Bamboo Poles Research Articles

The Detection of Seismicity on Icy Ocean Worlds by Single‐Station and Small‐Aperture Seismometer Arrays

AbstractFuture missions carrying seismometer payloads to icy ocean worlds will measure global and local seismicity to determine where the ice shell is seismically active. We use two locations, a seismically active site on Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, and a more seismically quiet site on the northwestern Greenland Ice Sheet as geophysical analogs. We compare the performance of a single‐station seismometer against a small‐aperture seismic array to detect both high (>1 Hz) and low (<0.1 Hz) frequency events at each site. We created catalogs of high frequency (HF) and low frequency (LF) seismicity at each location using an automated short‐term average/long‐term average technique. We find that with a 1‐m small‐aperture seismic array, our detection rate increased (9% for Alaska and 46% for Greenland) over the single‐station approach. At Gulkana, we recorded an order of magnitude greater HF events than the Greenland site. We ascribe the HF events sources to a combination of icequakes, rockfalls, and ice‐water interactions, while very HF events are determined to result from bamboo poles that were used to secure gear. We further find that local environmental noise reduces the ability to detect LF global tectonic events. Based upon this study, we recommend that (a) future missions consider the value of the expanded capability of a small array compared to a single station, (b) design detection algorithms that can accommodate variable environmental noise, and (c) assess the potential landings sites for sources of local environmental noise that may limit detection of global events.

Multiple roles of bamboo as a regulator of cyanobacterial bloom in aquatic systems

To understand the potential roles of terrestrial bamboo on controlling cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic systems, growth rates of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and its competitor algae were examined under different concentrations of bamboo extract. In mono-species cultures with unicellular algal strains, 5.0 g L−1 extract treatment suppressed M. aeruginosa growth, while it had little effect on the growth of green alga Scenedesmus obliquus or promoted the growth of diatom Nitzschia palea. In co-species cultures, the extract treatment increased the effect of S. obliquus and N. palea on the growth of M. aeruginosa. Under the extract treatment with a field-collected M. aeruginosa population, its cell density declined and its colony was etiolated and sank, while co-cultured N. palea increased explosively by invading the colony. These results suggest that bamboo forest stands along banks and artificially installed bamboo poles can affect the aquatic environment for phytoplankton community. Enhancing the growth of competitors, especially diatoms that can invade cyanobacterial colonies, by using extracts or by providing substrates for growth, was suggested to be the major way of the bloom control by bamboo.

Oyster Farming in Ilocos Sur, Philippines

The study looked into the management and culture methods used by oyster farmers in Ilocos Sur. The support given by numerous groups was also noted, along with a number of challenges and issues. Using an expert-validated survey questionnaire data were collected from 148 oyster producers from six municipalities namely, Candon, Sta. Maria, Narvacan, San Vicente, Caoayan and Sto. Domingo. According to the findings, the growers cultivate oysters using three different techniques: long line hanging, raft hanging, and stake (tulos) methods. Empty oyster shells, PVC, rubber strips, and bamboo poles are used for spat collection. The growing season is typically carried out in estuaries, rivers, and fishponds. According to the farmers, oyster prices are erratic but tend to rise around the holidays. Every production cycle, their oyster farming brings in an average of Php5,000 to 15,000 in revenue. Despite receiving technical and financial assistance from various authorities. oyster growers encounter a number of socioeconomic and environmental constraints that affect their production processes. In light of the aforementioned problems, it is recommended that institutions support growers by organizing and registering them and strengthening capacity building on sustainable oyster production technologies, including marketing and post-harvest management assistance. In order to create business opportunities in the neighborhood and increase household income, additional skill training should be offered. In addition, the province needs to develop marketing plans to control pricing.

Non-linear behaviour and failure mechanism of bamboo poles in bending

The adoption of bamboo poles in construction can support the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions generated by the manufacture of conventional structural elements produced from unsustainable industrialised materials. This research focuses on the study of the nonlinear softening behaviour and failure mechanism of bamboo poles in bending through a series of experimental tests on Moso (Phyllostachys pubescens) bamboo and Finite Element simulations supported by digitisation techniques. The results indicate that this nonlinear behaviour is caused by the incremental development of cracks at the locations where the circumferential tensile capacity of bamboo is exceeded leading to the eventual failure of the pole. Also, the simulations in this study suggest that reinforcing bamboo poles with pretensioned stainless steel bands is ineffective in counteracting the development of significant circumferential tensile stresses and the associated longitudinal cracks. More generally, this work highlights the challenges and limitations of applying traditional methods of structural testing and design for manufactured components to a highly variable natural structural element and speculates whether modern digital technologies can be adopted to manage more effectively the effects of this inherent variability.

ESTABLISHING THE STRENGTH PARAMETERS PARALLEL TO FIBER OF DENDROCALAMUS ASPER (GIANT BAMBOO)

The supply of timber is becoming scarce in the Philippines. Dendocalamus asper (or giant bamboo) is a candidate for safe, sustainable, and low-cost alternative housing to timber. However, its mechanical properties are yet to be established. In this paper, the compressive strength, shear strength, and tensile strength parallel to fiber of Dendrocalamus asper are determined using ISO 22157 and ASTM D143 tests. For the latter, a slight modification of ASTM D143 was employed. The result yielded an improved tensile strength parallel to fiber. The tensile strength was also tested using a modified version of ASTM D143, wherein the length of the test piece was changed to ensure failure within the gauge length. Two hundred (200) samples of 2m-long Dendrocalamus asper (giant bamboo) poles were prepared and used for testing. Equipment was fabricated to the dimensions of the test sample. The obtained tensile strength parallel to fiber using the ISO 22157 method had an average strength of 312.78 MPa for specimens with attached hardwood tabs and 424.43 MPa for specimens with attached softwood tabs while with the Modified ASTM D143-94 method, the average strength was 269.86 MPa. The shear strength parallel to the fibers had an average strength of 10.64 MPa at the internode and 11.87 MPa at the node. Lastly, the compressive strength parallel to the fibers had an average strength of 63.42 MPa at the internode and 55.55 MPa at the node

Connections for Bamboo Structures

Bamboo is an outstanding, widely used historical green building material that features high strength, economic, and sustainability. The joints in a structure are the important points for resisting the loads. However, the connection of bamboo pole is always the major challenge during the construction. The thin-wall, hollow and other irregularities of this natural material contribute to the challenges of making connection systems. To utilising bamboo in the construction industry, this paper summarises the existing bamboo connection methods including both traditional and modern ones.

Wave transmission and drag coefficients through dense cylinder arrays: Implications for designing structures for mangrove restoration

Mangrove vegetation constitutes a natural coastal defence against waves and erosion. Despite their protective role, mangrove ecosystems have experienced continuous degradation over the last decades due to human causes. At retreating mangrove coastlines, bamboo structures are built to create new habitat for mangrove colonization. Existing structures have experienced mixed rates of success due to the lack of a scientific basis in their design. Optimizing future structure designs requires investigating the effect of the bamboo poles on waves. We consequently conducted laboratory experiments to measure wave transformation, hydrodynamic forces, and flow velocities inside cylinder arrays, mimicking bamboo poles, with varying cylinder configurations and orientations. The experiments provided relationships for wave transmission, wave reflection, and the drag coefficients for configurations with volumetric porosities between n = 0.64 − 0.9. Configurations with a small lateral spacing (causing higher blockage) and a relatively longer streamwise spacing (causing less sheltering) exhibit larger forces and dissipation per element. Such arrangements enable optimizing wave dissipation at locations where the wave direction has low variability over the year. Placing the poles horizontally instead of vertically increases the forces and wave dissipation per element in relatively deeper water. Based on the experiments, we developed a conceptual analytical model that predicts wave reflection and dissipation through cylinder arrays, including blockage and sheltering. The model can reproduce the influence of cylinder arrangement on wave transformation, and it suggests that accurate predictions of sheltering and wave reflection are important to find optimal designs. Overall, these results provide useful insights on how to model and optimize the design of structures for mangrove restoration.

Analysis of a self-supporting bamboo structure with flexible joints

Self-supporting bamboo structures are ultralight architectural modules applying bamboo round poles, tensile pantographic grids and textile membranes. The structural system applies articulated flexible joints in polyester ropes and locking bio-composite bandage rings, keeping bamboo bars free of torsion stresses. An experimental 1:3 scale prototype and a full-scale structure were fabricated to make previsions about the physical and mechanical behavior of the structure. The experimental results were verified applying a numerical model for the structure. In turn, the flexible joints were analyzed theoretically. The computer model was analyzed using the finite element SAP2000 program. The numerical results were in close agreement with the experimental results specifically for the structural behavior of the flexible joints.

Predictive model of bulk drag coefficient for a nature-based structure exposed to currents

Mangrove vegetation provides natural protection against coastal hazards like flooding and erosion. In spite of their economic and societal value, mangrove forests have experienced a worldwide decline due to human activities. Bamboo structures, formed by poles driven into the soil, are being used to create a sheltered environment for mangrove restoration. The lack of design rules for the structures has led to mixed success rates in their implementation. Improving future designs requires a better understanding of how the bamboo poles affect waves and currents. Currents cause drag forces on the poles, which depend on flow acceleration through the elements (blockage), and the distance from wakes of upstream cylinders (sheltering). We developed a model that predicts the bulk drag coefficient of dense arrays of emergent cylinders in a current, including blockage, sheltering and a balance between turbulence production and dissipation. The model could reproduce measured bulk drag coefficients from the literature within a deviation of 20%. The model also showed that anisotropic structures with small spanwise spacing and large streamwise separation maximize the bulk drag coefficient, and the energy dissipation per pole. The application of the model can guide the design of future mangrove restoration efforts.

Production of Fuel Briquettes from Bamboo and Agricultural Residue as an Alternative to Charcoal

The study was done to explore the potential of producing fuel briquettes that could meet the need for energy in Uganda, especially Kampala city. The primary objective of this work was to produce fuel briquettes from homogeneous and heterogeneous combinations of carbonized maize cobs, Bamboo poles and charcoal dust. For the primary objective to be achieved, the main activities which were performed included; chopping bamboo poles, sorting maize cobs, carbonization, crushing, binder preparation, mixing, extrusion, drying and quality assessment of the fuel briquettes. The maize cobs and charcoal dust used for this work were purchased from the farmers and charcoal sellers respectively from the districts of Luwero and Nakaseke. Bamboo poles were provided by Divine bamboo group. The homogenous combinations included 100% maize cob char, 100% bamboo char and 100% charcoal dust. Heterogeneous combinations included 75% bamboo char + 25% charcoal dust and 25% bamboo char + 75% charcoal dust. The test results for both homogenous and heterogeneous combinations of fuel briquettes had ranges of moisture content 8% - 11%, Volatile matter 12% - 23%, Ash content 33% - 39%, Heating Value 16 - 22 MJ/Kg, Fixed Carbon 30% - 51% and moisture content 8% - 9%, Volatile matter 13% - 19%, Ash content 27% - 44%, Heating Value 16 - 18 MJ/Kg, Fixed Carbon 30% - 51% respectively. The test results for drop resistance, density and Compressibility strength for both homogeneous and heterogeneous combinations had ranges of 7% - 56%, 214 - 941 kg/m3, 0.077 - 0.544 N/mm2 and 12% - 28%, 869.1 - 958.3 kg/m3, 0.124 - 0.295 N/mm2 respectively. These results were within the ranges reported in the literature especially for the heterogeneous combinations. Therefore, there is the possibility to use bamboo woody feedstock in combination with other agricultural waste feedstock for the production of fuel briquettes. We can increase the quality and production of fuel briquettes by using alternative feedstock sources rather than degrading the environment through deforestation.

Characterization of the Flexural Behavior of Bamboo Beams

Bamboo is a renewable and environmentally friendly material often used for construction. This study investigates the flexural behavior of bamboo beams through theoretical and finite element (FE) analyses. Considering the material’s nonlinearity, a method of calculating load-deflection curves is proposed and validated via FE analysis. The interfacial slippage dominated by the shear stiffness of the interface between two bamboo poles significantly influences the flexural behavior of double-pole bamboo beams. Thus, the load-deflection curves for different shear stiffnesses can be obtained via theoretical and FE analyses. Subsequently, a novel configuration using diagonal steel bands to avoid slippage is presented. An inclination angle of 45° is suggested to adequately develop the stiffness and bearing capacity of the steel band.

Aluminium unipole ladder can replace bamboo pole used in harvesting of black pepper at Kollihills of Tamil Nadu

Aluminium unipole ladder can replace bamboo pole used in harvesting of black pepper at Kollihills of Tamil Nadu

Performance Analysis of Bitter Gourd (MomordicacharantiaL.) under Different Training Systems

The present study aimed to identify suitable training system for bitter gourd cultivation,The experiment was conducted at College Orchard, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Among the different training systems evaluated, pandal system recorded the highest vine length (481.81 cm), followed by the bamboo training system (476.76cm). The treatment using fish net training system showed the highest internodal length (6.34 cm). Pandal training system exhibited the highest number of branches (10.04). Earliness in terms of days for the appearance of male and female flowers was observed in pandal training system (41.33 and 53.16 days respectively). Days to 50% flowering was also found earlier in the pandal system (64.23 days). The narrow sex ratio (5.86) was observed in the bamboo pole support system tied with gunny thread. The pandal system recorded the highest number of fruits per vine (78.66) and gunny thread training system recorded the lowest number of fruits (34.83). The highest fruit length of 21.35 Madras Agric.J., 2021; doi: 10.29321/MAJ.10.000291(online first) cm and fruit diameter of 3.57 cm wererecorded inthe pandal training system. The maximum fruit weight was recorded in the pandal system (74.12 g fruit-1) and the minimum fruit weight was observed (52.74g fruit-1) in the fish net system. Pandal training system exhibited the highest yield plant-1 (5.79 kg plant-1), yield plot-1 (132.65 kg) and yield hectare-1 (119.16 q ha-1) while the lowest values were recorded under gunny thread system of cultivation. Among the different training systems pandal/conventional training system is more economical with a benefit-cost ratio of 2.51 followed by bamboo system, fish net system and bamboo poles support system tied with gunny thread

Growth performance and nutrient utilization of post fingerlings Clarias gariepinus fed varied levels of biscuit waste

The performance of local broiler turkeys fed dietary treatments in which palm kernel meal (PKM) replaced maize at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 percent was evaluated. The replacement levels of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 percent represented diets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively. One hundred and eighty dayold unsexed turkey poults were allotted to the six dietary treatments. The treatments were replicated three times. Each replicate having ten poults. The experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design experiment. The feeding trial lasted for 24 weeks. With the exception of mortality, significant differences (P 0.05) from that of diet 3 (40% replacement level) but were significantly higher (P 0.05) in the feed conversion ratio of turkeys fed diets 1, 2, 3, and 4. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in slaughter weight, dressed weight, breast, wings and back cuts of turkeys fed the various dietary treatments. Dressing percentage values were similar for birds fed diets 1, 2, 3, and 5. Abdominal fat of turkeys increased with increasing concentration of PKM at the expense of maize in the diets. The thigh weight of turkeys fed diets 1, 2, 3 and 6 were not significantly different (P>0.05) but were significantly higher than that of diets 4 and 5; whereas the drumstick weight of birds fed diets 2 to 6 were significantly higher than that of diet 1. Similarly meat-to-bone ratio of turkeys fed diet 3-6 were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of diets 1 and 2. The spleen of turkeys fed diets 2 was higher than others. Palm kernel meal can replace maize up to 60 percent in the diet of local broiler turkeys for good growth and carcass performance. Keywords : Broiler Turkeys, Performance Palm Kernel Meal and maize

Growth performance and nutrient utilization of post fingerlings Clarias gariepinus fed varied levels of biscuit waste

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of biscuit waste meal on the growth performance and utilization of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. A total of 300 juveniles of average weight 8.85g were randomly divided into five Treatments, each Treatment had three replicates. Twenty juveniles were distributed into each happa (0.7m3). The happa were suspended to ¾ of their volume using kuralon ropes carefully tied round the bamboo poles across the concrete tanks. Five diets containing 40% crude protein were formulated in which maize was replaced with biscuit waste meal at treatment; Diet 1 (TD1) 0%, 25% (TD2), 50% (TD3), 75% (TD4), 100% (TD5) levels. The fish were fed at 3% body weight per day for 10weeks. The results showed that biscuit waste was most suitable as an energy supplement when incorporated at 25% replacement (TD2) with maize. TD1 had the highest weight gain followed by TD2, TD3, TD4 and TD5 respectively. There were no significant differences (P&gt;0.05) in the growth response in TD1 (0%), TD2 (25%) and TD3 (50%). It is therefore concluded that biscuit waste meal is a cheap source of non conventional energy source which can be used favorably to replace maize (25% inclusion level) as an energy source in the diets of C. gariepinus.

Comparison of Periphyton Biomass on Coconut Coir and Bamboo Poles as Natural Substrates in Earthen Lined Pond

As a first step in assessing the viability of periphyton-based shrimp production in lined pond aquaculture systems, the effects of natural substrates (split bamboo poles and coconut coir) on development of periphyton were evaluated. Experiments were conducted in outdoor earthen lined pond to study periphyton biomass on two types of natural substrates such as split bamboo pole and coconut coir which was placed inside the earthen lined pond filled with seawater for duration of 45 days. The periphyton biomass was recorded at 0–40 cm depth, 40–80 cm depth and 80–120 cm for all the substrates. The periphyton biomass, in terms of dry matter (DM) from coconut coir was comparatively higher (3.4995±0.3120 mg cm-2) than the split bamboo poles (3.2011±0.3044 mg cm-2) during the experiment. ‘T’ test has affirmed that significant difference (p&lt;0.05) was observed in the dry matter content of the periphyton among the substrates. ‘T’ test analysis of the data relating to periphyton biomass for split bamboo pole and coconut coir recorded at different depths indicated that upper 0–40 cm depth had higher values than the other depths. Furthermore, among the two substrates, coconut coir (3.4995±0.31201 mg cm-2) was observed to be a better substrate than the split bamboo pole for periphyton biomass production. Coconut coir substrate can be utilised by fin and shellfishes as natural food.

Indentation Coefficient and Indentation Behavior of Bamboo

Bamboo hardness test standards are not available. The study aimed to develop a new method of testing bamboo indentation hardness. With the V-shaped prismatic head, bamboo rings with different lengths were tested. The V-shaped indentation coefficient (IC) was defined. The results showed that the IC had a good correlation with compression strength. The V-shaped IC increased with the increase in the longitudinal height of the bamboo pole, and the variance analysis showed significant differences in different axial directions of the same bamboo ring. In addition, the correlation between density and IC is good. The V-shaped IC can be applied in bamboo gra

Bimodulus bending model for bamboo poles

The building industry is currently under pressure to transit from non-renewable materials with high embodied energy towards natural and sustainable options. Bamboo poles are some of the most promising renewable structural elements, but their formal utilisation in construction requires the development of appropriate analytical models and new design tools to address their challenging natural and organic nature. Considering the composite nature of bamboo poles and the properties of their high-strength sclerenchyma fibres and parenchyma matrix, this paper presents the formulation of an analytical bimodulus model to determine the cross-sectional strain and stress distribution in bamboo poles in bending. This model was validated through full-scale experimental four-point bending tests on Moso (Phyllostachys pubescens) bamboo poles suggesting a constant tensile elastic modulus of fibres for this species.

Growth performance of Catenella nipae on bamboo poles in the inter-tidal mangrove swamps of Chittagong coast

Macro-benthic algae Catenella nipae was cultured from November '06 to August '07 at the Salimpur planted mangrove area of Chittagong Coast. Growth of the cultured C. nipae on bamboo poles was measured during the investigation period. Average growth of C. nipae on bamboo poles was recorded 0.19cm/day. Physico-chemical parameters of water and soil were recorded during culture period in the tidal swamp of Salimpur mangrove area. Water temperature ranges from 24.0 to 31.5˚C, salinity from 6.0 to 21.0‰, dissolved oxygen (DO) from 3.8 to 5.8ml/l, water pH from 7.2 to 8.4, total dissolved solids (TDS) from 410 to 598mg/l, , total suspended solids (TSS) from 50 to 118mg/l, Total alkalinity from 95 to118 ppm, NO2-N from 0.18 to 0.47mg/l, NO3-N from 0.56 to 0.69mg/l, PO4-P from 0.90 to1.10 mg/l, HCO3 from 69.88 to 93.80mg/l, were recorded during culture period. Soil organic carbon, organic matter, soil PO4-P, soil pH were ranges from 2.22-2.37%, 4.22-4.51%, 1.10-1.39mg/100g and 5.9-6.7, respectively in the culture area. Growth of C. nipae showed a significant positive relation with water and soil parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DF=17, P=0.006, t=3), NO3-N concentration (DF=17, P=0.055, t=2) and a negative correlation with HCO3 concentration (DF=17, P=0.004, t=3). Physico-chemical parameters of both water and soil revealed that the coastal area of Salimpur could be a significant place for commercial culture of seaweeds C. nipae in Bangladesh.

Experimental Assessment of the Flow Resistance of Coastal Wooden Fences

Wooden fences are applied as a nature-based solution to support mangrove restoration along mangrove coasts in general and the Mekong Delta coast in particular. The simple structure uses vertical bamboo poles as a frame to store horizontal bamboo and tree branches (brushwood). Fence resistance is quantitatively determined by the drag coefficient exerted by the fence material on the flow; however, the behaviour of drag is predictable only when the arrangement of the cylinders is homogeneous. Therefore, for more arbitrary arrangements, the Darcy–Forchheimer equations need to be considered. In this study, the law of fluid flow was applied by forcing a constant flow of water through the fence material and measuring the loss of hydraulic pressure over a fence thickness. Fences, mainly using bamboo sticks, were installed with model-scale and full-scale diameters applying two main arrangements, inhomogeneous and staggered. Our empirical findings led to several conclusions. The bulk drag coefficient ( C D ¯ ) is influenced by the flow regime represented by Reynolds number. The drag coefficient decreases with the increase of the porosity, which strongly depends on fence arrangements. Finally, the Forchheimer coefficients can be linked to the drag coefficient through a related porosity parameter at high turbulent conditions. The staggered arrangement is well-predicted by the Ergun-relations for the Darcy–Forchheimer coefficients when an inhomogeneous arrangement with equal porosity and diameter leads to a large drag and flow resistance.