Pentalonia Nigronervosa Research Articles

Modeling the transmission dynamics of banana bunch top disease in banana plants

Banana Bunch Top Disease (BBTD) is a severe viral infection that poses a significant threat to banana production in tropical regions. Caused by the Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) and transmitted primarily by the banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa), BBTD results in stunted growth and poor fruit production, leading to substantial economic losses. This paper presents a mathematical model to analyze the transmission dynamics of BBTD in banana plants and evaluate various control strategies using the Next Generation Matrix approach to compute the basic reproduction number R0. The study reveals that effective control of aphid populations, timely removal of infected plants, and the use of virus-free planting material significantly reduce the spread of BBTV and improve plant health. Increasing the removal rate γ and managing the transmission rate β are crucial strategies for controlling the disease, while elevated aphid infection rates λ and progression rates σ exacerbate its spread. Numerical simulations highlight the effectiveness of targeted interventions, including the application of pesticides and the introduction of resistant banana varieties. The study recommends that, in addition to current control measures, more focus should be placed on comprehensive monitoring programs, early detection of symptoms, and community education on BBTD management strategies. Enhanced efforts in these areas are crucial to reducing the incidence of BBTD and improving the resilience of banana crops.

Screening of Fungal Entomopathogens against Banana Aphid <i>Pentalonia nigronervosa</i> Coq

Entomopathogenic fungal pathogens such as Lecanicilium fusisporum, Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana were screened against the banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa under in vitro conditions. A spore concentration of 1x107 CFU/ ml., aphid mortality of 54, 29 and 42% was recorded 3 days after inoculation in L. fusisporum, M. anisopliae and B. bassiana respectively. Further an increased mortality of 96.38%, 77.40% and 94.0% were recorded 7 days after application in L. fusisporum, M. anisopliae and B. bassiana, respectively. Results indicated that L. fusisporum has the highest efficacy in controlling the pest.

The role of insect vector Pentalonia nigronervosa in spreading banana bunchy top disease in South Sumatera

Banana (Musa spp.) is widely cultivated by the people of South Sumatra. Banana Bunchy Top disease is caused by Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), which is transmitted by the vector Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and asymptomatic banana used for propagation. This study aimed to investigate the role of P. nigronervosa. in determining the distribution pattern of this disease in South Sumatra. The research used survey methods in several districts and cities in South Sumatra, namely Ogan Ilir, Ogan Komering Ilir, OKU East, OKU South, OKU Induk, Palembamg, Prabumulih, Banyuasin, Musi Banyuasin, and Lubuk Linggau. Samples were taken using purposive sampling method if BBTV-infected bananas in an area. The results showed P. nigronervosa was only found in Ogan Ilir and OKU Induk districts, but in fact this disease was spread in 10 districts and cities. A total of 14 banana cultivars in South Sumatera were infected by BBTV transmitted by P. nigronervosa, namely Mas, Cavendish, Putri, Lilin, Nangka, Ambon, Udang, Barangan, Kepok, Gedah, Rottan, Raja, Kapas and Raja Nangka. The highest banana population and percentage of banana plants infested by BBTV was found in the Ogan Ilir district in Mas and Lilin cultivars.

Preference of Pentalonia nigronervosa for infected banana plants tends to reverse after Banana bunchy top virus acquisition

Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is the vector of the Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV), the most serious viral disease of banana (Musa spp.) in the world. Before acquiring the virus, the vector is more attracted to infected banana plants in response to the increased emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Here, we test the hypothesis that BBTV acquisition directly modifies the preference of P. nigronervosa for infected banana plants, and that the change in preference results from the alteration of the organs linked to the VOC detection or to the behaviour of the vector. We found that the preference of P. nigronervosa for infected banana plants reverses after virus acquisition in dessert banana, while it remains similar between healthy and infected banana plants before and after the acquisition of BBTV. At the same time, aphids reared on infected bananas had smaller forewing areas and hind tibia length than aphids reared on healthy bananas, although the number of secondary rhinaria on the antennae was lower on dessert banana-reared aphids than plantain-reared aphids, this was not affected by the infection status of the aphid. These results support the "vector manipulation hypothesis—VMH" of pathogens to promote their spread. They have implications for the BBTV management.

Effect of Banana bunchy top virus on the life cycle and fecundity of its insect vector

Pentalonia nigronervosa and Pentalonia caladii are insect vectors of Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) on banana plants. The virus that circulates in the body of its insect vector may affect the insect’s physiology or life cycle. This study aimed to determine the life cycles and fecundity of P. nigronervosa and P. caladii after they acquired BBTV. The experiment used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments, i.e., viruliferous (P1) and non-viruliferous (P2) P. nigronervosa, viruliferous (P3) and non-viruliferous (P4) P. caladii. Viruliferous and non-viruliferous aphids were obtained by feeding the insects on BBTV-infected and healthy banana leaves, respectively. The experimental results showed that both species’ life cycles and fecundity of viruliferous and non-viruliferous aphids differed significantly. Nymphs and adult periods of P1 were 2.70 days and 1.26 days shorter than those of P2, respectively; while nymphs and adult periods of P3 were 0.9 days and 1.8 days shorter than those of P4, respectively. The average fecundity of P1 (34.22+0.82) was higher than that of P2 (19.64+0.55), and P3 (25.80+0.60) was higher than that of P4 (19.32+0.45). This proves that BBTV causes a shorter life cycle and higher fekundity of aphid vectors.

Biology of Pentalonia nigronervosa and Its Efficiency as a Vector of Banana Bunchy Top Virus After Being Bred in Rat Taro (Typhonium flagelliforme)

P. nigronervosa is an insect that acts as a vector of the Banana Bunchy Top Virus causing the affected banana to become stunted and even fruitless. This study aimed to find out the biology of P. nigronervosa in rat taro as well as its ability or efficiency in the transmission of BBTV disease in bananas after being treated. The study was experimenta, trying to find out the efficiency of BBTV transmission by P. nigronervosa after being transmitted to the plant of rat taro (T. flagelliforme) with the variables of observation and the taking of biological data of Pentalonia nigronervosa in the rat taro plant, Observation of the development of BBTV disease in banana plants inoculated from the first symptoms until the typical phenomenon of bunchy top was formed. Biology of P. nigronervosa in rat taro. Each stage of the four color instars and The size of the nymph of P. nigronervosa changed. When entering the first brownish-white instar with a length of 0.61 to 0.69 mm, in the 2nd instar it was light brown with a length of 0.71 to 0.83 mm, then in the 3rd instar it was reddish brown with an average length of 0.87 mm, and in the 4th instar it was blackish brown with an average body length of 1.31 mm. The imago color was still blackish brown, and in this phase it usually had wings, but in the treatment of the imago rat taro plant, it had no wings, and the average body length was 1.43 mm. In the field tests, the rat taro plants could not inhibit the spread of BBTV disease but could be an alternative host for P. nigronervosa ticks.

The aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa (Hemiptera: Aphididae) takes advantage from the quality change in banana plant associated with Banana bunchy top virus infection.

Viral diseases can change plant metabolism, with potential impacts on the quality of the plant's food supply for insect pests, including virus vectors. The banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel, is the vector of the Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), the causal agent of Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD), the most devastating viral disease of bananas in the world. The effect of BBTV on the life-history traits and population dynamics of P. nigronervosa remains poorly understood. We therefore studied the survival rate, longevity, daily fecundity per aphid, tibia length, population growth, and winged morph production of a P. nigronervosa clone grown on healthy or infected, dessert, or plantain banana plants. We found that daily fecundity was higher on infected banana than on healthy banana plants (plantain and dessert), and on plantain than on dessert banana plants (healthy and infected). Survival and longevity were lower on infected dessert bananas than on other types of bananas. In addition, virus infection resulted in a decrease in aphid hind tibia length on both plant genotypes. The survival and fecundity table revealed that the aphid net reproduction rate (Ro) was highest on plantains (especially infected plantain), and the intrinsic growth rate (r) was highest on infected plants. Finally, the increase of aphids and alate production was faster first on infected plantain, then on healthy plantain, and lower on dessert banana (infected and uninfected). Our results reinforce the idea of indirect and plant genotype-dependent manipulation of P. nigronervosa by the BBTV.

Resistance of Musa balbisiana accessions of the Philippines to banana bunchy top virus.

Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) is caused by banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), the most important virus affecting banana. Currently, no cultivar or accession of banana has complete resistance to BBTD. A total of 36 wild Musa spp. accessions, including 34 Musa balbisiana and two M. acuminata subsp. errans ('Agutay'), were screened for resistance against BBTV. In greenhouse tests using viruliferous banana aphids (Pentalonia nigronervosa), all M. balbisiana accessions remained symptomless and BBTV was not detected in any of these plants by PCR at three and six months post inoculation. In contrast, 100% disease incidence was recorded in M. acuminata subsp. errans and in cv. Lakatan susceptible control plants. The PCR-negative M. balbisiana plants were then transferred to a field with high BBTV inoculum pressure where theyremained symptomless and PCR-negative for up to five years, while all cv. Lakatan developed BBTD. Wild M. balbisiana accessions showed a high level of resistance, possibly immunity, to BBTV and are expected to provide a resource for conventional and marker assisted breeding.

Efficacy of different insecticides and botanicals against Banana aphids (Pentalonia nigronervosa) under field conditions

Efficacy of different insecticides and botanicals against Banana aphids (Pentalonia nigronervosa) under field conditions

An aphid transmitted banana bunchy top disease of banana and its detection: A Review

One of the most significant horticultural crops in the world, the banana is an edible fruit (technically a berry) produced by a variety of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa. It is grown in about 120 different countries around the world. Particularly, virus intensification between subsequent plantings via contaminated planting material limits the banana crop yield. Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) control is challenging because it spreads vegetatively (through suckers or in vitro plantlets) and by an aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel, thus increasing the virus potential for dispersal within the fields. To propagate plants, exchange germplasm, breed better genotypes, and distribute them are challenging to use planting material that has been virus affected. Diagnosis of the BBTV, relies essentially only upon the symptom’s recognition of infection and, seldom, with additional affirmation by aphid transmission. At present, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based and non-PCR techniques are available for BBTV detection. Implementation of these diagnostic tools and procedure facilitates the identification of healthy ones of the germplasm that can be used in propagation systems.

Variation in Symptom Development and Infectivity of Banana Bunchy Top Disease among Four Cultivars of Musa sp.

Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) is an invasive viral disease spreading in Africa. It is transmitted by banana aphids and infected planting material, causing production losses. Clean seeds and timely eradication of diseased plants are effective tools in BBTD management. These depend on timely disease detection. We assessed the relationship between symptom expression and infectivity of the virus in four cultivars of banana. Plantlets from four cultivars, ‘FHIA 25’; ‘Aloga’; ‘Ebenga’ and ‘Sotoumon’, were exposed to viruliferous aphids and monitored for symptom expression. They were also tested as sources for virus transmission fortnightly by allowing non-viruliferous aphids acquisition access prior to transfer to healthy test plants. The time required to show symptoms and the symptom expression were compared, and infection tested by PCR. Disease expression varied from four weeks in ‘FHIA 25’ to fifteen in ‘Sotoumon’. Only the symptomatic leaves tested positive and could act as infection sources. Overall, ‘FHIA 25’ was the most susceptible cultivar, while ‘Sotoumon’ was the least susceptible and most rapidly expressive of BBTD, yet there was no difference in the leaf emergence rate between the cultivars. These results present important aspects of BBTD control and the safety of planting materials that should be tested in the field.

BananaSqueezeNet: A very fast, lightweight convolutional neural network for the diagnosis of three prominent banana leaf diseases

All over the world, bananas are one of the most common fruits. It accounts for nearly 16% of global fruit production. However, every year, a large amount of banana yield losses occur due to different diseases of the banana leaf. It is essential to identify these diseases at an early stage in order to increase banana production. A visual inspection is the most common method of identifying banana leaf diseases. With a visual inspection, errors are common, time is a factor, and expertise is required. This study shows how deep learning and Bayesian optimization can be used to effectively diagnose banana leaf diseases from images without any human intervention. We collected the Banana Leaf Spot Diseases (BananaLSD) dataset from various locations in Bangladesh. The dataset consists of images of three banana leaf diseases: Pestalotiopsis, Sigatoka, and Cordana. Our proposed BananaSqueezeNet model performed exceptionally well in diagnosing banana leaf diseases from the images with an overall accuracy of 96.25%, precision of 96.53%, recall of 96.25%, specificity of 98.75%, F1-score of 96.17%, and MCC of 95.13%. The BananaSqueezeNet model outperforms some state-of-the-art convolutional neural networks that include EfficientNetB0, MobileNetV3, ResNet-101, ResNet-50, InceptionNet-V3, and VGG16. The BananaSqueezeNet model also detected seven other diseases that affect banana leaves, fruits, and stems, including banana fruit scarring beetle, black sigatoka, bacterial soft rot, pseudo stem weevil, yellow sigatoka, banana aphids, and panama disease, with an accuracy of 95.13%. BananaSqueezeNet will enable banana growers to detect banana diseases early, and we hope that it will ultimately lead to an increase in banana production in Bangladesh and around the world.

Morphometrics and biological characteristics of Pentalonia nigronervosa, the vector of Banana bunchy top virus, living on various Araceous plants species

Banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is widely known as the main vector of Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV). It had been reported that banana aphid could live on alternative hosts belong to Family Araceae, and become important issue since Araceous plants are commonly found surrounding banana cultivations. Research had been conducted to study the morphometrics and biological characteristics of banana aphids living on various species of Araceous plants. The results showed that Araceous plant species could influence the morphometric and biological characteristic of banana aphids, indicated by the significant difference in some biological characteristics such as life cycle, life span, reproductive period, and fecundity. The average life span of banana aphids living on Araceous plants ranged from 22.80 to 47.90 days, it was shorter than the one that of lived on a banana plants. P. nigronervosa was able to develop a bigger colony when the aphid lived on Araceous plants, especially when they were transferred to Bogor taro where their fecundity reached 63 nymphs per female. Araceous plants also affected the morphometric of P. nigronervosa indicated by smaller size of the aphids, compared to those living on banana plant. The ability of banana aphid to live and reproduce in various Araceous plants would be beneficial to the development of control strategies of BBTV.

New Record of Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel, 1859 (Hemiptera, Aphididae) in Turkey

The banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a major pest of banana, Musa spp., (Zingiberales) has worldwide distribution. This study was conducted to detect aphid species in the banana production regions of Adana, Antalya, and Mersin in Turkey. Aphid samples have been collected in total of thirty-seven locations. All the samples were identified as P. nigronervosa. Later on, molecular characterization has been done based on COI and it was recognized that the Turkish population was close to Florida and some Hawaiian genotypes. Pentalonia nigronervosa was recorded for the first time in Turkey in this study. Sustainable nature-friendly management tactics for controlling P. nigronervosa which poses less health threat to human should be developed.

UJI KETAHANAN TIGA VARIETAS PISANG (Musa sp.) TERHADAP ISOLAST BANANA BUNCHY TOP VIRUS (BBTV)

Banana is a horticultural crop that has economic value and is widely cultivated in tropical countries. Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) is the cause of dwarf disease in banana plants (Musa. sp). The vector for the spread of this banana dwarf disease is the banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa). BBTV has been reported in various regions of Indonesia, having been reported in Bengkulu in 2020. However, data on the resistance of BBTV infections in Indonesia are still very limited. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of three types of bananas (Barangan, Kepok, and Ambon Hijau) to BBTV infection. In this study, two treatments were carried out, namely inoculated and without BBTV virus inoculation with three types of bananas. BBTV detection was carried out using the PCR method. BBTV transmission using aphids succeeded in infecting the test plants with a disease incidence of 12.5% ​​to 75.0% at 30 DAI. The most common symptom seen is, slightly yellowed leaf edges. the severity of BBTV on the Barangan banana plant was 20.83%, kepok was 4.17% and Ambon Hijau was 25.00%. Samples on the leaves of the test banana plant that showed symptoms of BBTV were taken for detection using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with a pair of related NSP primers in the BBTV genome with a size of ± 500 bp. The results of the detection of BBTV virus showed that the types of bananas that were resistant to BBTV were Kepok bananas, Barangan bananas and Ambon Hijau types which showed moderate resistance to BBTV

Natural enemies of Pentalonia nigronervosa, vector of Banana Bunchy Top Virus

Abstract. Tricahyati T, Suparman, Irsan C. 2022. Natural enemies of Pentalonia nigronervosa, vector of Banana Bunchy Top Virus. Biodiversitas 23: 3675-3684. Pentalonia nigronervosa (Coquerel) is an important pest of banana. Instead of sucking liquid from banana phloem, P. nigronervosa also play an important role in transmitting Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) from infected banana to healthy ones. If efforts are not made to control the aphid, existence of P. nigronervosa can increase in the banana field. The objective of this research was to find out the natural enemies of P. nigronervosa which may play significant role in controlling the aphid naturally. The results showed that natural enemies were in the forms of predator, parasitoid and pathogenic fungi. A total of 22 species of predator belonged to 5 families of insect, namely Coccinellidae, Forficulidae, Chelisochidae, Reduviidae and Syrphidae, and 4 families of Arachnida i.e. Oxyopidae, Araneidae, Salticidae, and Philodromidae. The result exhibited that one parasitoid belonged to family Brachonidae, and one hyper-parasitoid belonged to family Encrytidae. Furthermore, it was also observed that 3 species of entomopathogenic fungi infected aphids. The fungi belonged to genera Aspergillus and Beauveria. Each predator had different predation capacity, the highest was that of Forficula auricularia (23.67 ± 3.05) and Scymnus sp. (23.67 ± 1.52). Parasitoid Lipolexis bengalensis could parasitize P. nigronervosa at relatively high parasitic ability of 4.67 ± 23.65. The finding of various natural enemies of P. nigronervosa in South Sumatra could be considered as an alternative way to control the aphid and reduce the transmission rate of BBTV in the province. The use of natural enemies has no residual effects on the environment and is relatively cheaper compared to other control measurements.

BIOLOGY OF Pentalonia nigronervosa COQUEREL ON VARIOUS ZINGIBERACEOUS CROPS

Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel (Hemiptera; Aphididae) is the main vector of banana bunchy top disease caused by Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV). The disease is an important and most damaging disease to the crop because infected bananas fail to produce fruits. As the vector of BBTV, P. nigronervosa is able to lives not only on banana plants but also on others plants, especially those belong to Family Zingiberaceae. The objective of this research was to reveal the biology of P. nigronervosa on banana and other plant species belong to Family Zingiberaceae commonly found around banana cultivation areas. The research was conducted in the Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University from June to December 2021. The research was an experimental research arranged in a Completely Randomized Design using plant species as treatment and was replicated 10 times of replications. Young suckers of banana and zingiberaceous plants were used to rear the banana aphid where all biological aspects of the aphid were observed. P. nigronervosa and the young suckers were placed in a transparent pot covered with transparent plastic with a window made from cheese cloth to facilitate air movement. Room temperature was set to approximately 25oC since the aphid grow and reproduce well under such temperature. The results showed that P. nigronervosa are able to live and reproduce not only on banana but also on seven species of Zingiberaceous plants with little variation of some morphological and biological parameters. The significant different was found between biological characteristics of the aphid lived on torch ginger and cardamom which had longer life cycle but smaller fecundity compared to other experimental hosts used in the research.

A chromosome-level genome assembly of Neotoxoptera formosana (Takahashi, 1921) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Neotoxoptera formosana (Takahashi), the onion aphid, is an oligophagous pest that mainly feeds on plants from the Allium genus. It sucks nutrients from the plants and indirectly acts as a vector for plant viruses. This aphid causes severe economic losses to Allium tuberosum agriculture in China. To better understand the host plant specificity of N. formosana on Allium plants and provide essential information for the control of this pest, we generated the entire genome using Pacific Biosciences long-read sequencing and Hi-C data. Six chromosomes were assembled to give a final size of 372.470 Mb, with an N50 scaffold of 66.911 Mb. The final draft genome assembly, from 192 Gb of raw data, was approximately 371.791 Mb in size, with an N50 contig of 24.99 Kb and an N50 scaffold of 2.637 Mb. The average GC content was 30.96%. We identified 73 Mb (31.22%) of repetitive sequences, 14,175 protein-coding genes, and 719 noncoding RNAs. The phylogenetic analysis showed that N. formosana and Pentalonia nigronervosa are sister groups. We found significantly expanded gene families that were involved in the THAP domain, the DDE superfamily endonuclease, zinc finger, immunity (ankyrin repeats), digestive enzyme (serine carboxypeptidase) and chemosensory receptor. This genome assembly could provide a solid foundation for future studies on the host specificity of N. formosana and pesticide-resistant aphid management.

Pengaruh Spesies Tumbuhan Araceae terhadap Efisiensi Penularan Banana Bunchy Top Virus oleh Pentalonia nigronervosa

Araceous plants can serve as alternative host to banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa. Research has been conducted to study the effects of Araceous plant species on the efficiency of Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) transmission by P. nigronervosa as the main vector of the virus. The research was an experiment conducted in Experimental Garden, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Sriwijaya University from November 2021 to April 2022. The experiment was conducted using 7 species of Araceous plant and one genotype of banana. The results of the research showed that, when serving as alternataive host of P. nigronervosa , all Araceous plants had no effect on the efficiency of BBTV transmission by the aphid. Viruliverous P. nigronervosa did not lose their virus particles in their body and still had ability to transmit the virus ehen they were transferred from Araceous plant to healthy banana.In cubation period ranged from 25-37,6 days after inoculation and the symptoms appeared mostly on young leaves.

Pengaruh Umur Kematian Tanaman Sumber Inokulum Banana Bunchy Top Virus Terhadap Efisiensi Penularannya

BBTV is one of the important diseases in banana plants, the transmission of BBTV can be carried out by Pentalonia nigronervosa . In some banana plantations infected plants are usually cut down because they are considered unable to produce optimal production. The felled plants will then be placed around healthy plantations, this situation is thought to have the potential as a place for P. nigronervosa to temporarily live and spread the virus to other healthy plants. This study aims to determine the ability of dead plants that host P. nigronervosa to re-transmit the virus to healthy plants. The study was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with six treatments on the day of death of infected plants, namely, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days, with five replications. From the results of the study, it was found that plants infected by BBTV still had potential to transmit the virus to healthy plants through the P. nigronervosa . Transmission of BBTV from dead plants on the fifth day resulted in the highest average of BBTV infection. The incubation period of virus in plants ranged from 30-53 days after inoculation. From this research, it is hoped that farmers will pay more attention to thoroughly eradicate banana plants infected by BBTV, removed all plant and suckers thoroughly together with their corms.