is the incorporation of natural fibers derived from fruit waste into polymers, which aligns with the global push toward eco‐friendly and circular economy solutions. This work was aimed at the development of filaments of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS)/natural fiber composites for 3D and 4D printing. The fibers used were banana (BAN) peel, orange (ORG) peel, cinnamon (CIN), and neem (NEEM) leaf fibers. The rheological, mechanical, and shape memory properties of the ABS/BAN and ABS/ORG composites were compared with those of the ABS/CIN and ABS/NEEM composites. A slight decrease in viscosity was observed with the addition of the natural fibers to ABS. The ABS/ORG composites showed the highest mechanical properties and good adhesion between the printed layers. The particulate eco‐friendly natural fibers can also be used as pigments, where different types of colors can be obtained. The ABS/natural fiber composites can be processed at the same processing conditions as ABS. The incorporation of natural fibers significantly increased the shape memory result. The use of ABS/natural fiber composites proved to be feasible for preparing the filaments and 3D/4D printing of objects.Highlights The properties of 3D/4D‐printed ABS/natural fiber composites were investigated. Banana and orange peel, cinnamon, and neem leaf fibers were used. Filaments of ABS/natural fiber composites were successfully obtained. The addition of the fibers to ABS decreased the viscosity and increased shape memory. Among the composites, ABS/orange peel showed the highest mechanical properties.

Post-Harvest Alternatives in Banana Cultivation

Banana, also known as plátano in some places, is a fruit consumed and appreciated around the world. Its scientific name is Musa paradisiaca, belonging to the Musaceae family. It is native to Southeast Asia and is currently grown in 130 countries in tropical and subtropical regions. This fruit is harvested throughout the year; 75% is generated mainly in India, Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, and China. Post-harvest technology enables efficient processing, storage, transportation, and distribution while preserving the quality and safety of the fruit to reduce economic losses. Currently, challenges are being investigated for post-harvest treatments to minimize the environmental impact, reduce polluting emissions, and the requirement for less energy consumption. The most-used options for bananas are de-greening, atmospheric modification, coatings, and frigoconservation, which are important for achieving safe, healthy, and high-quality food in the XXI century. This review details the post-harvest mechanical damage, handling of environmental parameters (temperature and relative humidity), control of gases involved in storage and transport, wax treatment, coatings, the use of antifungal compounds, and packaging necessary for the export of the fruit.

Genome-wide analysis of the trihelix gene family reveals that MaGT21 modulates fruit ripening by regulating the expression of MaACO1 in Musa acuminata

The trihelix transcription factor (GT) gene family members play vital roles in plant growth and development, responses to abiotic or biotic stress, and fruit ripening. However, its role in banana fruit ripening remains unclear. Here, 59 MaGT gene members were identified in banana and clustered into five subfamilies, namely GT1, GT2, GTγ, SIP1, and SH4. This classification is completely supported by their gene structures and conserved motif analysis. Transcriptome data analysis indicated that MaGT14, MaGT21, and MaGT27 demonstrated significant differential expression during fruit ripening. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that these three genes were highly induced by ethylene treatment, responded to cold and heat stress, and had a high expression abundance in ripe fruit. Subcellular localization demonstrated that MaGT21 and MaGT27 functioned as nuclear proteins, while MaGT14 functioned as a nuclear and cell membrane protein. Further investigation indicated MaGT21 could positively stimulate the transcription of the key ethylene biosynthesis gene MaACO1 by directly targeting the GT motif in the promoter. MaGT21 transient overexpression in banana fruit upregulated MaACO1 and accelerated fruit ripening. Our findings provide comprehensive and valuable information for further functional studies of MaGT genes in banana, help to understand the roles of MaGTs during banana fruit ripening.

Socio-Demographic Profile, Farming Challenges and Local Government Unit (LGU) Support to Rubber Farmers in Tampilisan, Zamboanga Del Norte: A Pre and Actual Pandemic Analysis

This study investigates the socio-demographic profile, farming challenges, and the Local Government Unit (LGU) support to rubber farmers in Tampilisan, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. The research employed a pre and actual-pandemic analysis to assess the effectiveness of LGU extension services in empowering rubber farmers. Data from 50 rubber farmers across 15 barangays were analyzed using a descriptive-correlation method. Findings reveal that rubber farmers in Tampilisan are predominantly middle-aged, have a high school education level, and have low monthly incomes. Farmers engage in diverse farming practices, including intercropping and integrated farming systems, demonstrating adaptive strategies for income diversification. While participation in LGU extension services was high before the pandemic, it significantly declined during the pandemic due to restrictions and limitations. Farmers identified several key challenges, including low rubber prices, capital constraints, and lack of skilled labor, which persisted before and during the pandemic. Despite these challenges, farmers reported moderate agreement on the benefits derived from LGU extension services, particularly regarding education for their children and food security for their families. Findings also suggest that farmers' income correlates with the types of crops planted, indicating that diversifying crops like coconut, banana, and fruit trees can lead to increased income. More so, the correlation between farmer participation and the acquisition of farming tools and planting materials underscores the positive impact of active engagement on resource access. Analyzing the above results, the study revealed the importance of sustained farmer engagement in extension services for enhancing agricultural resilience and livelihood sustainability. The insights elicited from this study include strengthening technical training and infrastructure, promoting farmer group participation, and fostering collaboration between the Local Government Unit (LGU), educational institutions, and government agencies to ensure the effectiveness of extension programs and support sustainable rubber farming practices in Tampilisan.

Variability Assessment of Banana Cultivars and Intercropping with Lemongrass Based on Fruit Quality Indicators

Bananas are one of the most consumed fruits in the world and are essential for food security and in the agricultural economy. Their sustainable production is vital for many communities. Herein, the effects of banana cultivars, cropping systems (monocropping and intercropping with lemongrass), and the interaction between these factors on the physicochemical characteristics of ripe and unripe fruit were evaluated. The intercropping of bananas with lemongrass did not alter the main quality indicators of the fruit. The ripe fruits of the SCS451 Catarina cultivar stood out for their higher fruit mass, pulp/peel ratio, and firmness, while the fruits of the Prata Anã and BRS FHIA Maravilha cultivars had the highest SS, SS/TA ratio, pH, and reducing and total sugars. The cultivar SCS451 Catarina had the highest mineral content in the unripe fruit, and for all cultivars, the order of mineral levels was K > N > Mg > P > Ca > Fe > Zn. The higher content of total and resistant starch in the unripe fruit of the Prata Anã and BRS FHIA Maravilha cultivars, combined with the characteristics of the ripe fruit, make them suitable for both fresh consumption and industrial use. Diversifying cultivars improves the quality of banana fruit, and intercropping with lemongrass can be a sustainable method of managing banana fields.