Bamboo Leaf Litter Research Articles

Modification of The Synthesis of Silica from Litter Ori Bambusa (Bambusa blumeana) Leaves Using Sodium and Potassium With The Hydrothermal Sol-Gel Method As Agricultural Fertilizer

Bamboo plants in Indonesia are familiar plants and have not been utilized optimally. Most people only use the stems for daily needs and a small part for industry, while the leaves are left as waste. Bamboo leaves have a fairly high silica content. Bamboo leaves that have fallen and are scattered on the ground (bamboo leaf litter) are a potential source of natural silica. Silica fertilizer in agriculture is still very necessary, especially in nanosized. Through silica extraction from bamboo leaf litter, it is hoped that it will be able to meet agricultural silica needs and reduce bamboo leaf waste. The aim of this research is to modify the synthesis of silica from ori bamboo leaf litter (Bambusa blumeana) by extracting NaOH and KOH using the hydrothermal sol-gel method to produce nano silica. Nano silica production uses the hydrothermal method because it does not require large costs, is more effective, and has a high level of purity. Synthesis of original bamboo leaf litter silica using the hydrothermal sol-gel method. Bamboo leaf litter ash was analyzed using the XRF test, and silica was analyzed using the SEM-EDX mapping test to determine its morphology and content. The research results showed that synthesis with sodium produced higher levels of bamboo leaf silica compared to potassium. The size of the silica particles obtained is still in the form of micrometers (47–52 µm). Bamboo plants in Indonesia are familiar plants and have not been utilized optimally. Most people only use the stems for daily needs and a small part for industry, while the leaves are left as waste. Bamboo leaves have a fairly high silica content. Bamboo leaves that have fallen and are scattered on the ground (bamboo leaf litter) are a potential source of natural silica. Silica fertilizer in agriculture is still very necessary, especially in nanosized. Through silica extraction from bamboo leaf litter, it is hoped that it will be able to meet agricultural silica needs and reduce bamboo leaf waste. The aim of this research is to modify the synthesis of silica from ori bamboo leaf litter (Bambusa blumeana) by extracting NaOH and KOH using the hydrothermal sol-gel method to produce nano silica. Nano silica production uses the hydrothermal method because it does not require large costs, is more effective, and has a high level of purity. Synthesis of original bamboo leaf litter silica using the hydrothermal sol-gel method. Bamboo leaf litter ash was analyzed using the XRF test, and silica was analyzed using the SEM-EDX mapping test to determine its morphology and content. The research results showed that synthesis with sodium produced higher levels of bamboo leaf silica compared to potassium. The size of the silica particles obtained is still in the form of micrometers (47–52 µm).

Pemanfaatan Serasah Daun Bambu Menjadi Pupuk Organik di Desa Alu Kabupaten Polewali Mandar

Alu Village is one of the villages in Polewali Mandar Regency, West Sulawesi Province. Alu Village has a bamboo forest covering an area of 18 ha. The existence of bamboo plants in Alu Village is very abundant, so bamboo leaf litter has the potential to be used as organic fertilizer. Most of the people of Alu Village make their living as farmers. Utilizing bamboo leaf litter into compost is a good alternative for the community. However, the lack of public knowledge regarding making compost means that many are still reluctant to use this fertilizer. This community service program aims to educate the public regarding the use of bamboo litter as compost and minimize bamboo litter waste in Alu Village. The method used is direct provision of materials and practice of making organic fertilizer from bamboo litter through the participation of active participants. The use of bamboo leaf litter as fertilizer, apart from utilizing waste, is also expected to have an influence on plant growth on agricultural land and plantations in local communities.

Nitrogen deposition weakens the stimulatory effect of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) leaf litter on soil CO2 emissions

Nitrogen deposition weakens the stimulatory effect of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) leaf litter on soil CO2 emissions

Effect of Various Types of Organic Mulch on Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) Anjasmoro Variety

Cultivation of soybean is currently planted using ground cover as a solution to increase crop productivity. So it is necessary to research the effect of various types of organic mulch on the growth and yield of soybeans (Glycine max L. Merril). This study aims to determine the effect of various types of organic mulch on the growth and yield of soybeans (Glycine max L. Merril). This study was laid out in Randomized Block Design 1 factor, which was composed of 6 levels, with 5 replications, so there are 30 experimental units. There was no mulch, rice straw mulch, coconut coir powder mulch, bamboo leaf litter mulch, wood sawdust mulch, and rice husk mulch. The application during soybean cultivation observed parameters were plant height (cm), number of leaves (leaves), fresh header weight (g), fresh root weight (g), root dry weight (g), root dry header (g), number of pods (fruit), pod weight (g), and weight of 100 seeds (g). Rice straw mulch affected the growth and yield of soybeans on plant height 5-6 weeks after planting with average (40.95; 49.18 cm), header fresh weight (43.04g), number of pods (71.40 fruit), and pod weight (36.02g).

MANUFACTURE OF LIGNINOLYTIC FUNGI INOCULUM Geotrichum sp. WITH SORGUM (Sorghum bicolor) MEDIA AND ITS EFFECT ON THE QUALITY OF BAMBOO LEAF COMPOST (Bambusa sp.)

Bamboo is a type of plant that grows in Indonesia. So far, people only use the stems and throw away the leaves. As a result, these abundant bamboo leaves become waste. Bamboo leaf waste contains lignin content of 19.8-26.6%, and becomes compost in the long term. The process of composting bamboo leaf litter can be accelerated using an activator such as the inoculum fungi Geotrichum sp. which is ligninolytic so that it can break down lignin complex compounds contained in bamboo leaf waste into simpler compounds. Sorghum contains about 6.5-7.9% fiber. The high fiber content in sorghum seeds can be used as a growth medium for fungal inoculum. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sorghum as an inoculum medium for Geotrichum sp. and the effect of inoculum on compost quality. This research was carried out in August - December 2019 at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Unila. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) method with 4 treatments, namely Control (Bamboo leaf litter), P1 (Bamboo leaf litter + 1% inoculum), P2 (Bamboo leaf litter + 1.5 % inoculum) and P3 (Bamboo leaf litter). + 2% inoculum) each treatment was repeated 3 times. The variables observed were the number of spores and spore viability using the Colony Forming Unit (CFU) calculation on inoculum and compost. Analysis of the content of C, N, P, and C/N ratio was carried out to determine the quality of the compost. Based on the research results, sorghum can be used as a growth medium for the ligninolytic fungi inoculum Geotrichum sp. with spore viability of 74.18% and the addition of 1.5% inoculum (P2) gave the best results on the quality of bamboo leaf compost (Bambusa sp.)

Rotundabaloghia (Circobaloghia) nagyi sp. nov., a New Uropodina Mite Species from a Bamboo Thicket (Acari: Mesostigmata)

A new species (Rotundabaloghia (Circobaloghia)nagyi sp. nov.) of the rotundabaloghid mites is described based on females and male collected in bamboo leaf litter in Cameroon. The new species differs from the other Afrotropical rotundabaloghid mites in following character combination: female genital shield with long apical process, the setae v7 and v8 long and pilose, v6 long and smooth, v2 short and needle-like, female genital, dorsal and ventral shields are ornamented by irregular pits, sternal setae short and needle-like. This character combination is unknown within the African rotundabaloghids.

The kinetics curve of nitrogen mineralization from perennial leaves litter decomposed by earthworm (Phretima californica)

The kinetics of N release during the process of decomposition of organic matter is influenced by organic matter quality, temperature, humidity, and decomposer. Acacia, coffee, salacca, and bamboo leaf litter are native plants and be the pioneer plants on the slopes of Mount Merapi after the eruption in 2010. However, there is a lack of information on the N mineralization process from the leaves litter of acacia, coffee, salacca, and bamboo. The study aimed to determine the kinetics of N release from the litter leaves of acacia (<em>Acacia decurrens</em>), coffee, salacca, and bamboo, which were tested with three approaches, namely zero order, first order, and second order. The experiment was carried out using 10 <em>Phretima californica </em>earthworms that were incubated with 35g of annual plant leaves at 25°C. The levels of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> were measured at 0, 7, 15, 30, 45, 75, and 105 days after incubation by using the indophenol blue and derivative spectrophotometric method, respectively. Throughout the decomposition 105 days, the release of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> was higher than that of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> due to the nature of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> that was more easily immobilized than NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>. The highest NO<sub>3</sub><sup>- </sup>release in acacia litter (1.56 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) occurred 30 days after incubation, while in coffee, salacca, and bamboo occurred 105 days after incubation, reaching 1.92 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, 2.47 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, and 1.88 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. High N compound on the leaves litter unaffected to increasing total biomass earthworms in the end of incubation however promotes N mineralization rapidly. The kinetics of the second-order equation showed higher compatibility than the other equations to the N release with coefficient determination was higher. The kinetics of mineralization can be a strategy to use the leaves litter of perennial plants as sources of N nutrient input into soil.

PENGARUH ALELOPATI SERESAH DAUN BAMBU (Dendrocalamus asper) PADA PERKECAMBAHAN KEDELAI (Glycine max L. Merril)

<p><em>Weeds are an important factor in the decline of soybean production. One of weed control techniques that can be done is to use alelopati as an bioherbicide. One source of allelopathy that can be utilized as bioherbicide is bamboo leaf litter. Problems arise if this alelopati also affect the pattern of germination cultivation plants because one of the main requirements of bioherbisida is not to affect the growth and development of crops. The purpose of this study was to determine whether leaf litter alelopathy would affect the germination of soybeans. The hypothesis this research is that bamboo leaf litter alelopathy will not affect the germination of soybean crops so it will be safe to use as a pre-plant bioherbicide. The treated treatment is without litter solution of bamboo leaf, and dosage of 5%, 10%, and 15% bamboo leaf litter solution. The design used was a complete non factorial randomized design with 5x replication. The conclusion of this research is the treatment of allelopathy given by application of bamboo leaf litter with various doses has no significant effect on the germination, sprout length, and germination time of soybean crop, so that bamboo leaf litter solution is safe to be used as bioherbicide on sustainable agriculture.</em></p>

Growth of Spinach Plant (Amaranthus tricolor L.) by Application of Kascing Organic Fertilizer and Bamboo Leaf Litter Mulch

Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.). is one of the vegetables that are economically valuable with high nutrient content to support public health so that its production needs to be improved. The purpose of study was to obtained the optimal dosage of kascing organic fertilizer and the thickness of the bamboo leaf litter mulch on increase growth of spinach. The research used experimental method with randomize block design (RBD), two factors and three replications. The first factor was the adding of kascing organic fertilizer (K), consist of five levels doses, i.e: without adding kascing fertilizer (k0); 2.5 g/kg of soil (k1); 5 g/kg of soil (k2); 7.5 g/kg of soil (k3) and 10 g/kg of soil (k4). The second factor was bamboo leaf litter mulch (M), consist of three levels, i.e: without mulch (m0); mulch with thickness of 2.5 cm (m1); mulch with thickness of 5 cm (m2). Parameter observed were the plant height, the number of leaves, the leaf area, the shoot dry weight and the root dry weight. The data obtained was analyze using Anova and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (α=5%). The results showed that interaction between dosage of kascing fertilizer with bamboos leaves litter mulch could increase the average of plant height (50.17 cm), number of leaves (40.33 leaves), shoot dry weight (5.77 g) and root dry weight (1.78 g) of spinach. Commonly, kascing organic fertilizer dose of 5 g/kg of soil (k2) and bamboos leaves litter mulch on the tickness of 5 cm (m2) combination was the best treatment for growth of spinach.
 Keywords: bamboo leaf litter, mulch, organic fertilizer of kascing, spinach

A new species of Proparholaspulus (Acari : Parholaspidae) from India

Adult stages of Proparholaspulus elongatus n. sp., collected from bamboo leaf litter are described and illustrated. A key to six Proparholaspulus species is given.

Technology Transfer of Chrysanthemum Cultivation in Disaster Area of Mount Merapi To Improve People Revenue

Chrysanthemum flowers are a main income source of surrounding communities of Hargobinangun. Hargobinangun became the main cut flower's supplier to the province of Yogyakarta before the Merapi’s eruption. However, due to the shortage of cut flower production, currently those have to be imported from other areas such as Cipanas, Pasuruan and Malang. One of the production’s obstacles is the environmental damage. Soil in planting area was covered by thick sand and volcanic ash from Mount Merapi eruption. Research and transfer of technology has been carried out by R & D team of Universities Pembangunan National “Veteran” Yogyakarta (UPNVY). The technologies of amelioran's addition to the soil in the disaster areas was using simple techniques, inexpensive and available materials from surrounding farmers site, such as manure, bamboo leaf litter and garden’s compost. The materials were initially fermented by using PGPR that were produced by R & D UPNVY. In addition, application of horticultural mineral oil (HMO) was performed to avoid white rust infection. The results showed the increase of soil fertility and plant growth significantly which is expressed by the increase of plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area after application of ameliorant. The quality of cut flowers also increased in the form of the increase of flower diameter, and numbers of ribbon flower. The application at the farm level showed that farmers have no difficulty in using Enkas, although it is still necessary to conduct further training and mentoring to increase the success rate.

Nenteria lii sp. n. (Acari: Mesostigmata: Nenteriidae) a New Bamboo Leaf Litter Dwelling Uropodina Species (Acari: Mesostigmata) from Xinxiang (Henan, China) with Notes to the Bamboo Associated Mites in Henan (China)

A new species Nenteria lii sp. n. is described on the basis of adults and deutonymphs collected in bamboo (Phyllostachys sp.) leaf litters in Xinxiang (Henan Province, China). The new species is very similar to the species Nenteria japonensis Hiramatsu, 1979, but the apical process of the female genital shield rounded and smooth in the new taxon, but serrate in the previously described Japanese species. A new key to the Eastern-Palearctic Nenteria species is given. A list of the collected bamboo leaf litter associated mites is presented.

Management practices amplify the effects of N deposition on leaf litter decomposition of the Moso bamboo forest

The litter decomposition effects of N deposition in combination with management practices are still unclear. The aims of this study were to test the individual and interactive effects of the two factors on Moso bamboo leaf litter decomposition. The experiment was conducted in Moso bamboo forests over a 24-month period and included three N addition treatments (low N, 30 kg N ha−1 yr−1;medium N, 60 kg N ha−1 yr−1; and high N, 90 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and two management practices (conventional management and intensive management). The low-N treatment significantly increased the annual decomposition rate, whereas the high-N treatment significantly decreased the annual decomposition rate (P < 0.05). Intensive management alone did not significantly influence decomposition, but it amplified both the positive effects of the low-N treatment and the negative effects of the high-N treatment on litter decomposition. Intensive management weakened the positive effects of N addition on N loss but enhanced the positive effects on P loss during the early stage. The effects of increasing N deposition in a plantation ecosystem were altered by the management practices, and these changes should be considered when estimating the biological effects of N deposition at regional and global scales.

Nutrient recovery from urban forest leaf litter waste solids using Eisenia fetida

The efforts were made in this study to recycle the nutrients from silver oak (SOL) and bamboo (BL) leaf litter waste solids spiked with cow dung (CD) using earthworm Eisenia fetida. A total of five mixtures of leaf litter and CD were vermicomposted and the changes in physico-chemical properties were recorded at the end. Vermicomposting caused significant decrease in pH, total organic carbon, exchK and C:N ratio by 2.4–11.8, 4–10.07, 13.4–45.2 and 2.18–4.13-folds, respectively, but increase in EC, ash content, totN, totP, totCa, and N–NO3− contents of 12–142, 1.07–1.17, 2.1–3.72, 111–117, 182–215, 9.47–17.59-folds, respectively in leaf litter waste mixtures. The vermibed with SOL showed the high mineralization rate than BL vermibeds. The vermicomposted waste mixture showed high microbial populations: bacterial (423.33–684.0CFU×105g−1), fungal (22.0–36.67 CFU×105g−1) and actinomycetes (107.67–141.67CFU×105g−1). E. fetida showed better biomass and cocoon numbers in all vermibeds. The earthworm population build-up was the maximum in CD (100%) set-up (50.0±3.0). Results, thus indicates that urban forest leaf litter can be converted into added-value manures for sustainable soil fertility management programme.

Interactive effects of elevated UV-B radiation and N deposition on decomposition of Moso bamboo litter

Being two important agents of global environmental change, elevated ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation derived from anthropogenic driven ozone depletion and enhanced nitrogen (N) deposition may strongly affect litter decomposition, a crucial factor in biogeochemical cycling. However, the interactive effects of both agents together on litter decomposition are still unclear even though each has been well-documented independently. We conducted a field-based experiment in subtropical China to investigate the combined effects UV-B radiation and N deposition on the decomposition of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) leaf litter over a 20 months period. It was found that the combined effect significantly accelerated litter decomposition, C loss, and lignin degradation as well as facilitating phosphorous (P) release, although it had no measurable effect on N release. Moreover, the interactive effects of both agents together far exceeded the effects of each separately. Results indicated that the positive combined effect of UV-B radiation and N deposition on litter decomposition and C loss could potentially impact Moso bamboo forest ecosystem C cycling. These findings provide a new perspective to further understand the interactive effects of global environmental changes on terrestrial ecosystem processes.

Capacity of various experimental diets to support biomass and reproduction of Perionyx excavatus

Biomass production and reproduction of a group of four adult Perionyx excavatus were studied in limited supplies of four experimental diets; cowdung alone and its mixtures with straw, bamboo leaf litter or kitchen waste, in order to select a suitable diet medium for vermiculture. P. excavatus showed maximum rate of biomass increase and reproduction in the mixtures with straw and bamboo leaf litter. In spite of achieving the highest final biomass value, P. excavatus showed the lowest rate of biomass increase and reproduction in the mixture with kitchen waste. Cowdung, a natural food of P. excavatus, was marginally better than the mixture with kitchen waste with regard to the rate of biomass increase and reproduction.

Leaf litter decomposition of canopy trees, bamboo and moss in a montane moist evergreen broad‐leaved forest on Ailao Mountain, Yunnan, south‐west China

Litter decomposition and nutrient release of selected dominant synusiae in an old‐growth, evergreen, broad‐leaved mossy forest on Ailao Mountain, Yunnan, south‐west China, were studied over a 22‐month period. The species studied were three dominant tall tree species, Lithocarpus xylocarpus Markg., Lithocarpus chintungensis Hsu et Qian and Castanopsis wattii A. Camus; one dominant understory species (the bamboo Sinarundinaria nitida Nakai); and a mixture of dominant mosses (including Homaliodendron scalpellifolium Fleisch, Symphyodon perrottetti Mont., Herberta longifolissa Steph. and Bazzania albicans Horik.). Fast initial litter decomposition was followed by lower rates. Decomposition rates of canopy species and bamboo leaf litter appear to be controlled by the initial concentration of lignin, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) more than by morphological features of the leaves. The decay rate of moss litter was less correlated with nutrient composition and lignin concentration in initial mass. The order of decomposition rates was Castanopsis wattii &gt; L. xylocarpus &gt; L. chintungensis &gt; bamboo &gt; moss. The decomposition rate constants (k) of the leaf litter for the canopy species L. xylocarpus, L. chintungensis and Castanopsis wattii were 0.62, 0.50 and 0.64, respectively, and 0.40 and 0.22 for bamboo and moss, respectively. Turnover time (1/k) for the three canopy species was 1.61 years, 2.0 years and 1.55 years, respectively, and 2.50 years and 4.55 years for bamboo and moss, respectively. The N and P concentration in the decomposing leaf litter increased in the first 6 months and then decreased over the remaining period. There was a relatively rapid initial loss of potassium (K), followed by a slight increase. Each of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) decreased with time whereas iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) increased with time to some extent. Nutrient release from decomposing leaf litter was in the order of K &gt; Mg &gt; Ca &gt; N &gt; P &gt; Mn &gt; Fe, except for bamboo (Sinarundinaria nitida) K &gt; Ca &gt; P &gt; N &gt; Mg &gt; Mn &gt; Fe.

Litter dynamics of recently harvested and mature bamboo savannas in a dry tropical region in India

ABSTRACTAnalysis of litterfall, nutrient return and floor mass dynamics was made in mature and recently harvested bamboo savanna sites in a dry tropical region in India. The total annual litterfall was 590 and 267 g m–2 in mature and harvested sites, respectively. Of the total litterfall, 58–77% by weight was contributed by leaf litter. Although litterfall occurred throughout the year, as much as 72–83% of the leaf litterfall was recorded during winter (December–February). Seasonal distribution of total litterfall was: rainy 12–22% of annual, winter 64–65% and summer 13–22%. Nutrient concentrations in bamboo leaf litter were low compared with the other species growing in the same region. Annual nutrient return through litterfall amounted to: 28–49 kg N ha–1, 1.32.9 kg P ha–1, 33–85 kg Ca ha–1, 12–32 kg K ha–1 and 1.4–2.8 kg Na ha–1. While maximum accumulations of fresh litter on the ground occurred in summer, the partly decayed and particulate litter categories peaked in the rainy season. Decaying litter categories showed 1.5–3 times greater nutrient concentrations than the concentrations in fresh leaf litter. Marked immobilization of N and P occurred in decomposing leaf and particulate litter. The mean annual nutrient content of the floor was (kg ha–1): N 29–40, P 1.0–1.9, Ca 13.8–23.9, K 14.6–15.3 and Na 0.85–0.99. The annual turnover in litter layer was: 63–81% for dry mass and 64–90% for different nutrients.

Sarocladium oryzae associated with blight of Bambusa species in Bangladesh

Sarocladium oryzae , the sheath rot pathogen of rice, has been isolated in Bangladesh repeatedly from Bambusa spp. showing symptoms of blight, and on several occasions from healthy bamboo. The fungus has been obtained from bamboo leaf litter from India.

Fungal diversity associated with bamboo litter from Bambusetum of Rain Forest Research Institute, Northeast India

Kumar R, Tapwal A, Pandey S, Rishi R. 2013. Fungal diversity associated with bamboo litter from Bambusetum of Rain Forest Research Institute, Northeast India. Biodiversitas 14: 79-88. Fungi play an important role in leaf litter decomposition due to their ability to break down the lignocelluloses matrix, which other organisms are unable to digest. Diversity of bamboo leaf litter fungi from fallen leaves and undergoing active decomposition leaves in different season and different depth was carried out in 2009-10. Twenty four samples were collected from Bambusetum of Rain Forest Research Institute (RFRI),  Northeast India. The moist chamber, direct isolation and dilution plate methods were used to assess the diversity of fungal species. Fungi were cultivated on 3% malt extract agar and half strength potato dextrose agar. The litter was divided into freshly fallen senescent leaves (grade 1) and leaves already undergoing active decomposition (grade 2). Moist chamber incubation of the litter revealed 45 fungal taxa belonging to 22 genera. fungal taxa were found on grade I and 39 fungal taxa found on grade II litter. Although 24 fungal taxa were common to both grades, Differences were observed in percentage occurrence of fugal species between the two grades of litter. Periodic surveys were carried out to collect macrofungi. Young and matured carpophores of 16 macro fungi species were collected in different seasons. Out of these macrofungi, 3 species belongs to family Entolomataceae and Agaricacea, two species belongs to Tricholomataceae and Geoglossaceae one species belongs to each family Dacrymycetaceae, Pluteaceae, Coprinaceae, Marasmiaceae Lycoperdaceae and Phallaceae. The bamboo leaf-litter was selected for the present syudy because of the dominance and great economic value of bamboo vegetation in North-east India.