Bamboo Shoot Shell Research Articles

Nitrogen self-doped activated carbons with narrow pore size distribution from bamboo shoot shells

To prepare the nitrogen self-doped and microporous-rich activated carbons (BNACs), bamboo shoot shells after hydrothermal treatment were activated using KHCO 3 under the temperature of 600 ℃, 650 ℃, 700 ℃, 750 ℃ and 800 ℃. The influence of activation temperatures on the properties of BNACs was investigated. Results confirmed that activation temperatures significantly impacted the pore structure, nitrogen groups, and electrochemical properties. The maximum microporosity for the BNACs was 98.8% (S BET ) and 89.9% (pore volume) at an activation temperature of 700 ℃, corresponding to the minimum average pore size of 1.29 nm. The nitrogen content of BNAC-700 was 2.05%, with the pyridinic N of 34.1%, pyrrolic N of 27.6%, and graphitic N of 23.4%. Its capacitance values of 166.3 F/g (CV at 5 mV/s) and 178.1 F/g (GCD at 0.5 A/g) were higher than other BNACs, and capacitance retention of 96.3% after 5000 times cycle. This study could greatly benefit the utilization of bamboo shoot shells.

Tuning the morphology of micro- and nano-spheres from bamboo shoot shell acetosolv lignin

The supramolecular assemblies of lignin into micro- and nano-particles (LMNPs) have attracted much attention recently. In preparing LMNPs, the antisolvent regime has been widely adopted. However, the effects of operation parameters and antisolvent coexisted substances on the morphology of LMNPs are still not well understood. Herein solid, single-holed, multi-holed and smooth-faced but inside porous spheres were obtained from bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiforus L.) shoot shell acetosolv lignin by controlling initial lignin concentration (CL0), the antisolvent addition rate (Raa), temperature and incorporating certain chemicals in antisolvent. The average size of LMNPs increased with CL0 and temperature but decreased with Raa. The relative morphology proportions highly depended on the antisolvent addition pattern, Raa, CL0, and the type and concentration of the chemical adulterated in the antisolvent. Normally, solid and single-holed spheres presented in an average size lower than 200 nm and 400 nm, while the size of multi-holed and smooth-faced but inside porous spheres were in the range of hundreds of nanometers to several microns. These results enable a deeper understanding of the morphology-setting mechanism of LMNPs and open a practical way to prepare LMNPs with diverse morphologies and potential applications.

EXTRACTION OF BAMBOO SHOOT SHELL FIBERS BY THE ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED ALKALI-OXYGEN BATH METHOD

Herein, bamboo shoot shell fibers were extracted by the ultrasound-assisted alkali-oxygen bath method. The effects of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide dosage, temperature and treating time on degumming properties were discussed. Taking the degumming rate as the index, the optimum technological parameters of alkali oxygen bath degumming were obtained by orthogonal experiments as follows: scouring temperature was 95 °C, alkali boiling time of 120 minutes, sodium hydroxide dosage of 20 g/L, hydrogen peroxide dosage of 24 mL/L, and the corresponding degumming rate was 70.07%. The structure of bamboo shoot shell fibers was examined by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that pectin, lignin and hemicelluloses were effectively removed from bamboo shoot shell fibers after degumming.

Enhanced conversion of biomass to furfurylamine with high productivity by tandem catalysis with sulfonated perlite and ω-transaminase whole-cell biocatalyst

Production of bio-based chemicals from renewable bioresource is a key driver for moving towards sustainable industry. Furfurylamine is known as an important furfural-upgrading product in organic synthesis, as well as monolithic synthetic pharmaceuticals, fibers, additives and polymers. In one-pot manner, biomass was tandemly catalyzed to furfurylamine with sulfonated Sn-PL catalyst and recombinant ω-transaminase biocatalyst. Sn-PL (2.4 wt%) catalyzed bamboo shoot shell, corncob and rice straw (75.0 g/L) to 76.5–113.0 mM furfural at 44.7–58.5 % yield in γ-valerolactone–water (2:8, v:v) at 170 ℃. The obtained biomass slurries containing furfural were biotransformed to furfurylamine at high yield (0.39−0.42 g furfurylamine/g xylan in biomass) with ω-transaminase biocatalyst using isopropylamine (3.0 mol isopropylamine/mol furfural) as amine donor at 35 ℃. Such a chemoenzymatic one-pot process combined the advantages of both solid acids and whole-cells catalysts, which provided an efficient and sustainable approach for preparing an important bio-based furan chemical furfurylamine.

Biomass-derived hierarchical porous carbon/silicon carbide composite for electrochemical supercapacitor

Hierarchical porous carbon/ silicon carbide composite (HPC/SiC) was fabricated directly from raw biomass via a facile method, in which the wasted villi of bamboo shoot shell (VBSS) and KOH were employed as green carbon source and chemical etching agent, respectively. Owing to the large surface area and developed porous texture originating from carbon and the favorable conductivity resulting from SiC, the obtained HPC/SiC exhibits a specific capacitance of 234.2 F g−1 at the current density of 1 A g−1, a remarkable rate capability of 71.4% at 20 A g−1 and a prominent cycling performance with 90.8% retention after 10,000 cycles. The assembled symmetric device demonstrates a 224 F g−1 specific capacitance at a current density of 0.2 A g−1. The high energy densities of 25.20 W h kg−1 and 17.44 W h kg−1 with corresponding power densities of 181.1 W kg−1 and 17.94 kW kg−1 have been obtained, respectively. This work not only demonstrates that SiC can be formed in the wasted VBSS under mild natural condition for the first time, but also open up new opportunities for the rational design of more efficient biomass-based materials for supercapacitors.

Partial substitution of whole‐crop corn with bamboo shoot shell improves aerobic stability of total mixed ration silage without affecting in vitro digestibility

To evaluate the feasibility of bamboo shoot shell (BSS) application in total mixed ration silage (TMR) production, the effects of BSS substitution for whole-crop corn on the fermentation characteristics, nutritive value, aerobic stability and in vitro parameters of TMR silage were studied. Four TMR formulations were designed based on dry matter: (1) 0% bamboo shoot shell+23% whole-crop corn (BSS0 ); (2) 4% bamboo shoot shell+19% whole-crop corn (BSS4 ); (3) 8% bamboo shoot shell+15% whole-crop corn (BSS8 ); and (4) 12% bamboo shoot shell+11% whole-crop corn (BSS12 ). After 90days of ensiling, the silos were opened and sampled for fermentation characteristics, nutritive value and in vitro analyses, and subsequent 14-day aerobic stability test. All TMR silages were well preserved except BSS12 , characterized by high lactic acid content and V-score, low pH and NH3 -N and butyric acid content. With increasing proportion of BSS, crude protein increased (p <.05), and water soluble carbohydrate decreased (p < .05). Under aerobic exposure, BSS-substituted (BSS4 , BSS8 and BSS12 ) silages were more stable than BSS0 silage, as characterized by relatively low silage temperature and high water soluble carbohydrate content. No obvious (p> .05) difference of BSS substitution was observed on in vitro ruminal gas production, digestibility, metabolizable energy and net energy for lactation. The substitution of whole-crop corn with 4% BSS and 8% BSS had no undesired effect on the fermentation characteristics and in vitro digestibility, and efficiently improving the aerobic stability of TMR silages. The BSS8 substitution level is recommended to maximize the BSS utilization.

Effect of substituting Pennisetum sinese with bamboo shoot shell (BSS) on aerobic stability and digestibility of ensiled total mixed ration

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of substituting Pennisetum sinese with bamboo shoot shell (BSS) on the fermentation quality, chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of ensiled total mixed ration (TMR). Four ensiled TMRs were designed on fresh matter basis: (i) 45% P. sinese (BSS0); (ii) 15% BSS + 30% P. sinese (BSS15); (iii) 25% BSS + 20% P. sinese (BSS25); (iv) 35% BSS + 10% P. sinese (BSS35). All silages were moderately fermented according to the V-score. Substituting P. sinese with BSS increased acetic acid content and decreased ethanol and ammonia nitrogen contents (p < .05). With the increasing proportion of BSS, neutral detergent fibre decreased, and relative feed value increased (p < .05). Under aerobic exposure, BSS-substituted (BSS15, BSS25 and BSS35) silages were more stable than BSS0 silage with lower silage temperature and yeast population. No significant differences in BSS substitution were observed in in vitro gas production, digestibility, metabolisable energy and net energy for lactation (p > .05). The substitution of P. sinese with BSS had no adverse effect on the fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility while efficiently improving the aerobic stability of ensiled TMR. The BSS35 substitution level is recommended considering the maximum utilisation of BSS. HIGHLIGHTS Bamboo shoot shell (BSS) was explored for ensiled TMR. BSS had no effect on the silage digestibility. BSS improved aerobic stability.

Influence of torrefaction intensities on bamboo (Acidosasa longiligula) shoot shell-derived biochar and its application for Tc(VII) reductive immobilization

In this study, the torrefaction biochar from bamboo (Acidosasa longiligula) shoot shell under different torrefaction intensities (TI) were prepared and characterized. Nonradioactive Cr(VI), a chemical surrogate for radioactive Tc(VII), was used to evaluate Tc(VII) reductive immobilization of torrefaction biochar. Batch adsorption experiments indicated that torrefaction biochar had strong adsorption ability to Cr(VI) with the best uptake capacity of 63.11 mg/g. The adsorption kinetic was well fitted by pseudo-second-order model and Park model. The adsorption equilibrium was considerably fitted by Freundlich and Temkin isotherm The adsorption-reduction mechanism during the whole Cr(VI) immobilization process was confirmed by the Raman spectrum analysis and the nice fitting of Park model. This study demonstrates that torrefaction biochar deserves to be a low-cost and effective immobilization material for Tc(VII).

Bioconversion of bamboo shoot shells through the cultivation of the edible mushrooms Volvariella volvacea.

Bamboo shoot shell (BSS), as agricultural waste, is mostly burned or discarded, causing serious environment pollution. In this study, the degradation and utilization of BSS by the edible fungus Volvariella Volvacea was investigated. The composition of V. volvacea fruit body was determined by HPLC-MS, GC-MS and ICP-OES. The activities of CMCase and xylanase were monitored by DNS (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid) method. Laccase activity was assayed by the oxidation reaction of ABTS [2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)]. The degraded bamboo shoot shell powder was characterized by FTIR and SEM. The results showed that the mycelium of V. volvacea could degrade and utilize BSS for growth. The activities of carboxymethyl cellulase and laccase were increased during the cultivation. At the same time, the physical structure of the shell fiber becames porous and rough. Most of the products of decayed fibers contain alkanes, ethyl or methyl groups. Moreover, the biological efficiency (fruiting body yield) of V. volvacea cultivated on BSS was 1.52-fold higher than that of straw cultivation. The contents of total lipid, elaidic acid (C18:1n-9), total essential amino acids, total amino acids and iron in V. volvacea fruit bodies grown on BSS were 1.11, 1.66, 1.52, 1.60 and 1.30-fold higher than those of straw treatment, respectively. This study provides an effective method to solve the environmental pollution caused by BSS, and provides a new way for the potential utilization of BSS in edible fungi cultivation.

Ball milling promotes saccharification of agricultural biomass by heteropolyacid and enzyme: unlock the lignin cage for sugars recovery

An integrative process for efficient saccharification of hemicellulose and cellulose components from lignocellulosic biomass is of strategic significance for a sustainable society. Raw carbohydrate-lignin matrix demonstrates low reactivity due to existence of crystalline zones and lignin inhibition. To overcome these obstacles, the process synergistically integrating ball milling, heteropolyacid as well as enzymatic hydrolysis, is proposed to unlock the lignin cage for sugars releasing. Among these gathered technologies, ball milling is an alternative pretreatment method for decrystallization of cellulose in bamboo shoot shell (BSS), endowing cellulose I with 71.3% crystallinity index (CrI) to cellulose II with 9.5% CrI accompanying particles decreasing from 283 to 29 μm in D50 size. Under the optimum condition, phosphotungstic acid (HPW) hydrolysis at 150 °C for 2.0 h and subsequently enzymatic hydrolysis at 50 °C for 7.0 h, the results indicate that BSS milled without HPW obtains 763.6 mg/g of monomeric sugars, employing 0.7 gHPW/gsubstrate while BSS milled with 2.5% HPW can achieve 741.6 mg/g of monomeric sugars but only employing 0.1 gHPW/gsubstrate in reaction. This integrative strategy provides a good guidance for promoting the conversion of raw lignocellulosic biomass to monosaccharides in high efficiency.

Morphological Structures of Bamboo (Bambusa emeiensis) Shoot Shells and Trichomes and Functions in Response to Herbivory

Bamboo (Bambusa emeiensis) shoot, a nutritious food, easily attracts herbivores, including the bamboo weevil, Cyrtotrachelus buqueti. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that bamboo shoot shells (BSSs), the protective layers encasing bamboo shoots, are composed of closely packed fibers and bamboo shoot trichomes (BSTs) are divided into three types, including glandular trichome I, and non-glandular types II and III. To elucidate the underlying molecular defense mechanisms, 50 transcription factors (TFs) were chosen for qRT-PCR analyses of BSS and BST based on bamboo shoot transcriptome data. Among these, 8 and 23 genes were significantly differentially expressed in BSS and BST, respectively, indicating that BSS and BST responded to herbivory. BSS and non-glandular BST functioned as physical barriers and glandular BST released volatile compounds in defense against herbivory. Some TFs might act as mediators and participate in defense responses by BSS and BST.

Physical, thermal and structural properties of rice starch as affected by the addition of bamboo shoot shell fibres

AbstractThe effects of different bamboo shoot shell fibre (BSSF) content (1, 2, 5 and 10%, w/w) on the physical, thermal and structural properties of rice starch were investigated. BSSFs significantly affected the properties of rice starch by competitive water absorption and hydrogen bonding. With increased BSSF content, the breakdown value and pasting temperature of rice starch were increased, whereas the peak viscosity, final viscosity and setback value were decreased. Thermodynamic results showed that the gelatinisation temperature and gelatinisation enthalpy of rice starch were significantly increased by the 5% and 10% BSSFs. Furthermore, BSSFs interconnected with amylose through hydrogen bonds to restrain gel‐structure formation, thereby resulting in low storage modulus and loss modulus of rice starch paste. A loose structure of rice starch supplemented with 10% BSSFs was clearly visible, exhibiting the minimum values of hardness (32.12 ± 4.47 g) and adhesiveness (64.70 ± 17.32 g). Moreover, BSSFs increased the amount of short‐range ordered structures but had no effect on the crystal type of rice starch. These results may contribute to the manufacture and development of fibre‐enriched starchy products.

Synthesis of furoic acid from biomass via tandem pretreatment and biocatalysis

Upgradation of bio-based product furfural into important intermediates is of great interest. In this study, tin-based adamellite (Sn-adamellite) was firstly synthesized for converting bamboo shoot shell (BSS) into furfural. The optimum solid acid Sn-adamellite loading, pretreatment temperature and pretreatment time were 3.0 wt%, 170 °C and 30 min, respectively. SEM and FT-IR images and chemical components of untreated and pretreated BSS samples indicated that sequential alkalic soaking and solid acid pretreatment could be effectively used for removing xylan in biomass. Furthermore, recombinant E. coli BH harboring horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (HLADH) was constructed for the biotransformation of 30 mM furfural into furoic acid with 100% analytical yield at pH 7.5 and 35 °C. Finally, an effective hybrid strategy was successfully developed for converting BSS to furoic acid by tandem catalysis via Sn-adamellite pretreatment combined with recombinant E. coli whole cells harboring HLADH.

Bioconversion of bamboo shoot shell to methane assisted by microwave irradiation and fungus metabolism

Bamboo shoot shell (BSS), a major byproduct from bamboo shoot industries with a high amount of output annually, needs to be sustainably management due to its impact on environment and human health. Anaerobic digestion is an eco-friendly and sustainable option, but its efficiency is limited by recalcitrance of lignocellulose structure. A cascade pretreatment (CP) using microwave irradiation and fungus metabolism was developed in this work to reduce the recalcitrance of BSS and enhance its methane production. The results showed significant synergistic effects of microwave irradiation and fungus metabolism on anaerobic digestion of BBS. The methane yield by CP increased by 162.9% (reached to 223.4 mL/g VS) when compared to control group. This was higher than both the values of fungal pretreatment (101.0 mL/g VS, 18.9% increase), and microwave pretreatment (110.5 mL/g VS, 30.1% increase) alone. Further mechanisms of the synergistic effects were revealed. Microwave irradiation provided dissolved products and more accessible BBS for fungus action. In particular, the GC–MS analysis indicated the dissolved products induced fungal laccase activity effectively, and the highest activity in CP was 1.91-fold higher than that in fungal pretreatment alone. The fungus in cascade process further increased accessible surface area and reducing sugars (20.2–43.2%, which compared to fungal pretreatment alone), and reduced significantly the lignin content (42.2–49.1%) and crystallinity (4.5–8.1%) of BSS.

Fabrication of N-doped carbons from waste bamboo shoot shell with high removal efficiency of organic dyes from water

N-doped carbons were obtained from bamboo shoot shell via hydrothermal pretreatment under salt assistance followed by carbonization, using melamine as nitrogen source. The carbons with tubular morphology and surface areas in 406–489 m2/g range were used as adsorbents for the removal of methyl orange (MO) and rhodamine B (RhB). Adsorption isotherms and kinetic fitting showed much better accordance with Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order, showing balanced capacity (qe) of 50 mg/g for MO and 42 mg/g for RhB on the pristine carbons (BHC-800) at 25 °C. After N-doping treatment, carbons (BSC-M20) had qe of MO and RhB up to 140 and 100 mg/g, respectively, confirming a positive effect of N-doping on the enhancement of dyes removal. The findings indicated that hydrothermal treatment followed by carbonization was efficient to obtain N-doped carbons from biomass materials, and the present BSS-derived carbons were promising adsorbents for organic dyes removal from water.

Improved conversion of bamboo shoot shells to furfuryl alcohol and furfurylamine by a sequential catalysis with sulfonated graphite and biocatalysts.

Furfurylamine and furfuryl alcohol are known as important furfural-upgrading derivatives in the production of pharmaceuticals, fibers, additives, polymers, etc. In a one-pot manner, the catalysis of biomass into furan-based chemicals was established in a tandem reaction with sulfonated Sn–graphite catalysts and biocatalysts. Using a raw bamboo shoot shell (75.0 g L−1) as the feedstock, a high furfural yield of 41.1% (based on xylan) was obtained using the heterogeneous Sn–graphite catalyst (3.6 wt% dosage) in water (pH 1.0) for 30 min at 180 °C. Under the optimum bioreaction conditions, the biomass-derived furfural could be transformed into furfuryl alcohol (0.310 g furfuryl alcohol per g xylan in biomass) by a reductase biocatalyst or furfurylamine (0.305 g furfurylamine per g xylan in biomass) using an ω-transaminase biocatalyst. Such one-pot chemoenzymatic processes combined the merits of both heterogeneous catalysts and biocatalysts, and sustainable processes were successfully constructed for synthesizing key bio-based furans.

Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Furfuryl Alcohol from Biomass in Tandem Reaction System.

In this study, chemoenzymatic synthesis of furfuryl alcohol from biomass (e.g., corncob, bamboo shoot shell, and rice straw) was attempted by the tandem catalysis with Lewis acid (SnCl4 or solid acid SO42-/SnO2-bentonite) and biocatalyst in one-pot manner. Compared with SnCl4, solid acid SO42-/SnO2-bentonite had higher catalytic activity for converting biomass into furfural, which could be biologically converted into furfuryl alcohol with Escherichia coli CCZU-H15 whole-cell harboring reductase activity. Sequential catalysis of biomass into furfural with SO42-/SnO2-bentonite (3.0 wt%) at 170 °C for 0.5 h and bioreduction of furfural with whole cells at 30 °C for 4.5 h were used for the effective synthesis of furfuryl alcohol in one-pot media. Corncob, bamboo shoot shell, and rice straw (3.0 g, dry weight) could be converted into 65.7, 50.3, and 58.5 mM furfuryl alcohol with the yields of 0.26, 0.25, and 0.23 g furfuryl alcohol/(g xylan in biomass) in 40 mL reaction media. Finally, an efficient process of recycling and reusing of SO42-/SnO2-bentonite catalyst and immobilized whole-cell biocatalyst was developed for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of furfuryl alcohol from biomass in the one-pot reaction system.

The replacement of whole-plant corn with bamboo shoot shell on the fermentation quality, chemical composition, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of total mixed ration silage

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of replacing of whole-plant corn (WPC) with different proportions of bamboo shoot shell (BSS) on the fermentation quality, chemical composition, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of total mixed ration (TMR) silage. Four TMRs were produced on a fresh matter basis: (i) 45% WPC (control); (ii) 15% BSS + 30% WPC (BSS15); (iii) 25% BSS + 20% WPC (BSS25); and (iv) 35% BSS + 10% WPC (BSS35). After ensiling for 5, 7, 14, 30 and 90 days, silos were opened for silage quality and in vitro parameter analyses, and a subsequent aerobic stability test was performed on the 90-day silage for 14 days. The 90-day silages replaced with BSS15 and BSS25 were well fermented, as indicated by high lactic acid (LA) content, low pH value and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and butyric acid (BA) contents. When aerobic exposure occurred, in comparison to the control, the BSS-replaced silages were more stable with lower fermentation temperature as well as higher contents of LA, acetic acid (AA) and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC). No significant differences of BSS replacement were observed on in vitro gas production, digestibility, metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL). In conclusion, the replacement of WPC with BSS15 and BSS25 had no adverse effect on fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility while improving the aerobic stability of TMR silage. The BSS25 replacement level is recommended to ensure the maximum utilization of BSS.

Increasing S dopant and specific surface area of N/S-codoped porous carbon by in-situ polymerization of PEDOT into biomass precursor for high performance supercapacitor

Nitrogen/sulfur co-doped porous carbons (NSPCs) receive extensive attention in recent years, but the cost-efficient preparation of NSPCs remains a challenge. In this work, one-step carbonization of biowaste (bamboo shoot shells, BSS)/poly(3,4-ethyldioxythiophene) (PEDOT) composite is used to prepare NSPC. The introduction of PEDOT into biowaste precursor leads to the higher S content and the larger specific surface area of the obtained NSPC. In symmetric supercapacitors, the NSPC (specifically sample PC-600) gives a gravimetric capacitance of 302.5 F g−1 at current density of 0.5 A g−1 and excellent capacitance retention of 87% after 10,000 cycles at 5 A g−1 in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. The energy density reaches 30.60 Wh kg−1 at power density of 468.75 W kg−1 in 1 M 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (EMIMPF6) electrolyte and the supercapacitor powers fourteen yellow light emitting diodes (LEDs) for 30 s after charging for 2 s. We believe that the PC-600 is a promising electrode material for high performance supercapacitors.

Hydrothermal conversion of bamboo shoot shell to biochar: Preliminary studies of adsorption equilibrium and kinetics for rhodamine B removal

Hydrothermal carbonization is an efficient way in transforming biomass into hydrochar while most studies have been dedicated to bio-oil production with rare studies focusing on the use of hydrochar. Here, biochar was derived from hydrochar pyrolysis at various temperatures using agricultural waste of bamboo shoot shells as the raw materials, and the microstructure of biochar varied with temperature, and the removal performance for rhodamine B (RhB) at 0, 25, and 40 °C were studied in detail. The results indicated that BHC-800 obtained at pyrolysis temperature of 800 °C showed well-developed pores with surface area of 513 m2/g. Significantly, the maximum adsorption capacity of RhB on BHC-800 at 25 °C is up to 85.8 mg/g with isotherms fitted well to Freundlich model. Adsorption kinetics indicated that the adsorption equilibrium time for RhB on BHC-800 was of about 20 min with the data fitted better to the pseudo-second-order kinetics. This work indicated that biochar from the hydrochar pyrolysis holds promise as adsorbents to efficiently remove RhB dyes from water.