Bamboo Shoot Shell Research Articles

Enhancement effect of potassium ferrate on self-activation: Significant improvement in pore structure and adsorption performance of activated carbon

This work developed a method using bamboo shoot shells as raw material to produce Fe-modified ACs combining self-activation and chemical modification. Adding small amounts (0.5–5 %) of K2FeO4 accelerated the pyrolysis process and CO2 release, and reduced the activation energy and temperature of self-activation reaction. This increased the reaction rate and activation efficiency, ultimately significantly improving the pore structure of ACs. The addition of 3 % K2FeO4 resulted in a substantial increase in specific surface area and pore volume of AC, from 1340 m2/g and 0.72 cm3/g to 2184 m2/g and 1.34 cm3/g, respectively. Additionally, the introduction of K2FeO4 also enabled iron doping on the surface of the ACs. The improvement of pore structure and iron doping further enhanced the adsorption performance of ACs. The adsorption capacities of ACs for arsenate, ibuprofen, and tetracycline were up to 1.64, 1.50, and 2.38 times higher, respectively, than those of ACs prepared through conventional self-activation.

Multifunctional composite film of curcumin Pickering emulsion stabilized by lignocellulose nanofibrils isolated from bamboo shoot shells for monitoring shrimp freshness

Concerns about food safety and environmental impact from chemical surfactants have prompted interest in natural lignocellulosic materials as alternatives. In this study, we combined hydrated deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment with ultrasound treatment to prepare lignocellulosic nanofibrils (LCNF) from bamboo shoot shells with appropriate surface properties for stabilizing Pickering emulsions. The pretreatment intensity effectively modulated the surface characteristics of LCNF, achieving desirable wettability through lignin retention and in-situ esterification. The resulting LCNF/curcumin Pickering emulsion (CPE) demonstrated curcumin protection and pH-responsive color changes, while the ensuing CPE/PVA composite film exhibited ultraviolet shielding, mechanical strength, oxygen barrier, and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, the CPE/PVA film showed promise as a real-time indicator for monitoring shrimp freshness, maintaining sensitivity to spoilage even after six months of storage. These findings advance the advancement of green LCNF technologies, providing eco-friendly solutions for valorizing bamboo shoot shells and enhancing the application of LCNF in Pickering emulsions.

Innovative green preparation of activated carbon by combining microwave pyrolysis and self-activation: Pyrolysis behavior, carbon characteristics and arsenic adsorption properties

Self-activation technology offers an eco-friendly strategy to produce activated carbons. This research attempted to enhance the production efficiency of self-activation by introducing microwave heating. Activated carbons were prepared as arsenic adsorbents from bamboo shoot shells (BSS) by combining microwave pyrolysis and self-activation. Microwave pyrolysis showed a faster thermal decomposition rate and lower pyrolysis temperature range than conventional pyrolysis, and H2O and CO2 from pyrolysis acted as activator. Besides, the prediction models of specific surface area (SSA), micropore volume (MPV) and As(V) adsorption capacity (qe) with high accuracy were established using response surface methodology. Based on the qe values, the optimum preparation condition was 1018 °C for 39 min under a microwave power of 1625 W. The activated carbon exhibited satisfactory As(V) adsorption capacity of 4.79 mg/g, with a total pore volume of 0.702 cm3/g and a SSA of 1330 m2/g. This work significantly improved self-activation technology's production efficiency and reduced the arsenic adsorbent's production cost. Furthermore, it also provided a promising strategy for green preparation of activated carbons from biomass resources.

Greenhouse gas emissions and carbon and water footprints during processing of Lei bamboo shoots

Lei bamboo shoots are extensively used in the food processing industry, producing solid waste such as bamboo shoot shells and liquid wastewater. This study analyzed several sewage indicators, revealing that the majority exceed the national standards of China for direct water discharge. A field experiment was conducted over a period of 4 months to evaluate the effects of different treatments during the natural decomposition of bamboo shoot shells.The treatment groups consisted of the boiled experimental group (EG) and the control group (CG). Results showed that in EG, the methane emission increased by 8.6% (P < 0.05), the carbon dioxide emission increased significantly by 19.7% (P < 0.01), and the nitrous oxide emission decreased by 37.9% (P < 0.01) relative to those in CG. Regression analysis was employed to establish a relationship model between CH4, CO2, and N2O emission fluxes and temperature and humidity in the EG and CG groups. A specific functional relationship was identified between CH4 and CO2 emission fluxes and temperature and humidity, but N2O emission was present. No significant correlation was found between flux and ambient temperature and humidity (R2 < 0.3). We also estimated that the carbon dioxide emissions and water consumption of producing 1 kg of canned bamboo shoots were 2.8669 kg and 86.8 L, covering the processes in the life cycle of bamboo shoot products. This study identifies the potential water pollution problems and provides insights into resource utilization and recycling in bamboo shoot food processing, facilitating the realization of clean production processes. It also sheds light on the water footprint of bamboo shoot products throughout their life cycle, and the carbon footprint research provides valuable references.

Effects of pretreatment on the microcharacterization and fermentation of bamboo shoot shells

This study focuses on the pretreatment and characterization of natural fibers from the bamboo shoot shell (BSS) of Phyllostachys heterocycla to determine their suitability as biorefining materials. The discarded bamboo shoot shell was used as a source of fibers, which were analyzed for their physical, chemical, and microstructure properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectra, and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that a mixture of sodium hydroxide immersion plus high-pressure steam treatment allowed the cellulose structure to be disrupted, providing more adsorption sites for cellulases. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) also showed that the pretreatment exposed the internal structure of the fibers and that high-mass silicon compounds were present in the eluted solution. After adding the cellulase produced by Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger, the reducing sugar yield was increased by 268% and 251%, compared to unpretreated BSS fibers. This strategy may apply to many industries, especially biorefining and lignocellulose biotransformation technology.

Utilizing bamboo shoot shells to develop hierarchical porous carbon materials for high–performance supercapacitor applications

Hierarchical porous carbon materials were synthesized from bamboo shoot shells via KOH activation. The physicochemical properties of bamboo shoot shell–based hierarchical porous carbon (BBCK) were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X–ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X–ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption–desorption analyses. Results confirmed that the ratio of KOH to BBCK significantly affected the pore structure, O content and electrochemical properties of BBCK. The obtained BBCK exhibited a specific surface area of 1394 m2 g–1 and a pore volume of 0.58 cm3 g–1. The O content of BBCK was 25.09%. The formation mechanism of BBCK, which had a hierarchical porous structure via KOH activation, was illustrated systematically. The specific capacitance was 320.05 F g–1 at 0.5 A g–1 in the 6 M KOH electrolyte, and multiplicity performance was 75.22% at 10 A g–1. The assembled symmetric supercapacitors demonstrate the power density was 250 W kg–1, and the energy density was 7.36 Wh kg–1. After 7000 cycles, the capacitance retention rate at 100%.

Characterization and safety assessment of bamboo shoot shell cellulose nanofiber: Prepared by acidolysis combined with dynamic high-pressure microfluidization

The preparation of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) using traditional methods is currently facing challenges due to concerns regarding environmental pollution and safety. Herein, a novel CNF was obtained from bamboo shoot shell (BSS) by low-concentration acid and dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) treatment. The resulting CNF was then characterized, followed by in vitro and in vivo safety assessments. Compared to insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), the diameters of HIDF (IDF after low-concentration acid hydrolysis) and CNF were significantly decreased to 167.13 nm and 70.97 nm, respectively. Meanwhile, HIDF and CNF showed a higher crystallinity index (71.32 % and 74.35 %). Structural analysis results indicated the successful removal of lignin and hemicellulose of HIDF and CNF, with CNF demonstrating improved thermostability. In vitro, a high dose of CNF (1500 μg/mL) did not show any signs of cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells. In vivo, no death was observed in the experimental mice, and there was no significant difference between CNF (1000 mg/kg·bw) and control group in hematological index and histopathological analysis. Overall, this study presents an environmentally friendly method for preparing CNF from BSS while providing evidence regarding its safety through in vitro and in vivo assessments, laying the foundation for its potential application in food.

Effect of Deashing Treatment on Ash Fusion Characteristics of Biochar from Bamboo Shoot Shells.

To investigate the influence of deashing on fusion characteristics, a combined method of water and acid washing with different sequences (water washing followed by acid washing, and acid washing followed by water washing) was used to treat the biochar of bamboo shoot shells (BBSSs). The results show that deashing decreased the K content of the biochar from 50.3% to 1.08% but increased the Si content from 33.48% to 89.15%. The formation of silicates and aluminosilicates from alkali metal oxides with silicon was an inevitable result of ash phase transformation at the high temperatures used to improve the fusion temperature (>1450 °C). The thermochemical behavior of ash mainly occurs at 1000 °C. The deashing treatment significantly reduced the reaction intensity during the high-temperature process. This significantly increased the thermal stability of the ash. The adjustment of the washing sequence had a slight impact on the chemical compositions, but the differences in ash micromorphology were obvious. Deashing treatments with different washing sequences can significantly improve ash fusion properties effectively and reduce the risk of scaling, slagging, and corrosion. This study provides a new and reasonable strategy for the deashing of biochar to commercially utilize bamboo shoot shell resources.

Promoting the disassemble and enzymatic saccharification of bamboo shoot shells via efficient hydrated alkaline deep eutectic solvent pretreatment

Pretreatment is a key process restricting the development of biorefinery. This work developed a pretreatment process based on an ethanolamine/acetamide alkaline deep eutectic solvent (ADES). Under microwave assistance, pure ADES pretreatment at 100 °C for 10 min achieved 95.9 % delignification and 95.2 % hemicellulose removal of bamboo shoot shells (BSS). Further, when 75 % water was added to pure DES to prepare hydrated DES (75 %-HADES), impressive delignification (93.2 %), hemicellulose removal (92.2 %) and cellulose recovery (94.8 %) were still achieved. The cellulose digestibility of the 75 %-HADES pretreated solid residue was significantly increased from 12.2 % (the control) to 91.2 %. Meanwhile, the structural features of hemicellulose and lignin macromolecules fractionated by 75 %-HADES pretreatment were well preserved, offering opportunities for downstream utilization. Overall, this work proposes an effective pretreatment strategy with the potential to enable the utilization of all major components of bamboo shoot shells.

Enhancing Performance of Arsenic Adsorption through Ce‐Modified Activated Carbon Derived from Bamboo Shoot Shells

AbstractArsenic is a major pollutant in aquatic environments. Due to its high toxicity and poor biodegradability, arsenic has emerged as a significant challenge in the realm of water pollution management. In this study, bamboo shoot shells activated carbon modified with cerium nitrate hexahydrate (Ce‐BAC) is prepared, and its adsorption properties for As (V) and As (III) are investigated. The results indicate that the adsorption capacity of bamboo shoot shells activated carbon (BAC) for As (V) and As (III) is measured to be 3.718 mg/g and 3.527 mg/g, respectively, under the conditions of an activation temperature of 900 °C, activation time of 75 minutes, and pH=7. After modifying it with cerium nitrate hexahydrate, the greatest adsorption capacity of Ce‐BAC for As (V) increases to 16.5 mg/g, and for As (III) to 21.47 mg/g. Moreover, the adsorption process of As (V) and As (III) by BAC and Ce‐BAC in this study exhibits conformity to pseudo‐second order kinetics. These findings indicate that the adsorption performance of As (V) and As (III) by Ce‐BAC has been greatly improved. Therefore, Ce‐BAC exhibits a vast potential in adsorbing both As (V) and As (III), showcasing promising prospects.

Cascade fractionation of bamboo shoot shells into high-yield xylose, easily digestible cellulose and high-quality lignin nanoparticles by tailored catalytic hydrothermal–hydrated alkaline deep eutectic solvents pretreatment

The high complexity and compactness of inherent structure in lignocellulosic materials (LCM) leads to the difficulty of fractionation and conversion of its major component, which is the key obstacle limiting the value-added utilization of LCM. In this work, a cascade fractionation strategy, coupling catalytic hydrothermal pretreatment (CHTP, choline chloride: ethylene glycol: AlCl3, ChCl/ EG/ AlCl3) with hydrated alkaline deep eutectic solvent (HADES, triethylbenzyl ammonium chloride/ethanolamine, TEBAC/EM) treatment, was proposed to fractionate dendrocalamus latiftorus munro shoot shells (DLMSS). The results showed that considerably high hemicelluloses removal (94.57 %) and xylose yield (90.73 %) were achieved by the first step (CHTP, 160 °C, 1 h, 2 % of catalyst loading). The cascaded HADES treatment realized 90.25 % delignification ratio under the optimal conditions (120 °C, 3 h, 75 % of ADES loading), and the obtained residue could be easily converted into high-yield (93.35 %) of glucose via enzymatic saccharification. In addition, multiple enrichment cycle strategy (MECS) was performed to facilitate the recyclability of the HADES. The results showed that the enriched lignin recovered by MECS was activated by in-situ demethoxylation reaction. And such lignin fraction could be easily assembled into homogeneous lignin nanoparticles (LNPs, ∼31.51 nm in diameter) by simple sonication. Meanwhile, the MECS signally energized the antioxidant activity of the enriched lignin. Based on the high-efficiency cascade fractionation with the coupled CHTP-HADES fractionation strategy, it will observably boost the effectiveness and scalability of the advanced biorefinery strategy.

Multifunctional self-assembled adsorption microspheres based on waste bamboo shoot shells for multi-pollutant water purification

In this study, multilayer self-assembled multifunctional bamboo shoot shell biochar microspheres (BSSBM) were prepared, in which bamboo shoot shell biochar was used as the carrier, titanium dioxide as the intermediate medium, and chitosan as the adhesion layer. The adsorption behavior of BSSBM on heavy metals Ag(I) and Pd(II), antibiotics, and dye wastewater was systematically analyzed. BSSBM shows a wide range of adsorption capacity. BSSBM is a promising candidate for the purification of real polluted water, not only for metal ions, but also for Tetracycline (TC) and Methylene Blue (MB). The maximum adsorption amounts of BSSBM on Pd(II), Ag(I), TC and MB were 417.3 mg/g, 222.5 mg/g, 97.2 mg/g and 42.9 mg/g, respectively.The adsorption of BSSBM on Pd(II), MB and TC conformed to the quasi-first kinetic model, and the adsorption on Ag(I) conformed to the quasi-second kinetic model. BSSBM showed remarkable selective adsorption capacity for Ag(I) and Pd(II) in a multi-ion coexistence system. BSSBM not only realized the high value-added utilization of waste, but also had the advantages of low cost, renewable and selective adsorption. BSSBM demonstrated its potential as a new generation of multifunctional adsorbent, contributing to the recovery of rare/precious metals and the treatment of multi-polluted water.

Efficient and selective separation of Re(VII), an analogue of Tc(VII), by a defective biochar with honeycomb‐like porous structure

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn this study, a defective biochar with honeycomb‐like porous structure (BC‐PH) was successfully prepared by the activation of pristine biochar derived from bamboo shoot shell with the chemical reagent KOH, and was applied to selectively separate ReO4− (a chemical analogue for radioactive TcO4−) from acidic solutions.RESULTSThe diffusion, mass transfer and recovery for ReO4− could be significantly improved by the large specific surface area (SBET, 2412 m2 g−1) and high total volume (Vtot, 1.26 cm3 g−1) of BC‐PH. The influence of adsorbent dosage, system pH and coexisting ions with different valence states on the adsorption capability and selectivity of BC‐PH toward ReO4− was systematically investigated. BC‐PH exhibited high adsorption capacity and selectivity for ReO4− with a maximal sorption capacity (qm) of 73.11 mg g−1 at initial pH 2. By applying an analysis of kinetics and isotherm adsorption studies, the liquid film diffusion was verified to be the primary rate‐controlling step for the sorption of ReO4− and the multilayer adsorption process occurred on the heterogeneous surface of BC‐PH. Besides, the recovery of ReO4− using BC‐PH occurred in an exothermic and spontaneous manner according to thermodynamic analysis. Furthermore, an investigation of the adsorption mechanism suggested that pore filling and electron donor–acceptor interaction were mainly related to the removal of ReO4−.CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that BC‐PH has great potential for the application of TcO4− separation in consideration of its high adsorption capacity and selectivity. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Recovery of rhenium, a strategic metal, from copper smelting effluent

Rhenium is a key metal in high technology. It is important how to effectively and selectively recover perrhenate from copper smelting acidic effluent. A CH3COOK activated hierarchical biochar from bamboo shoot shell was prepared to efficiently and selectively adsorb perrhenate in the acidic solution. Some adsorption experiment factors such as initial pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature have been comprehensively tested. The maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent for perrhenate reached up to 84.63 mg/g. Spontaneous physical adsorption was possible adsorption mechanism according to thermodynamic analysis. The intensified hydrophobic surface and graphitic defect structure of the adsorbent accounted for its excellent selectivity to hydrophobic perrhenate. Regeneration experiments showed that the CH3COOK activated hierarchical biochar was reusable. The CH3COOK activated hierarchical biochar has the high potency for highly efficient and selective recovery of perrhenate from the acidic solution generated by the copper smelting process.

Nitrogen-doped porous carbon through K2CO3-activated bamboo shoot shell for an efficient CO2 adsorption

In this paper, a two-stage approach was employed to produce nitrogen-doped porous carbons from bamboo shoot shells. These shells were utilized as a cost-effective biomass resource for the production of activated carbon in gas adsorption. The initial step involved co-carbonization of the bamboo shoot shells with urea, followed by activation using potassium carbonate. A series of nitrogen-doped biochar was prepared by varying the activation temperature and activator ratio. This approach allowed for the investigation of their potential in capturing CO2. Surface analyses were conducted using BET, SEM, and TEM techniques to examine the structural evolution of nitrogen-doped biochar. The results revealed that the fibrous structure of the bamboo shoot shells was well-preserved after carbonization and nitrogen doping, while activation resulted in the formation of a distinct worm-like microporous structure. Among them, the sample BNC-800-2 possessed the largest specific surface area of 1985 m2/g. Notably, the nitrogen-doped biochar activated at 800 °C exhibited remarkable capacity for adsorbing carbon dioxide, with values of 7.52 mmol/g and 3.60 mmol/g at 1 bar and temperatures of 0 °C and 25 °C, respectively. The adsorbent also demonstrated excellent cyclic stability and selectivity for gas mixture (CO2 and N2), attributed to its large specific surface area and narrow pore size, which synergistically contributed to its performance. Furthermore, the adsorption equilibrium was analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, with the experimental data showing significant agreement with the Freundlich isotherm model. Additionally, thermodynamic calculations confirmed that the adsorption process of CO2 on nitrogen-doped biochar was spontaneous and exothermic, indicating physical adsorption. This further validates the efficacy of the adsorbent in capturing CO2. This study demonstrates the potential of bamboo shoot shells as a low-cost biomass resource for producing effective adsorbents for CO2 capture.

Evaluation of potassium ferrate activated Fe-N-modified carbons from bamboo shoot shells for arsenic removal

Fe-N-modified activated carbons (ACs) were prepared from bamboo shoot shells (BSS) by potassium ferrate activation for arsenic adsorption. BSS provided abundant nitrogen and carbon sources for ACs, while potassium ferrate significantly improved the pore volume and specific surface area (SSA), but also loaded iron particles. The highest SSA of AC was 1900 m2/g, with the iron content of 4.54–6.52% and nitrogen content of 2.88–3.35%. Based on the arsenic adsorption capacity, the optimized manufacturing process was activation temperature of 800 °C, activation time of 120 min, and activator ratio of 3.5. The optimized AC exhibited excellent arsenic adsorption performance and the maximum adsorption capacity was 9.18 mg/g. The good magnetism of AC was beneficial to recovery and reuse. The adsorption capability retention was still more than 50% after reusing for five times. This work showed that BSS had great potential for commercial development, and also provided a cost-effective production way for arsenic adsorbents.

DEGUMMING BAMBOO SHOOT SHELL FIBERS BY A TERNARY DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENT

"In this study, cellulose fiber was extracted from bamboo shoot shell with a deep eutectic solvent (DES). The deep eutectic solvent used was prepared by the fusion of choline chloride (ChCl), oxalic acid (OA) and ethylene glycol (EG) at 80 °C. Based on the degumming rate, the influence of temperature and time on the DES degumming system was determined. Based on the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) results, it was confirmed that the DES system can remove colloids from bamboo shoot shell, increasing the thermal stability and heat resistance of bamboo shoot shell fiber, and improving its crystallinity. It was proved that the DES system can effectively remove lignin and hemicelluloses, and retain cellulose in bamboo shoot shell."

Evaluation of prebiotic ability of xylo-oligosaccharide fractions with different polymerization degrees from bamboo shoot shells

The degree of polymerization of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) as prebiotics affects the gut microbiota’s metabolism. Herein, the differential prebiotic effects of original XOS solution and XOS solution enriched in X2-X3 (LDX) from bamboo shoot shells by hydrothermal pretreatment were investigated through intestinal microbiota in vitro. The findings demonstrated that the anaerobic cultivation of intestinal microbiota by XOS and LDX could increase its abundance by 1.8-fold and 2.3-fold with sugar utilization rates of 90% and 100%, respectively. The concentrations of produced short-chain fatty acids were 3.7 g/L and 6.4 g/L, respectively. The α-diversity analysis of gut microbiota revealed that the LDX group exhibited a lower species richness in microbial growth and a more evenness distribution of bacterial species compared to XOS group. The analysis of gut microbiota species composition highlights that LDX induced a more prominent proliferation of the Firmicutes phyla, while also displaying stronger inhibitory effects on the Proteobacteria phylum. Additionally, functional predictions suggested significant differences between XOS and LDX in terms of modulating the metabolism of gut microbiota, whereas LDX demonstrates its strength in inhibiting pathogenic bacterial communities. This research is to offer a theoretical foundation for the prebiotics made from bamboo shoot shells.

Mechanism of Pd(II) adsorption by nanoscale titanium dioxide loaded bamboo shoot shell biomass.

Palladium (Pd) is widely used in catalyst, aerospace, and medical applications, but only 1% of its reserves are found in nature. So, the recovery of Pd(II) is very important. Natural fibers are a good adsorption material, and the abundant functional groups in bamboo shoot shell (BSS) fibers can form interactions with metal particles. However, few studies on Pd(II) adsorption using BSS fibers exist. In the present work, waste bamboo shoot shells were doped with titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles, and the surface activation of BSS-TiO2@CA by citric acid (CA) was carried out to prepare an efficient and recyclable adsorbent BSS-TiO2@CA for the adsorption of Pd(II). The adsorption performance, adsorption mechanism, and regeneration performance of BSS-TiO2@CA on Pd(II) were systematically analyzed by continuous adsorption experiments, characterization, and response surface method. It was found that the surface-activated waste bamboo shoot shells had an outstanding adsorption capacity of Pd(II), and the maximum adsorption rate of BSS-TiO2@CA reached 85% with a maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) of 175.74 mg/g. The functionalized use of waste bamboo shoot shells provides a new idea for the development of sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly adsorbents.

Lignin intervention protected against Pb-induced oxidative stress and hypercholesterolemia via reducing Pb bioaccumulation and regulating gut microbiota in hamster

The widespread environmental heavy metal, Pb, is renowned for inducing irreversible damage to human health. Lignin, an original fiber, emerges as a promising natural candidate for mitigating lead toxicity owing to its exceptional adsorption capacity and biocompatibility. In this study, we conducted an investigation into the potential therapeutic effects of lignin derived from the bamboo (Dendrocalamus Latiforus) shoot shell (BSS-AAL) in alleviating Pb-induced oxidative stress and hypercholesterolemia in hamsters. Our findings demonstrated the remarkable ability of BSS-AAL to reduce Pb accumulation by 27–40% in plasma and 13–84% in tissues. Furthermore, BSS-AAL exerted reparative effects on the antioxidant system, evidenced by substantial reductions in plasma total cholesterol levels by at least 35% and hepatic cholesterol levels by an impressive 66%. Intervention with BSS-AAL also led to favorable alterations in the richness of key microbial genera, including norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, unclassified_f__Atopobiaceae, and norank_f__Eubacteriaceae, which are associated with modulating malonaldehyde accumulation, hepatic cholesterol 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity, as well as short chain fatty acids synthesis. These findings substantiated BSS-AAL played a vital role in effectively modulating Pb-induced oxidative stress and hypercholesterolemia by reducing Pb accumulation and favorably influencing gut microbiota.