Bamboo Leaf Ash Research Articles

Utilization of bamboo leaf silica as a superhydrophobic coating using trimethylchlorosilane as a surface modification agent

In recent years, there has been an increasing research interest regarding the development of superhydrophobic coating for various purposes with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as the source of silica. Unfortunately, TEOS is hazardous as an alkoxide and need long step as well as time consuming to synthesize it. Typically, previous researches using fluoroalkylsilane (FOK) as the surface modification agent is containing fluoro compound which is not safety to use. This paper is aimed to develop a cost-effective and environmental-friendly superhydrophobic coating by utilizing bamboo leaf silica. This work was particularly conducted to develop the method of purification of bamboo leaf ash as the source of silica to produce superhydrophobic coating material. This method could be an effective and efficient way of preparing a superhydrophobic coating using silica bamboo leaf with eco-friendly solvent exchange agents. This observation used n-hexane, cyclohexane, isooctane as a solvent exchange, and trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) as a surface modification agent which is not containing fluoro component. The initial bamboo leaf silica and purified silica were examined using XRD, BET, XRF, and SEM EDX Mapping to obtain essential information such as structure, porosity, purity, and surface topography. Also, the coated zinc plat with different solvents was assessed hydrophobicity by contact angle measurement and surface morphology by SEM. The efficient and effective formulation of the superhydrophobic coating was attained by applying n-hexane solvent, 13 %-v/v TMCS, 1.75 %-w/v of bamboo leaf silica was the highest of contact angle.

Assessment and Evaluation of Blended Cement Using Bamboo Leaf Ash BLASH Against Corrosion

Concrete provides a high degree of protection against corrosion of embedded steel reinforcement. Owing to the harsh environmental conditions and the presence of aggressive elements from the marine environment, deteriorating corrosion affects the durability of reinforced concrete structures. This study evaluated the effectiveness of bamboo leaf ash BLASH as a supplementary cementing material or admixture with Portland cement to improve the durability of reinforced concrete structures. Specimens of 0, 10, 15, and 20% BLASH mixtures were prepared using 16, 20, and 25 mm steel reinforcements. A total of 100 cylindrical specimens were cast and used in this study. The specimens were accelerated by corrosion using impressed current techniques and a galvanostatic method in a simulated environment. The results show that specimens with a BLASH content of 10% exhibited superior performance and exhibited longer corrosion initiation and propagation times. It has a higher resistance to acid penetration and lower corrosion rates. The crack parameters of the specimen with BLASH admixtures, such as the crack width and crack frequency, were negligible. The use of BLASH as an admixture strengthens its durability and improves its residual strength and serviceability. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091707 Full Text: PDF

UJI ANTIBAKTERI Ag/SBA-15 DARI ABU DAUN BAMBU PETUNG TERHADAP BAKTERI Escherichia coli

Antibacterial tests of Ag/SBA-15 from petung bamboo leaf ash against Escherichia coli were carried out. Modification of SBA-15 with Ag was conducted using the wet impregnation method while the antibacterial test was carried out by well diffusion method and disc diffusion method with various concentrations of Ag/SBA-15. The Ag/SBA-15 has a surface area of ​​143 m2/g, pore diameter of 8.4 nm and pore volume of 0.35 cm3/g. The SAXS pattern of Ag /SBA-15 showed 3 typical SBA-15 peaks in the 0o -2o 2θ range with the miller index [100], [110] and [200], indicating modification with Ag did not change the hexagonal structure of SBA-15. Ag / SBA-15 material has the potential as an antibacterial agent for Escherichia coli; the inhibitory zone diameters for the well diffusion method and disc diffusion method were 7.00 ± 0.57 mm and 13.16 ± 0.16 mm, respectively. Increasing the concentration of Ag/SBA-15 samples resulted in greater inhibitory zone diameters for the bacteria.

Quantitative Comparison of Binary Mix of Agro-Industrial Pozzolanic Additions for Elaborating Ternary Cements: Kinetic Parameters.

In this research work, the quantitative characterization of a binary blend comprised of two pozzolans (sugar cane straw (SCSA)–sugar cane bagasse ashes (SCBA), bamboo leaf ash (BLAsh)–SCBA and paper sludge (PS)–fly ash (FA)) taking into account the calculated values of the kinetic parameters of the reaction in the pozzolan/calcium hydroxide system is shown. The paper shows the most significant and important results obtained by the authors in the quantitative assessment (calculation of kinetic parameters) of the pozzolanic reaction of different mixtures of pozzolanic materials that are residues from agriculture or industrial processes. This allows a direct and rigorous comparison of the pozzolanic activity of the binary combinations of materials. The values of the kinetic parameters (reaction rate constant or activation free energy) constitute a very precise quantitative index of the pozzolanic activity of the binary combinations of materials, which is very useful for its employment in the elaboration of ternary cements. This paper shows that the binary blends 1SCBA60Blash40, 1SCBA50Blash50, 1SCBA70Blash30 have a very high pozzolanic reactivity followed by PSLSFA, 2SCBA50SCSA50, PSISFA and SCWI.

Bamboo leaf ash for use as mineral addition with Portland cement

In order to mitigate environmental impacts, get economic profitability, and produce materials, the industry has been incorporating some recycled waste into cement. In this work, bamboo leaf ash (BLA) was produced, characterized, and the feasibility of its use in mortar composition was analyzed, according to normative requirements. The chemical and physical characterization were performed with X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and laser granulometry. Compressive strength of mortar samples with replacement of 10, 20 and 30% wt% of cement by BLA was evaluated after 7, 28 and 91 days of cure. The pozzolanic activity of BLA was confirmed through Chapelle test, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that up to 30% replacement of cement by BLA do not decrease the compressive strength of mortars. As this result meets the normative requirements, BLA is a potential material for the manufacture of cementitious materials, replacing partially cement. In addition, BLA has good cost-benefit and eco-efficiency, based on its life cycle analysis (LCA).

Preparation of Synthetic β-Wollastonite Produced from Amorphous SiO<sub>2</sub> Bamboo Leaf Ash and <i>Meretix meretix</i> Shell

The objective of this study is to produce b-wollastonite from amorphous SiO2 obtained from bamboo leaf ash (BLA) and CaO derived from meretix meretix shell (MMS) using solid state reaction. Amorphous SiO2 utilization in this work obtained by precipitation of BLA and calcined at 700 °C for 3 h, whereas CaO MMS was generated by calcination of MMS at 1000 °C for 5 h. High purity amorphous SiO2 obtained was 99.325 wt % and CaO purity obtained was 97.531 wt %. Single phase of b-wollastonite found in this study as confirmed by XRD results. The vibrations at 933.42 , 904.49, and 890.99 cm-1 were caused by the Si-O-Ca bond, which shows the bonding of b-wollastonite obtained from the FTIR. The acicular morphology of b-wollastonite with average grains size of 0.28,0.33 and 0.71 mm was obtained for the samples calcined at 900 , 1000 , and 1100 °C respectively.

Corrosion Behaviour of Bamboo Leaf Ash-Reinforced Nickel Surface-Deposited Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites

The global consumption of bamboo leaves behind with greater amounts of waste leaves occupies a majority of landfills. Burning of this residual debris (bamboo leaves) in an unrestrained manner poses out multiple adverse and irreversible effects on both human and the environment we live in. A large number of residual wastes are being generated through industrial and agricultural operations due to the forever increasing world population. These residual debris is often involving much complicated processes for disposal. Converting the stubborn residual debris to green material systems is regarded as optimal and effective way for the current pollution crisis. The current study mainly intends for the use of calcined ash from bamboo waste leaves which have a tremendous pozzolanic properties and can be used as natural industrial-agro filler and inspecting the corrosion behaviour of nickel-deposited aluminium–bamboo leaf ash composites. The base A356.2 aluminium alloy is reinforced with bamboo leaf ash particulates by employing stir casting technique varying the reinforcement percentages, i.e. 2, 4 and 6 wt. %. The fabricated Al-BLA composites are nickel electrodeposited with a customary watt’s bath. The corrosion behaviour of the test samples is investigated thoroughly by employing polarization tests under aerated 3.5% Nacl ambience. The microstructural and coating surface morphology is studied by employing SEM and XRD practices. It was noted the nickel-deposited Al-BLA composites flaunted enhanced corrosion resistance and elevated mechanical behaviour upon increasing the percentage of the reinforcement.

Influence of admixture of Bamboo leaf ash and lime on the Compaction characteristics of lateritic soil

This study investigated the impact of compactive efforts on A-7-5 lateritic soil stabilized with Bamboo Leaf Ash (BLA) mixed with lime. Preliminary tests were conducted on the soil sample for identification and classification. Compaction tests (using British Standard Light (BSL), British Standard Heavy (BSH) and West Africa Standard (WAS) compactive efforts) were performed on the sample in both natural and stabilized states by incorporating 2, 4, 6 and 8% Bamboo Leaf Ash mixed together with 1, 2, and 3% lime by weight of soil sample. Maximum dry density (MDD) increased to 1766 kg/m3 at 3% lime and 6% BLA, 1818 kg/m3 at 3% lime and 8% BLA and 1866 kg/m3 at 3% lime and 2% BLA while the optimum moisture content decreased to 12.70% at 3% and lime 8% BLA, 11.40% at 2% lime 6% BLA and 11.12% at 3% lime and 2% BLA for BSL, WAS and BSH, respectively. Based on these findings, the addition of lime-BLA enhanced the soil and has a promising prospect for stabilization of lateritic soil.

Depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste with biomass-waste derived recyclable heterogeneous catalyst

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most widely used polymeric materials in chemical industry representing about 13% of the world’s production. With the exponentially increasing consumption of plastics combined with its non-biodegradability, the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment rises steeply and its recycling has attracted enormous attention among researchers in recent years. In this present work, we describe bamboo leaf ash (BLA) as a bio-waste derived recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the depolymerization of waste PET. The prepared catalyst was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, TGA and BET analyses to assess its morphology and composition. Postconsumer PET bottles were shredded and processed with 20 wt% BLA and 16 equivalents of ethylene glycol (EG) at 190 °C for 3.5 h under atmospheric pressure to give recrystallized bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) monomer in 83% yield. The catalyst can be reused for four catalytic cycles and the residual EG was recovered for subsequent catalytic reactions. Excellent activity, cost-free, environmental-friendliness and ease of preparation, handling and reusability of the catalyst with simple work-up procedure are the notable advantages of this protocol.

Utilization of inorganic solid wastes in cementitious materials – A systematic literature review

Civil construction is an opportune way of using industrial by-products, leading to the reduction of consumption of natural resources. This paper is a systematic review of the literature, addressing the application of inorganic residues in cementitious composites. The Web of Science search was performed using keywords: Foundry Sand; Foundry Slag; Electric Arc Furnace Dust; Concrete Waste; Ceramic Waste; Glass Waste; Sugarcane Bagasse Ash; Bamboo Leaf Ash. A total of 107 papers were analyzed, and the effects of these residues in the mechanical properties, the optimal percentages for substitution, main applications and suggestions for future research are organized in this paper.

Effectiveness of agricultural wastes in soil stabilization.

Many ways have been sought to improve soils, especially expansive soils which have been problematic to structures and pavements built over them and soil stabilization seems to be one of the effective ways. But soil stabilization in itself is not cost-effective hence the introduction of agricultural wastes being researched on and seen as a cheaper means to be used as stabilizing agents which helps in minimizing the cost of soil stabilization, thereby reducing the problem of waste disposal. Agricultural wastes like Rice Husk Ash, Bagasse Ash, Sugarcane Straw Ash, Saw Dust Ash, Coconut Husk Ash, Millet Husk Ash, Corn Cob Ash, Locust Bean Pod Ash, Cassava Peel Ash and Bamboo Leaf Ash have been experimented with in stabilizing soils and as well, serving as supplementary cementitious materials for cement in concrete production. The strengths of the soils and the concrete stabilized with these wastes were seen to improve significantly and their effectiveness was estimated based on an average optimum value. Agricultural waste processing Industries can be set up to help in the massive production of these natural stabilizers which would lessen the cost of soil stabilization using cement and chemicals and also generally reduce problems that are associated with waste disposal, helping in waste management. 
 Keywords—expansive soils, soil stabilization, agricultural wastes

Use of different agro-waste ashes in concrete for effective upcycling of locally available resources

Due to the high amount of carbon dioxide emission from conventional cement production, sustainable alternative cementitious materials are preferred in the construction sector. Earlier studies were focused only on the use of industrial by-products such as fly ash, slag and silica fume as alternative cementitious materials. A comprehensive review of the use of a wide range of agro-waste ashes is highly limited. Therefore, the present review focuses on the potential of several agro-waste ashes including sugarcane bagasse ash, rice husk ash, palm oil fuel ash, corncob ash, coconut shell ash, wood ash, groundnut husk ash, cassava peel ash, wheat straw ash, elephant grass ash, rice straw ash, sugarcane straw ash, tobacco ash and bamboo leaf ash as alternative cementitious materials in concrete. Physical, chemical and morphological characteristics of different agro-waste ashes and their influences in the blended cement concrete are presented. Besides, the effects of these agro-waste ashes on workability, strength, water absorption, sorptivity, porosity, permeability, drying shrinkage, resistance to acid and sulfate attacks of blended concretes are critically compared. Agro-waste ashes consist of silica content above 50% with the exception of tobacco ash and groundnut husk ash. Addition of the agro-waste ashes reduces the slump of concrete except for palm oil fuel ash, wheat straw ash and rice straw ash blended concretes. Significant reduction in the permeability and subsequent enhancement in the durability of agro-waste blended concretes are evidently witnessed.

Blended cement binders containing bamboo leaf ash and ground clay brick waste for sustainable concrete

The global quest for sustainable cementitious binders and composites has been on the increase. Bamboo leaves and clay brick wastes were evaluated for their potential to serve as a sustainable pathway for cementitious composites. This was based on the premise that the combined chemical compositions of bamboo leaf ash (BLA) and ground clay brick (GCB) can potentially yield cementitious composites with adequate strength and durability. The BLA and GCB were blended with Portland cement (PC) in ten different proportions, and the obtained binders extensively characterised to certify their use in cementitious composites. The binders were incorporated in concrete, and their performance evaluated. Furthermore, their potentials to improve the sustainability of concrete were evaluated. The results show that though GCB outperforms the BLA, they can both be combined at 10% each to achieve acceptable strength and resistance to chemical attack. It was concluded that BLA and GCB could potentially improve the sustainability of concrete production by reducing the CO2 emission by 19%, embodied energy by 15% and cost by 10% without increasing the energy demand to achieve concrete strength similar to that of the Portland cement.

EDM machining characteristics of bamboo leaf ash and alumina reinforced aluminum hybrid metal matrix composite using Multi-response optimization by grey relational analysis

In this research work, aluminum hybrid composites using bamboo leaf ash (BLA) and alumina have been fabricated via stir casting. Three hybrid composites viz: A713 + 2%BLA + 2%Al2O3, A713 + 2%BLA + 4%Al2O3, A713 + 4%BLA + 2%Al2O3 are fabricated successfully and EDM machining of these three composites is performed. The EDM machining experiments of the three hybrid composites, have been designed using Taguchi L27 orthogonal array design of experiments (DOE) considering current (A), duty cycle (%), gap voltage (V) and different percentage composition of the reinforcements. The effect of the EDM machining process parameters on the output responses such as surface roughness (Ra) and material removal rate (MRR) are evaluated using grey relational analysis.

Mechanical, wear and corrosion properties of micro particulates reinforced ZA-27 hybrid MMC by stir casting: A review

During the last few years, ZA-27 alloys are commercially used as a bearing material due to their excellent tribological properties. This alloy also possesses advantages like good mechanical properties, low energy consumption, and ease of machining. It is found that ZA-27 alloys lose their dimensional stability above 100 °C during its usage. This has inspired many researchers in recent years to explore the possibility of reinforcing ZA-27 alloy with synthetic ceramic reinforcement like SiC, Alumina, boron carbide Agricultural and industrial wastes along with solid lubricant such as graphite for tribological applications. This article reviews the microstructure, physical, mechanical, wear, and corrosion properties of ZA-27 hybrid MMC reinforced with microparticles like SiC, and Alumina, Rice husk ash, Groundnut ash, Quarry dust, and Bamboo leaf ash fabricated by stir casting technique. This paper summarizes the work done by several researchers in optimizing the stirring parameters for better distribution of microparticulate reinforcements and mechanical, corrosion and wear behavior of the hybrid ZA-27 composites.

Nanoflower-like composites of ZnO/SiO2 synthesized using bamboo leaves ash as reusable photocatalyst

In this study, the synthesis of ZnO/SiO2 nanocomposites using bamboo leaf ash (BLA) and tested their photocatalytic activity for rhodamine B decolorization have been conducted. The nanocomposites were prepared by the sol–gel reaction of zinc acetate dihydrate, which was used as a zinc oxide precursor, with silica gel obtained from the caustic extraction of BLA. The effect of the Zn content (5, 10, and 20 wt%) on the physicochemical characteristics and photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposites was investigated. The results of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, gas sorption, and transmission electron microscopy characterization confirmed the mesoporous structure of the composites containing nanoflower-like ZnO (wurtzite) nanoparticles of 10–30 nm in size dispersed on the silica support. Further, the nanocomposites were confirmed to be composed of ZnO/SiO2 by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Meanwhile, diffuse-reflectance UV–visible spectrophotometry analysis of the nanocomposites revealed band gap energies of 3.38–3.39 eV. Of the tested nanocomposites, that containing 10 wt% Zn exhibited the highest decolorization efficiency (99%) and fastest decolorization rate. In addition, the degradation efficiencies were not reduced significantly after five repeated runs, demonstrating the reusability of the nanocomposite catalysts. Therefore, the ZnO/SiO2 nanocomposite obtained from BLA is a promising reusable photocatalyst for the degradation of dye-polluted water.

Pozzolanic Properties of Agro Waste Ashes for Potential Cement Replacement Predicted using ANN

Every year, cement demand increases due to infrastructural development in our country, which indirectly increases global warming since the manufacturing of Portland cement emits a large volume of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Hence, the demand of using Portland cement should be reduced by using various types of mineral admixtures as a replacement to Cement. In India, every year agricultural sector produces a large volume of waste by-products like corncob, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, bamboo leaves etc., which could be burnt in a controlled environment and the resulted ashes could be used as partial replacement to Cement. The pozzolanic activity of agro-waste ashes like rice husk ash, cocoa fruit shell ash, corncob ash, bamboo leaves ash, sugarcane bagasse ash have been tested and compared using the strength activity test, the saturated lime test and the Frattini test with the implementation of Artificial Intelligence using Neural Network was carried out. It is observed that Rice husk ash, corncob ash, bamboo leaf ash, sugar cane bagasse ash have the potential to be replaced for Cement while cocoa fruit shell ash does not have the expected pozzolanic activity. The predicted pozzolanic strength property of the different agro-waste ashes with the utilization of Artificial Neural Network was observed to correspond with experimental values.

Mitigation of silica-rich wastes: An alternative to the synthesis eco-friendly silica-based mesoporous materials

The synthesis of nano-architectured mesoporous materials is of great importance for the sciences of multifunctional materials, since the textural and structural features of mesoporous silicas allows its application in the most different areas of technological knowledge. In view of growing interest of the scientific community in the use of silica-based mesoporous materials, as well as the environmental concern of obtaining advanced materials through increasingly cleaner, low-cost, and eco-friendly processes, this review aims to give an overview in the literature of main alternative silica sources that have been used to synthetize the silica-based mesoporous arrays. Also, we present what are the main applications of these mesoparticles. We can highlight that the main mesoporous materials studied in the literature are those of the M41S, SBA- n , FDU- n , and KIT- n families, which presented well-structured silica-based mesoporous materials with different pore geometries and architectures. Thus, allowing the application of these architectured materials in different scientific areas. The synthesis of silicon-based mesoporous materials has been increasingly sought from the use of low-cost and eco-friendly silica sources from the reuse of industrial wastes, in an attempt to minimize the possible impacts on the environment and human health of inadequate disposal of these wastes. Based on our literature review, the main alternative silica sources that are being used for the synthesis of silica-based mesoporous materials are rice hush ash, wheat husk ash, palm oil fuel ash, Miscanthus ash, e-waste, coal ash, reed ash, sedge ash, Carex riparia, sugarcane ash, bamboo leaf ash, natural clay, ore tailing, and others. Sustainable and renewable silica sources used in the preparation of the eco-friendly silica-based mesoporous materials and their environmental applications. • Sustainable silica sources are used in the preparation of mesoporous materials. • Silica-based mesoporous arrays have multifunctional properties. • Eco-friendly mesoporous arrays are highly efficient for use in environmental sciences. • Nanostructured mesoporous materials have different pore geometries and architectures. • The use of low-cost and eco-friendly silica sources is of environmental importance.

Aluminium metal matrix composites reinforced with non - conventional materials: A review

Nowadays the requirement for more advanced materials is increasing day by day. Many researchers and scientists around the world are working on developing new materials that satisfy the requirement. Here comes the importance of aluminium metal matrix composites. One of the significant features of these materials are they can be easily fabricated in a way to obtain desired properties by selecting the right reinforcements. However, the production cost of advanced engineering materials is still high. There is a growing demand for cost-effective materials in several fields in order to reduce the overall cost of production. Based on these requirements many researchers have investigated the suitability of materials like aloe vera, rice husk ash, fly ash, bamboo leaf ash and coconut shell ash as reinforcements. Utilizing these materials as reinforcements not only benefit to produce cost-effective products, but also recycling of waste materials. This study manifests a summary of former work done in this field.

Crystal growth study of nanosized K-MER zeolite from bamboo leaves ash and its catalytic behaviour in Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde with ethyl cyanoacetate

A detailed study on the formation of nanosized K-MER zeolite from a template-free hydrogel system is reported. By using a new recipe and bamboo leave ash (BLA) as a reactive silica source, the K-MER zeolite crystallization time has been shortened from 15 days to 6 h at 180 °C, enabling the investigation of induction, nucleation and crystal growth of nanoscale K-MER zeolite using spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. The resulting zeolite nanorods ((45.1 ± 14.5 nm length) × (3.9 ± 1.9 nm width)) have a Si/Al ratio of 2.31 and they tend to assemble in parallel forming bulkier bundle-like secondary structure ((728 ± 171 nm length) × (251 ± 49 nm width). The nanocrystals (84.3% conversion and yield, 100% selective to ethyl 2-cyano-3-phenylacrylate (ECP)) show better catalytic performance than other homogeneous base catalysts (92–99% conversion, 82–84% yield) in Knoevenagel reaction of benzaldehyde and ethyl cyanoacetate under non-microwave instant heating condition, thus offering an eco-friendly approach for synthesizing highly selective solid base catalyst for synthesizing pure fine chemicals.