Bamboo Shoot Shell Research Articles

Extraction and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Bamboo Shoot Shell Under Optimized Ultrasonic-Assisted Conditions: a Potential Source of Nutraceutical Compounds

The extraction and characterization of bioactive compounds from bamboo shoot shell was performed under ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) along with UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS analysis. Under optimized UAE conditions (ethanol concentration (58%), liquid to solid ratio (24 mL/g), extraction temperature (59 °C), and sonication time (29 min)), total phenolic content (TPC) was recorded highest as 85.3 mg GAE/g DW, while DPPH and FRAP antioxidant activities were 77 μmol AAE/g DW and 33 μmol AAE/g DW, respectively. Using UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS analysis, fifteen phenolic acids, seven flavonoids, nineteen organic acids, two iridoid glucosides, and one neoglinan were identified. Among them, p-coumaric acid (119 μg/g DW), chlorogenic acid (87 μg/g DW), rutin (39 μg/g DW), and ferulic acid (17 μg/g DW) were found to be the most abundant phenolic compounds. Furthermore, compounds including phenolic acids (3-p-coumaroylquinic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, 3-O-feruloylquinic acid, 5-O-feruloylquinic acid, 3-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, 5-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 1,3-dicaffeoyl quinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid), flavonoids (schaftoside/c-hexosyl-c-pentosylapigenin, apigenin 6,8-di-C-α-l-arabinopyranoside, kaempferide 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1->6)-β-d-glucopyranoside, 6-C-β-d-glucopyranosyl-8-C-α-l-arabinopyranosylchrysin, narcissin), some organic acids, iridoid glucosides, and neolignan were also detected for the first time from bamboo shoot shell extract. The present study revealed that bamboo shoot shell extract contains a larger number of nutraceutically active compounds which can be further utilized by food and nutraceutical industries.

Total Alkaloids from Bamboo Shoots and Bamboo Shoot Shells of Pleioblastus amarus (Keng) Keng f. and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activities.

The bamboo shoot of Pleioblastus amarus (Keng) Keng f. is a medicinal and edible plant product in China. In this study, the chemical composition of the total alkaloids from bamboo shoots and bamboo shoot shells of P. amarus (Keng) Keng f. (ABSP and ABSSP, respectively) were separated and investigated by UHPLC/QTOF-MS/MS. The results showed that a total of 32 alkaloids were extracted, with 15 common to both ABSP and ABSSP and 10 and 7 alkaloids distinct to ABSP and ABSSP, respectively. ABSP and ABSSP both decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 μg/mL)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 murine macrophages with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 78 and 55 μg/mL, respectively. We also found that ABSP and ABSSP (100 μg/mL) could decrease the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at both mRNA and protein levels in LPS-exposed RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, 100 μg/mL of ABSP and ABSSP also significantly inhibited LPS-induced mRNA expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Additionally, ABSP and ABSSP (100 μg/mL) decreased the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Collectively, the total alkaloids from the bamboo shoots and shells of P. amarus exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells through the inhibition of ERK signaling. This result can provide support for the medicinal use and further study of P. amarus.

Removal of hexavalent chromium, an analogue of pertechnetate, from aqueous solution using bamboo (Acidosasa edulis) shoot shell

In this study, the removal of hexavalent chromium, a nonradioactive analogue of pertechnetate, from aqueous solution by bamboo shoot shell (BSS) biosorbent was investigated. Characterization of the sorbent was performed by element analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of diverse parameters including solution pH, adsorbent concentration and adsorption time on the adsorption process were discussed in detail. The adsorption of Cr(VI) by the BSS obeyed Elovich kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity based on Langmuir model for BSS was 28.72 mg/g, which was higher than that of other biosorbents previously reported in the literature. The thermodynamic analysis suggested that Cr(VI) adsorption was a spontaneous endothermic process. On the basis of these results, an adsorption-reduction interaction on the heterogeneous surface of biosorbent would be the predominant mechanism. The findings herein revealed that the BSS had great potential as a suitable and sustainable biosorbent material for the removal of pertechnetate.

Interface compatibility and mechanisms of improved mechanical performance of starch/poly(lactic acid) blend reinforced by bamboo shoot shell fibers

ABSTRACTBamboo shoot shell fibers (BSSFs)/starch/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) ternary composites were prepared by blending BSSFs to starch/PLA matrices for the purpose of expanding BSSFs applications to enhance starch/PLA composites and creating a new low‐cost biodegradable composite. The effects of BSSFs content (0–40 wt %) on the physical–mechanical properties were tested and interface compatibility and its mechanism to mechanical performance of BSSFs/starch/PLA composites were characterized by SEM‐EDS, TG. The results showed that the mechanical strength, surface wettability, and water absorption of the composites continued improving when the BSSFs content increased from 0% to 20 wt %. However, mechanical modulus increased with increase in BSSFs content. The results of fracture microstructure and thermal property exhibited a good interfacial compatibility at low content of BSSFs and an interface debonding at high content of BSSFs. These investigations indicated that the BSSFs reinforcement to the composite is not consistent with interface compatibility of the ternary composites. The composites should be considered as a kind of green and low‐cost biodegradable materials to replace traditional single‐phase or multiphase materials. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47899.

Hypoglycemic effect of dietary fibers from bamboo shoot shell: An in vitro and in vivo study

Bamboo shoot shell (BSS) was enzymatically decomposed to yield insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and total dietary fiber (TDF), which were investigated for their hypoglycemic properties using in vitro and in vivo methods. The results indicated that SDF exhibited significantly higher glucose adsorbing capacity than those of IDF and TDF. Moreover, SDF showed similar inhibition potential against α-amylase with acarbose. TDF displayed the greater capacities of delaying glucose diffusion and inhibition of α-glucosidase than those of SDF. In the diabetic mice, after 4-week administration of BSS fibers or metformin, the blood glucose levels were significantly reduced and the oral glucose tolerance was improved. TDF and IDF hardly influenced the blood insulin level, while SDF could significantly increase blood insulin level. The results showed that BSS fibers could be a potentially available dietary ingredient in functional food.

Sequential pretreatment of bamboo shoot shell and biosynthesis of ethyl (R)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate in aqueous-butyl acetate media

Abstract Organic solvent of low log P value could be used to remove hemicellulose and lignin in bamboo shoot shell (BSS). Combination pretreatment with biocompatible butyl acetate (Log P = 1.7, 10 v%) and dilute sodium acetate (NaAc, 2 wt%) was chosen to pretreat BSS by autoclaving (110 °C, 40 min, pretreatment severity factor Log R0 = 3.2) for enhancing enzymatic in situ saccharification of BSS. In the BSS-hydrolysates, soluble sugars (500 mM glucose, 419.3 mM xylose, 29.9 mM cellobiose and 129.4 mM arabinose) significantly increased the intracellular NADH content and the biocatalytic activity of recombinant E. coli CCZU-H15 whole-cells when 500 mM ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (COBE) were biologically converted. Ethyl (R)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate [(R)-CHBE] was obtained at 98.5% yield without extra addition of cofactor. In summary, this strategy involving combination pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis without washing/detoxification, and bioreduction of COBE has high potential application for the effective biosynthesis of (R)-CHBE.

High-performance hierarchical N-doped porous carbons from hydrothermally carbonized bamboo shoot shells for symmetric supercapacitors

Abstract Biomass-derived porous carbons have become the most competitive electrode materials for supercapacitor due to their renewability and sustainability. Here we report a facile method to synthesize N-doped hierarchical carbons from hydrothermal carbonization followed by a mild KOH activation, using agricultural biowastes of bamboo shoot shells as raw materials and melamine as nitrogen source. The pore structure and surface-doping chemistry of carbons can be easily adjusted by changing activation temperature, showing surface areas of ∼3300 m2/g with main mesopores centering at ∼2.8 nm. The carbons used as electrodes for supercapacitor showed excellent capacitive performance with capacitance of 209 F/g in 6 M KOH electrolytes at 0.5 A/g, and remained to be 188 F/g even at high current density of 10 A/g. In addition, the as-assembled supercapacitor also exhibited superior cycling stability with capacity retention of 95% at 10 A/g even after 10,000 cycles. The effective carbon conversion from the discarded biowastes exhibits great potential in resources recycles for energy storage supercapacitors.

Pretreatment of bamboo shoot shell with surfactant OP-10 in the acidified media for enhancing the biosynthesis of ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate

An effective combination pretreatment of bamboo shoot shell (BSS) using Emulsifier OP-10 (0.5%, w/v) in the acidified media (pH 4.0) by autoclaving (120 °C, 40 min) was conducted. After BSS slurry without detoxification was enzymatically hydrolyzed for 96 h, glucose (25.2 g/L) and xylose (7.5 g/L) were obtained from 50 g/L BSS at high yields. HPLC results showed that no potential inhibitors (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) formed. In the hydrolysates, an effective biocatalytic synthesis of ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate (100% yield; >99% e.e.) from 1000 mM ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate was developed without the extra addition of cofactors within 24 h. In summary, this combination strategy involving biomass pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and bioreduction can be developed for producing chiral alcohols.

Modification of insoluble dietary fibers from bamboo shoot shell: Structural characterization and functional properties

To improve its functional properties, insoluble fiber of bamboo shoot shell (BIDF) was modified by enzymatic hydrolysis and dynamic high pressure micro-fluidization (DHPM). The results showed that, after enzymatic hydrolysis and DHPM treatment, the significantly decreased particle sizes and the marked microstructural changes of BIDF powders were noticed, especially for a honey-comb appearance and large cavities were clearly visible on the surface of DHPM-modified fiber. Crystallinity and thermal stability of modified fibers increased, due to the fact that part of lignin and hemicellulose were removed during the treatments, which was further confirmed by the FT-IR spectra. Compared with unmodified and enzymatic hydrolyzed fibers, DHPM-modified fiber had not only higher water holding capacity, but also more promising binding capacities for oil, nitrite ion, glucose and cholesterol, which might dependent on its decreased particle size and porous structure. The present study suggested that DHPM modification could effectively improve functional properties of BIDF, which promotes its use in food applications.

Structure characterization and hypoglycemic activity of an arabinogalactan from Phyllostachys heterocycla bamboo shoot shell

An arabinogalactan (PBSS2) was fractionated from the bamboo shoot shell of Phyllostachys heterocycla. Structural analysis indicated that PBSS2 was mainly composed of galactose, arabinose, xylose and galacturonic acid in a ratio of 7.8:6.3:1.4:1.0. It was a 1,3- linked β-d-galactan having 61.1% degree of branching at the O-6 positions. The three branches consisting of 1,4-linked β-d-Xylp terminated with β-d-Galp, 1,5-linked α-L-Araf inserted with 1,4-α-6-O-Me-d-GalpA and 1,3,5-linked α-L-Araf terminated by α-L-Araf. Furthermore, its chain conformation on the values of weight-average molecular weight (Mw), the radius of gyration (Rg) and intrinsic viscosity ([η]) were found as following: 7.36 × 104 g/mol, 12.8 nm and 17.7 mL/g, which was evidenced by AFM. The structure exponent of α (0.38) and df (2.17) revealed it existed as a sphere-like chain in NaNO3 aqueous solution. In vitro Caco-2 cells assay showed that PBSS2 presented positive effect on the inhibition of glucose absorption in time-dependent manner at relatively high concentration.

Low concentration Re(VII) recovery from acidic solution by Cu-biochar composite prepared from bamboo (Acidosasa longiligula) shoot shell

In this work, new Cu-coated biochar composites for the adsorption of Re(VII) through complexation mechanism was synthesized successfully. The sensitivity of Cu-coated biochars to solution pH decreased greatly and the adsorption capacity was increased by 3–12 times compared with pristine biochar at pH 3–6. The environmental effect factors and mechanisms of Re(VII) adsorption onto Cu-coated biochar composites (Cu-BC) were investigated. The Re(VII) adsorption nicely fits the Redlich-Peterson isotherm model, and the recovery of Re(VII) from acidic solution by Cu-coated biochar composites follows pseudo-second-order kinetics. Besides, the thermodynamic parameters depicted the spontaneous endothermic nature for the adsorption of low concentration Re(VII). These results demonstrate that easily synthetic Cu-coated biochar composites have promising potential for the recovery of low concentration Re(VII) in acidic solution.

Enhanced bioreduction synthesis of ethyl (R)-4-chloro-3-hydroybutanoate by alkalic salt pretreatment

In this study, biomass-hydrolysate was used for enhancing the bioreduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (COBE). Firstly, dilute alkalic salt pretreatment was attempted to pretreat bamboo shoot shell (BSS). It was found that enzymatic in situ hydrolysis of 20–50 g/L BSS pretreated with dilute alkalic salts (0.4% Na2CO3, 0.032% Na2S) at 7.5% sulfidity by autoclaving at 110 °C for 40 min gave sugar yields at 59.9%–73.5%. Moreover, linear relationships were corrected on solid recovery-total delignification-sugar yield. In BSS-hydrolysates, xylose and glucose could promote the reductase activity of recombinant E. coli CCZU-A13. Compared with glucose, hydrolysate could increase the reductase activity by 1.35-folds. Furthermore, the cyclohexane-hydrolysate (10:90, v/v) biphasic media containing ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA, 40 mM) and l-glutamine (150 mM) was built for the effective biosynthesis of ethyl (R)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate [(R)-CHBE] (94.6% yield) from 500 mM COBE. In conclusion, this strategy has high potential for the effective biosynthesis of (R)-CHBE (>99% e.e.).

Bamboo (Acidosasa longiligula) shoot shell biochar: its potential application to isolation of uranium(VI) from aqueous solution

The adsorption of uranium(VI) onto bamboo (Acidosasa longiligula) shoot shell biochar (ASBC) was investigated in batch experiments and the adsorbent was characterized by two-dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy. The adsorption equilibrium data followed the Langmuir isotherm with maximum adsorption capacity of 32.3 mg g−1 at 298 K. The biochar exhibited a high selectivity for uranium(VI) against Na+ ions. Desorption rate of higher than 90% was obtained over three adsorption–desorption cycles. The adsorption mechanisms of uranium(VI) by ASBC involved surface complexation and cation–π interaction. Results suggested that ASBC was a low-cost and potential adsorbent for uranium(VI) isolation from aqueous solution.

Dilute acid catalyzed fractionation and sugar production from bamboo shoot shell in γ-valerolactone/water medium.

Overcoming the recalcitrance barrier of cellulosic biomass for efficient production of fermentable sugars at low cost is the current limitation for the industrialization of lignocellulosic biorefineries. In the present work, a two-step non-enzymatic strategy was developed for the fractionation of the main components in bamboo shoot shell (BSS) and conversion of polysaccharides into fermentable sugars by dilute acid in a γ-valerolactone (GVL)/H2O solvent system. About 86.0% of lignin and 87.4% of hemicelluloses were removed in the first step by 0.6% H2SO4 under 140 °C for 1 h with the addition of 60% GVL. The residue solids enriched with cellulose were then subjected to acid hydrolysis employing 0.05% H2SO4 as the catalyst in 80% GVL at 180 °C for 20 min. The maximum total soluble sugar yield achieved in the acid hydrolysate was 70.7%. This research could provide valuable insights into the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass and become a promising alternative to the biomass-derived carbohydrate production scheme.

Enhancing the enzymatic saccharification of bamboo shoot shell by sequential biological pretreatment with Galactomyces sp. CCZU11-1 and deep eutectic solvent extraction.

In this study, sequential biological pretreatment (BP) with Galactomyces sp. CCZU11-1 at 30°C for 3days and deep eutectic solvent (DES) choline chloride: oxalic acid (ChCl:OA, 1mol/2mol) extraction at 120°C for 1.5h was used for pretreating BSS. It was found that combination pretreatment could effectively remove xylan and lignin for enhancing enzymatic saccharification. The reducing sugars and glucose from the hydrolysis of 100g/L pretreated BSS with complexed cellulases of Galactomyces sp. CCZU11-1 were obtained in the yields of 81.0% and 74.1%, respectively. The BSS-hydrolyzates had no inhibitory effects on the lipid-accumulating microorganism Bacillus sp. CCZU11-1, and the cell mass and TAG accumulation were 4.8g CDW/L and 2.2g TAG/L, respectively. Fatty acids including palmitic acid (C16:0; 25.3%), palmitoleic acid (C16:1; 24.4%), stearic acid (C18:0; 15.1%), and oleic acid (C18:1; 21.6%) were accumulated in cells. Clearly, this combination pretreatment has high potential application in future.

Effective enzymatic in situ saccharification of bamboo shoot shell pretreated by dilute alkalic salts sodium hypochlorite/sodium sulfide pretreatment under the autoclave system

In this study, dilute alkali salts (0.6% NaClO, 0.067% Na2S) pretreatment at 10% sulfidity under the autoclave system at 120°C for 40min was used for pretreating bamboo shoot shell (BSS). Furthermore, FT-IR, XRD and SEM were employed to characterize the changes in the cellulose structural characteristics (porosity, morphology, and crystallinity) of the pretreated BSS solid residue. After 72h, the reducing sugars and glucose from the enzymatic in situ hydrolysis of 50g/L pretreated BSS in dilute NaClO/Na2S media could be obtained at 31.11 and 20.32g/L, respectively. Finally, the obtained BSS-hydrolysates containing alkalic salt NaClO/Na2S resulted in slightly negative effects on the ethanol production. Glucose in BSS-hydrolysates was fermented from 20.0 to 0.17g/L within 48h, and an ethanol yield of 0.41g/g glucose, which represents 80.1% of the theoretical yield, was obtained. This study provided an effective strategy for potential utilization of BSS.

Hydration properties and binding capacities of dietary fibers from bamboo shoot shell and its hypolipidemic effects in mice

In the bamboo shoot processing industries, bamboo shoot shells are discarded without any utilization. As a cheap potential dietary fibers resource, bamboo shoot (Leleba oldhami Nakal) shell was decomposed to dietary fibers by multiple enzymes. The extraction yields of insoluble dietary fiber and soluble dietary fiber were 56.21% and 8.67%, respectively. The resulting fibers showed significant swelling capacity, water holding capacity and exhibit in vitro binding capacities to fat, cholesterol, bile acids and nitrites. The administration of bamboo shoot shell fibers improved the lipid metabolism disorderly situation of hyperlipidemia mice. Compared with normal group, total dietary fiber supplement could exhibit the lowest body weight gain (2.84%) in mice, and decrease total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol by 31.53%, 21.35% and 31.53%, respectively; while it can increase high density lipoprotein-cholesterol by 37.6%. The bamboo shoot shell fibers could be a potentially available dietary ingredient in functional food industries.

Lignin from bamboo shoot shells as an activator and novel immobilizing support for α-amylase.

This study examined the feasibility of α-amylase activation and immobilization, using lignin from bamboo shoot shells (BSS). Our results demonstrated that BSS lignin is an excellent α-amylase activator and it elevated α-amylase activity more than two-fold at a concentration of 5mg/ml. For immobilization of α-amylase via adsorption, BSS lignin was incubated in an α-amylase solution (5mg/ml) for 20min, and the maximum specific activity, amount of loaded protein and activity recovery were 92.4U/mg, 19.0mg/g and 111%, respectively. In contrast to its free counterpart, immobilized α-amylase improved the catalytic efficiency and storage stability, under comparable working conditions (temperature and pH). Regarding its convenient usage, immobilized enzyme can be suspended in advance, but a suspension incubated at 60°C should be used within 30min. The residual activity after 14 re-uses remained at a reasonable level (53.2%). In conclusion, this study reveals a novel support for enzyme immobilization.

Sequential Aqueous Ammonia Extraction and LiCl/N,N-Dimethyl Formamide Pretreatment for Enhancing Enzymatic Saccharification of Winter Bamboo Shoot Shell.

Effective utilization of winter bamboo shoot shell (BSS) is of great interest, since BSS provides a renewable and inexpensive bioresource for the production of biofuels. In this study, an effective combination pretreatment by the sequential aqueous ammonia (25wt%) extraction at 50°C for 24h and LiCl/N,N-dimethyl formamide (LiCl/DMF) (6wt% of LiCl) pretreatment at 50°C for 8h was used for pretreating BSS. SEM, FTIR, and XRD results indicated that combination pretreatment could effectively remove lignin and change the crystal structure of cellulose for promoting enzymatic saccharification. Additionally, significant linear correlations were found about solid recovery-delignification (R 2=0.9235), delignification-reducing sugars (R 2=0.9552), and delignification-hemicellulose removal (R 2=0.9779) during the combination pretreatment. The reducing sugars and glucose from the hydrolysis of 100g/L pretreated BSS could be obtained at 72.3 and 40.5g/L, respectively. Using the recovered BSS-hydrolysates containing 20-50g/L glucose as carbon source, the ethanol yields at 48h could be obtained at 84.5-86.1% of the theoretical yield. In conclusion, the sequential ammonia extraction and LiCl/DMF pretreatment has high potential application in future.

A possible water-soluble inducer for synthesis of cellulase in Aspergillus niger

The synthesis of cellulase in filamentous fungi can be triggered by several inducers. In this study, a bamboo-shoot shell pretreated with Pleurotus ostreatus could promote the formation of cellulases in Aspergillus niger. Further identification, including UPLC-TOF-MS, ultrafiltration, and FT-IR, denoted that the soluble inducer was not a traditional disaccharide but a type of modified lignin polymer. This revelation may result in incipient strategies to ameliorate cellulase productivity.