Bamboo Shoots Research Articles

Lemea, The Rejang Tribe'S Traditional Food Made From Fermented Bamboo Shoots (Review)

Lemea is a traditional food made from fermented chopped bamboo shoots and fish. It is a traditional food of the Rejang tribe in Bengkulu, Sumatera. Lemea is not eaten raw due to its strong flavor and aroma, but rather cooked with simple spices and served with fish or shrimp. It is commonly cooked in a spicy sambal lemea and served as a dish with rice. This review aims to spread information about lemea and its various studies. Several researchers have altered the lemea production process to improve product quality, such as blanching raw materials, fish raw materials, and fermentation containers. The fermentation of lemea is spontaneous fermentation. Lactobacillus plantarum C410L1 and Lactobacillus rossiae LS6 have been identified as lactic acid bacteria from lemea. These bacterial isolates have potential as probiotics because of their good resistance to pH, temperature, and salt concentration.

Responsible Mechanisms for the Restriction of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Plants via the Co-Foliar Spraying of Nanoparticles

Bamboo is nutritionally significant across the world because the shoots are high in calories and nutritional fiber but low in cholesterol. However, recent research has shown that bamboo shoots also contain a substantial quantity of heavy metals, including arsenic (As). Therefore, we explored whether the co-application of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) would attenuate As toxicity in bamboo plants (Pleioblastus pygmaeus). A greenhouse experiment was performed to investigate plant responses to arsenic toxicity. Bamboo plants exposed to four levels of As (0, 10, 20, and 40 mg L−1) were foliar-sprayed with 60 mg L−1 of Se-NPs and 60 mg L−1 of IONPs alone and in combination. The data indicated that different As concentrations (10, 20, and 40 mg L−1) caused membrane damage and reactive oxide species (ROS) production in bamboo cells, characterized by H2O2, O2•−, MDA, and EL increasing by up to 47%, 54%, 57%, and 65%, respectively, in comparison with a control. The co-application of 60 mg L−1 of Se-NPs + IONP markedly improved the antioxidant enzyme activities (by 75% in SOD, 27% in POD, 52% in CAT, 37% in GR, and 38% in PAL), total flavonoid content (42%), phenolic content (36%), proline (44%), nitric oxide (59%), putrescine (Put) (85%), spermidine (Spd) (53%), relative water content (RWC) (36%), photosynthetic characteristics (27%) in net photosynthesis (Pn) (24% in the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), 39% in stomatal conductance (Gs), and 31% in chlorophyll pigments), and ultimately biomass indices and growth. The co-application of Se-NPs + IONPs with 10 and 20 mg L−1 of As raised the TI by 14% and 9% in the shoot and by 18% and 14% in the root, respectively. IONPs and Se-NPs reduced ROS, cell membrane lipoperoxidation, and electrolyte leakage, all contributing to the decrease in oxidative stress by limiting As uptake and translocation. In sum, Se-NPs and IONPs improved bamboo endurance, yet the most effective approach for increasing bamboo’s ability to recover from As toxicity was the concurrent use of 60 mg L−1 of Se-NPs and 60 mg L−1 of IONPs. Our IONP and Se-NP data from single and combined applications offer novel knowledge in improving the tolerance mechanism against As exposure in Pleioblastus pygmaeus.

Characterization of Cornstarch-Based Bioplastic Reinforced with Three Different Species of Bamboo Shoots

Characterization of Cornstarch-Based Bioplastic Reinforced with Three Different Species of Bamboo Shoots

Isolation and Characterization of Local Microorganisms (MOL) of Bamboo Shoots (Dendrocalamus asper) and Its Effect on the Growth of Pakcoy Plants (Brassica rapa L.)

MOL is an organic fertilizer made from fermented natural materials that contain carbohydrates and many macro and micro nutrients. This type of fertilizer also contains microorganisms that its contribute towards role as biofertilizer. One potential organic material for MOL that is easily available is bamboo shoots. Bamboo shoots contain important nutrients which can improve plant growth and development. The purpose of this study was to determine what bacteria are contained in bamboo shoot MOL and to determine its effect on growth in pakcoy plants (Brassica rapa L). This research is an experimental study using RAL (Complete Randomized Design), including: isolation and characterization of bamboo shoot MOL, application of MOL to pakcoy plants (Brassica rapa L) containing bacterial isolates from bamboo shoot MOL. The observed parameters include plant height, root length, number of leaves and wet weight of pakcoy plants followed by statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and characterization results on isolates obtained based on Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. From the research results obtained that the prediction of the genus of bacteria contained in bamboo shoots is Lactobacillus, Streptococcus Sp, Saccharococcus, Veillonella sp, Azotobacter, and Rhizobacter which play a role in accelerating decomposition so as to produce the best quality fertilizer and MOL contained in bamboo shoots has a significant effect on the growth of pakcoy (Brassica rapa L). The best result for MOL bamboo shoots that are good for pakcoy plant growth is obtained at a concentration of 150ml / L so that MOL bamboo shoots have the potential for pakcoy plant growth.

PjBL Model with the Context of Making Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) from Bamboo Shoots to Build Students' Critical Thinking Skills

This study aims to obtain information about students' critical thinking skills (CTS) through the application of the project based learning (PjBL) model on reaction rate material in the context of making liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) from bamboo shoots. The method used is an experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design. This study uses one class with a total of 27 students. The instruments used were observation sheets on the implementation of learning and tests of critical thinking skills which consisted of 15 multiple-choice questions. Test result data were processed using the N-gain test and paired sample t-test. The results showed that the application of the PjBL model in the context of making LOF from bamboo shoots obtained a learning implementation percentage of 85.4 and was included in the very good category. In addition, the CTS of students as a whole experienced an increase of 0.69 in the moderate category. The results of the paired sample t-test show that the significance value obtained is 0.000 <0.05 so it can be concluded that there is an increase in the CTS of students through learning.

Pyrolysis characteristics and gaseous products of bamboo shoot shells under N2 and CO2 atmospheres

To design industrial thermal conversion systems of bamboo shoot shells (BSS), pyrolysis characteristics of BSS under N2 and CO2 atmospheres were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with a Fourier-transform infrared. Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods were used to calculate kinetic parameters. Thermodynamics were evaluated based on Enthalpy, Gibbs free energy and entropy. Results showed that BSS pyrolysis under CO2 atmosphere had an obvious peak at the temperature range of 645–922 °C. CO2 decreased residual weight and average Eα of BSS pyrolysis, and improved the release of gaseous products. CO was the main gaseous product during pyrolysis process of BSS under CO2 atmosphere. The release of CO2 and CH4 reduced. BSS pyrolysis under N2 atmosphere and the first peak under CO2 atmosphere fitted with R2, R3, and A2 models when α increased from 0.1 to 0.5 and subsequently followed F2 model. Pyrolysis reaction of BSS was non-spontaneous and required an external heat supply.

Synthesis of furoic acid from biomasses by sequential catalysis with fish scale-rice husk-based heterogeneous chemocatalyst and dehydrogenase biocatalyst

In this work, furfural was effectively converted to furoic acid (FCA) by using biological macromolecules as raw materials in tandem reaction with chemical biological catalysts. Firstly, a biochar-based heterogeneous catalyst Sn-FS-RH was prepared using equal mass of fish scale (FS) and rice husk (RH) as carriers. Different biomasses (such as poplar wood, winter bamboo shoot shell, corn cob, corn straw, reed leaf, peanut shell, rape straw, and potato shell) were transformed into furfural with Sn-FS-RH in deep eutectic solvent choline chloride:Maleic acid (ChCl:MLA)-H2O (10:90, v/v; 170 °C), and the furfural yield from corn cob-derived xylose reached the highest (70.5% yield, based on xylose) after 15 min of catalysis. The mechanism of Sn-FS-RH-catalyzed the transformation of lignocellulose to furfural was interpreted in ChCl:MLA-H2O. One liter of xylose-hydrolysate was obtained after acid hydrolysis of biomass. The preparation of FUR was generally carried out in a 10 liter of autoclave reactor containing 75 g biomass, 36 g Sn-FS-RH catalyst, 100 g ChCl:MLA, and 20 g ZnCl2. The reactor was stirred at 170 ℃ for 15 min at 500 rpm. It was observed that the by-products (formic acid, levulinic acid, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) formed in the transformation of lignocellulose to furfural had somewhat inhibitory effect on the formation of furoic acid from furfural bioconversion. After 24–72 h, Escherichia coli HMFOMUT cells containing dehydrogenase could transform fully furfural derived from different biomass (30–90 mM) into furoic acid. This two-step chemoenzymatic strategy was an efficient way to transform biomacromolecules into biofurans in a sustainable medium.

Optimization of hot air drying technology for bamboo shoots by response surface methodology

The drying characteristics of bamboo shoot slices were experimentally studied in a hot air drying system. The individual and combined influence of air temperature, velocity, and slice thickness on the drying process was analyzed. The chromatic aberration and rehydration ratio were used as response indicators, and a 17-group experimental optimization of the drying process was carried out using a response surface methodology. According to the optimization analysis, a hot air temperature of 60.4 °C, an air velocity of 0.4 m/s, and a slice thickness of 0.2 cm were the optimal conditions for hot air drying of bamboo shoots. The predicted rehydration ratio and chromatic aberration of the dried bamboo shoot slices were 10.46 and 12.03, respectively. A validation experiment was conducted under optimum conditions to confirm the applicability of the models.

Functional properties of flour substitute from bolo (Gigantochloa levis) bamboo shoots and culms

Functional properties of flour substitute from bolo (Gigantochloa levis) bamboo shoots and culms

Identification of lactic acid bacteria isolated from ethnic fermented bamboo shoot "Lemea" in Bengkulu, Indonesia

Ethnic food is inherited from ancestors who utilizes local food and that have distinctive tastes. The Rejang tribe is a native Bengkulu community who processes bamboo shoots into a fermented product known as Lemea, which is only found in Bengkulu province. Lemea is a source of indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB). This study aimed to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains in Lemea. The bamboo shoots with betok fish (Anabas testudineus) were fermented for 48 hrs. Different types of bamboo shoots were expected to contain different types of LAB. Betung shoots (Dendrocalamus asper Schult) and yellow bamboo shoots (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad) have been used. Isolation of the LAB was performed through serial dilution of 10 g homogenized Lemea sample and spread on MRSA plates for each dilution series. Plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 hrs to obtain isolates. The isolates were identified molecularly using the 16S rRNA method. The results of the study found four isolates from two types of Lemea. After identification, it was known that the four isolates were bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus. Lactobacillus fermentum was only found in the fermentation process of yellow bamboo shoots (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad), while Lactobacillus plantarum was found in yellow bamboo shoots (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad) and betung (Dendrocalamus asper Schult).

Nilai-Nilai Motif Songket Bengkalis Dalam Perspektif Pendidikan

Bengkalis is also one of the districts with quite a lot of immigrant communities as a result of which there is a lot of cultural mixing. And there are not a few people who follow the culture brought by migrants, so that it can trigger the songket weaving craft to be less appreciated by the local community. This research will discuss 5 songket weaving motifs which are quite familiar among the people, especially the people of Bengkalis. Which aims to find out what educational values are contained in it. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method. Data collection techniques used in this research are observation, interviews and literature or documentation studies. While the selection of informants using purposive sampling technique. The Bengkalis Malay songket woven fabric has a variety of woven motifs or patterns ranging from flora, fauna, nature and others. These motifs have meanings that describe how the perspective of human life. In Riau, it has four weaving centers, namely in Indragiri Hulu, Rokan Hilir, Bengkalis and Siak. Each of these areas has a different basic motive. In the Bengkalis area, there are about 90 typical Malay motifs. In this study, five motifs that are well known among the public will be discussed, namely the bamboo shoots, ducks returning home, sentorak, elbow clouds and ants along. Riau Malay woven fabric is a fabric made by the handicrafts of the Malay people, which is done by the process of weaving threads interspersed with woven gold or silver threads with a certain variety of woven motifs or patterns. The variety of motifs and patterns of woven fabrics in Bengkalis is very diverse. And in each of these motifs there is a very close relationship between humans and nature, both animals and plants. For the Malays, the pattern is not only a mere decoration, but also used as a symbol or symbol that contains a certain meaning and philosophy which contains the noble values of the local culture

Modification of the existing maximum residue levels and setting of import tolerances for fluopyram in various crops.

In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant Bayer AG Crop Science Division submitted a request to the competent national authority in Italy to modify the existing maximum residue level (MRL) for the active substance fluopyram in kiwi. Additionally, the applicants Bayer Crop Science SA and Bayer SAS Crop Science Division submitted two applications to the competent national authority in Germany to modify the MRLs for fluopyram in certain stem vegetables, seed spices, apples and soyabeans based on intended EU uses as well as to lower the existing EU MRL in pome fruits and to raise the existing EU MRL in peanuts on the basis of authorised use of fluopyram in the USA. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive MRL proposals for all the crops under assessment except for palm hearts and bamboo shoots. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of fluopyram in commodities under consideration at the validated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/kg. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the short-term intake of residues resulting from the use of fluopyram according to the reported agricultural practices is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health. A long-term consumer intake concern is identified if the current MRL of 0.8 mg/kg in pome fruits is maintained and new MRLs for other commodities under consideration are supported, with apples being the highest contributing commodity to the diet for which exposure exceedances were noted. The chronic risk for consumers is unlikely if a lower MRL of 0.6 mg/kg in pome fruits proposed by the applicant is considered. Further risk manager considerations are required.

Hidroponik Organik Berbasis Pupuk Organik Cair

Organic hydroponics based on liquid organic fertilizer. Research on the cultivation of Kailan (Brassica oleracea var. achepala) plants using an organic hydroponic system based on organic fertilizers (POC), was conducted at the experimental garden of Pasraman Unud Jimbaran from March to June 2020. The liquid organic fertilizer used consisted of two types of MOL, namely bamboo shoots MOL and banana weevil MOL. The purpose of this research is to find an organic medium (nutrient solution) that is cheap, easy and environmentally friendly as an alternative substitute. AB mix (inorganic nutrients) which has been used in hydroponic systems. The experimental design used in this study was a Randomized Block Design. Using liquid organic fertilizer from MOL Bamboo Shoots (R) and MOL Banana Hump (B). The treatments consisted of: K (without MOL); K+ (without MOL +AB mix) ; R1& B1 ( 50 ml/L ); R2 & B2 (100 ml/L) ; R3 & B3 (150 ml/L); and R4 & B4 (200 ml/L), there were 10 treatments with 3 replications, so there were 30 experimental units. Initial analysis of the media was carried out on the levels of N, P, K, pH and EC. Parameters measured were number of leaves, plant height, wet weight, plant dry weight. The results showed that hydroponics by only relying on liquid organic fertilizer as a source of nutrition, was not able to support normal plant growth. Wet weight, dry weight and plant height of Kailan in the MOL treatment of banana weevil and MOL of bamboo shoots showed much smaller results, namely 1/10 compared to the AB mix (K+) treatment.

Effects of ultrasonic assisted high-temperature cooking method on the physicochemical structure characteristics and in vitro antioxidant capacities of dietary fiber from Dendrocalamus brandisii Munro shoots

In this study, the ultrasonic assisted high-temperature cooking extraction method of soluble dietary fiber from bamboo shoots was optimized by response surface methodology, and the effects of ultrasonic assisted high-temperature cooking extraction on the structural characteristics, physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from bamboo shoots were evaluated. The yield of modified UH-SDF11UH-SDF: Extraction of soluble dietary fiber from Dendrocalamus brandisii Munro shoots by ultrasonic assisted high-temperature cooking method. was significantly higher than that of untreated D-SDF22D-SDF: Untreated extracted soluble dietary fiber from Dendrocalamus brandisii Munro shoots.. FTIR and XRD confirmed that UH-SDF had more hydrophilic groups and higher crystallinity (28.73 %), resulting in better thermal stability. SEM observation showed that UH-SDF exhibited a more loose microstructure, and the particle size of UH-SDF (601.52 μm) was significantly smaller than that of D-SDF (242.59 μm), so UH-SDF had a larger specific surface area. In addition, UH-SDF has stronger water holding capacity, water swelling capacity and oil holding capacity than D-SDF. The DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging rates of UH-SDF were 8.91 % and 7.49 % higher than those of D-SDF. In addition, the reducing ability of UH-SDF was higher than that of D-SDF, which had better antioxidant activity. In summary, UH-SDF has the potential to be developed as an anti-inflammatory functional food.

Examining the Oral Preference on Hedonic Likings and Its Impacts on Sales and Pricing of Different Bamboo Shoots and Their Processed Forms in Arunachal Pradesh, India

An investigation was made to understand the relationship between the sensory perception of residents of Arunachal Pradesh and their preference for bamboo shoots from the following species: Bambusa balcooa Roxb., Bambusa pallida Munro, Bambusa tulda Roxb., B. vulgaris Schrad. Ex J.C. Wendl, Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees & Arn. ex Munro, and Phyllostachys bambusoides Siebold and Zucc., and their processed products namely Hidung, Eup and Ekung. Interviews were conducted among 250 participants who were given the freedom of choice to rate hedonic likings on Taste, Flavour and Texture. On this basis, an assessment was also carried out to establish the observed preferences and their influence on sales and prices of the food from the period of 2011-12, 2012-13 and 2013-14. The strongest association, which affects the price and volume of sales of bamboo shoots as well as the processed forms, was found to be related in order of texture, followed by taste and flavour.

Soil Nutrient, Salinity, and Alkalinity Responses of Dendrocalamopsis oldhami in High-Latitude Greenhouses Depending on Planting Year and Nitrogen Application

This study explored the viability of greenhouse cultivation of Dendrocalamopsis oldhami under the “South Bamboo North Transplanting” initiative. In this study, the effects of planting year and nitrogen application on changes in soil nutrient levels, salinity, and alkalinity over the plant growth period were explored. After the introduction and planting of bamboo in 2017, a soil layer with a thickness of 0–40 cm was sampled at the end of the shooting stage in the greenhouse between 2017 and 2019 (late August), and the bamboo shoot yield and standing culm density were measured. Following the application of nitrogen to the bamboo groves in 2019, three nitrogen levels were established: no nitrogen (N1:0 g grove−1), medium nitrogen (N2:540 g grove−1), and high nitrogen (N3:1080 g grove−1). Soil layers at depths of 0–20 and 20–40 cm were sampled during the shoot elongation stage (late May) and at the end of the shooting stage (late August). The yield and nutrient content of bamboo shoots under different nitrogen treatments were also investigated. The results showed that Ca2+ and HCO3− were the main salt ions in greenhouse soil. With later planting years, the total number of cations (Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, and K+) decreased, whereas the total number of anions (HCO3−, SO42−, NO3−, and Cl−) increased, resulting in a decrease in the percentage of exchangeable sodium (ESP), pH, and electrical conductivity (EC). The diameter at breast height, individual weight, and quantity of bamboo shoots increased annually, and the standing culm density increased by 1.4 times. Each year, the total nitrogen content decreased, whereas the alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium contents increased. Nitrogen application resulted in a significant decrease in ESP and pH and an increase in the total anion, cation, and EC values. It also reduced soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available phosphorus, and available potassium. Nitrogen application increased the number of bamboo shoots, total yield, and accumulation of N and P; however, there was no significant difference between N2 and N3. In conclusion, the salinization of calcareous soil was alleviated, and the available nutrients were activated following the introduction of D. oldhami from south to north. The mineralization rates of organic matter and soil fertility increased. Soil acidification and EC decreased at the end of the shoot stage. Nitrogen application acidified the soil, and the yield and soil salt accumulation increased with increasing nitrogen levels. The nutrient uptake efficiencies of nutrients at high nitrogen levels were lower than those at medium nitrogen levels. Therefore, soil salt concentrations with values 0.26 < EC < 0.42 hindered the nutrient uptake of D. oldhami.

Development and Organoleptic Evaluation of Vegan Honey Tender Bamboo Shoots Murabba

The aim of this study was to make a Bamboo Shoots (Phyllostachys edulis) are regarded as one of the beneficial health foods due to their high protein, carbohydrate, vitamin, fiber, and mineral composition and very low fat content. In the current study, "Value of tender bamboo shoots murabba with cinnamon, cardamom, lemon, vegan honey, jaggery," vegan honey bamboo murabba was made in the food science and technology laboratory of the department of food and nutrition at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University in Lucknow. Five different preparation methods for the vegan honey bamboo murabba. This research sought to determine whether vegan honey bamboo murabba was acceptable based on a sensory evaluation test completed at BBA University in India. Tender bamboo shoots, jaggery, vegan honey, cinnamon, cardamom, ginger, juice, lemon juice, and water made up the basic ingredients for bamboo murabba. These ingredients were combined, dissolved, condensed, and made to an80°C (about 50°C) jaggery content. In a glass container, bamboo that had been heated to 50°C was placed. This sample was referred to as a cold-packed bamboo murabba. In order to sterilize it, the hot-pack murabba was heated on low temperature for 20 minutes. The bamboo was sterilized after 20 minutes and allowed to settle at room temperature. The sample that underwent sterilization was referred to as a heated murabba. Each sample was assessed using a Murabba sample, which was graded on a 9-point hedonic scale for flavor, smell, texture, appearance, and general acceptances in the sensory test. The color, sweetness, acidity, taste, and flavor of each sample were also assessed.

Shoot buds of subtropical running bamboos demonstrate endodormancy and chilling requirements for their release

Bamboos, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and significant in ecological, economic and cultural values, are similar to trees in the above-ground growth and to geophytes in the below-ground structure. However, contrary to well-studied endodormancy and the related chilling requirement that synchronize the seasonal development of above-ground buds of tree species and the well-studied below-ground buds of geophytes, it is unknown whether bamboos demonstrate the endodormancy and chilling requirements as those of trees and geophytes, which limits our understanding of how bamboos phenology cope with climate change. Our work mainly examined the effect of temperature on the dormancy release of underground shoot buds of two important subtropical running bamboo species, Lei bamboo (Phyllostachys violascens) and Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). In the experiments, the bamboo seedlings were first subjected to different durations of natural chilling and subsequently to a regrowth test under high-temperature forcing conditions in whole-tree chambers. In the regrowth test the dormancy state of the shoot buds was examined by observing shoot development, i.e., the emergence of the new shoot aboveground, a significant spring phenological event in many bamboo species. The time required for shooting under the forcing conditions decreased with prolonged chilling, indicating that the shoot buds of these two bamboo species demonstrate the phenomena of endodormancy and a chilling requirement for endodormancy release. For Lei bamboo, the chilling requirement was estimated as 45 Chill Portions (CP) and heat requirement was 9978 ± 6713 GDH℃. As for Moso bamboo, the estimated chilling requirement was 35CP and heat requirement was 6713 ± 3087 GDH℃. Meanwhile, the Vegis effect (an interaction of previous chilling accumulation and forcing temperature) was also found in Lei bamboo: there was a large difference in the time required for shoot development between low and high forcing temperatures after short durations of chilling, but the difference decreased with prolonged chilling. It was also shown that bamboo shoot buds almost received the same heat requirements for emergence at different forcing temperatures under the same chilling requirements. Our results will improve the understanding of temperature regulation of spring phenology in subtropical bamboo forests and promote bamboo production and management.

Utilization of Plants as Food Source: A Study in Sungai Bakah Village, Melawi Regency

Nature has a high potential for biological natural resources that humans, including plants as food, can utilize. This study aims to analyze the types of plants as a source of food used by the people of Sungai Bakah Village, Pinoh Selatan District, Melawi Regency. This study used a survey method. Respondents selected using a purposive sampling technique were interviewed to obtain data on the utilization of plants used as food ingredients. The data obtained is then analyzed using use value and fidelity level. The results showed that all respondents interviewed (131 respondents) used plants as a food source. A total of 84 types of plants were used, with fruit as the part that was most used (49.44%). Vegetables and fruits are the most widely used forms of utilization. Plants with the highest UV values ​​came from starch (Gymnopetalum cocinense), rice (Oryza sativa), chilies (Capsicum frutescens L.), and bamboo shoots (Dendrocalamus asper) with a value of 1. 84 plants species had the highest FL values ​​(100), most of which comes from the category of utilization as fruits.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Dendrocalamus farinosus CCoAOMT Gene Family and the Role of DfCCoAOMT14 Involved in Lignin Synthesis.

As the main component of plant cell walls, lignin can not only provide mechanical strength and physical defense for plants, but can also be an important indicator affecting the properties and quality of wood and bamboo. Dendrocalamus farinosus is an important economic bamboo species for both shoots and timber in southwest China, with the advantages of fast growth, high yield and slender fiber. Caffeoyl-coenzyme A-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the lignin biosynthesis pathway, but little is known about it in D. farinosus. Here, a total of 17 DfCCoAOMT genes were identified based on the D. farinosus whole genome. DfCCoAOMT1/14/15/16 were homologs of AtCCoAOMT1. DfCCoAOMT6/9/14/15/16 were highly expressed in stems of D. farinosus; this is consistent with the trend of lignin accumulation during bamboo shoot elongation, especially DfCCoAOMT14. The analysis of promoter cis-acting elements suggested that DfCCoAOMTs might be important for photosynthesis, ABA/MeJA responses, drought stress and lignin synthesis. We then confirmed that the expression levels of DfCCoAOMT2/5/6/8/9/14/15 were regulated by ABA/MeJA signaling. In addition, overexpression of DfCCoAOMT14 in transgenic plants significantly increased the lignin content, xylem thickness and drought resistance of plants. Our findings revealed that DfCCoAOMT14 can be a candidate gene that is involved in the drought response and lignin synthesis pathway in plants, which could contribute to the genetic improvement of many important traits in D. farinosus and other species.