Bambara Groundnut Research Articles

Nutritional qualities and antioxidant properties of ginger‐flavored biscuits developed from wheat, bambara groundnut, and plantain flour blends

AbstractGlobal research toward the utilization of spices in plant‐based foods for the management of diseases resulting from the generation of free radicals has been progressive drastically. Ginger contains bioactive compounds with anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Hence, the effect of ginger on nutritional and antioxidant properties of biscuits produced from wheat, bambara groundnut, and plantain was investigated. Bambara groundnut flour (BF) and unripe plantain flour (PF) were used to supplement wheat flour (WF) to produce flour blends that were flavored with 2.5% ginger powder (GP) to produce ginger‐flavored biscuits, whereas 100% WF biscuit served as the control. The protein content of the biscuits ranged from 8.07% to 10.30%, whereas calcium (33.01–42.33 mg/100 g) was the most abundant mineral element in the biscuits. Essential amino acids, in vitro protein, and starch digestibility of the biscuits ranged from 30.03 to 35.31 g/100 g protein, 67.95% to 69.36%, and 51.86% to 52.35%, respectively. Total phenol and total flavonoid contents of the biscuits ranged from 2.86 to 4.48 mg GAE/g and 1.65 to 2.87 mg QE/g, respectively. However, there was no significant difference (p ≥ .05) in the overall acceptability of the biscuits. The ginger‐flavored biscuits demonstrated higher antioxidant properties than the control biscuit. Nevertheless, BFB‐1 (biscuit produced from 54.74% WF:13.68% BF:31.58% PF:2.5% GP) had the highest total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant properties that could be attributed to its level of phenolic constituents. Hence, BFB‐1 could serve as a functional food for the management of oxidative stress‐related diseases.

Market Share and Price-Setting Behaviour in Bilateral Areas: Evidence from Bambara Groundnut Markets in Nigeria

Marketing activities within the Bambara groundnut subsector may tend to become sub-standard because of production price uncertainty and production risk which may ejaculate into inefficiency in the market. In this respect, the study analyzed market share and Price-setting Behaviour in Bilateral areas: evidence from Bambara Groundnut Markets in Nigeria. The population of the study comprised marketers of Bambara groundnut in South-east, Nigeria. Of the five states in south-east region of Nigeria, two States were chosen purposively so as to ascertain the movement of prices between the two states. This was done in order to establish fair prices comparison between the production zone and consumption zone. The choice of the two states was based on the predominance of Bambara groundnut marketers. A two-stage random sampling technique was adopted in selecting 221 respondents that was interviewed for the study. Information for this study was obtained from primary sources employing a well-structured questionnaire, oral interviews and direct observations of Bambara groundnut marketers and was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of multivariate analysis (ANOVA) showing the variations in price margins, marketing cost and net marketing margins showed that across the eight markets sampled within the study area, there was no vital significant distinction (F= 0.381; P=0.130, F=2.558; P=0.414 and F=1.725; P=0.217) within the price margins, costs and net margins. The velocity of rural retail prices results indicated that on the average, retail prices of Bambara groundnut was enhanced at a monthly rate of N5.586853 in the rural markets of Abia State with a standard deviation of N0.8089196. Although, the modal price alteration was N5.2300 whereas the minimum price increment was N3.6610, however, the utmost increment was N7.845 per month in the rural Bambara groundnut markets in Abia State. Similarly, for urban prices of Bambara groundnut in Abia State markets, the result showed slight variations in monthly prices. Specifically, for urban retail prices in Abia State markets, Bambara groundnut monthly prices was enhanced by N5.87178274 on the average, though, the modal and minimum values of N5.496730 and N3.847711 existed respectively. The result also showed that the rural and urban prices of Bambara groundnut changed monthly by N5.9040 and N6.2051228 respectively, per month. The result additional discovered the rural/urban retail merchant price in Enugu Abia and Enugu to be N5.72931798 with variance of N0.840113346 and N1.32771324 respectively. In relation to price velocity of wholesalers in Abia and Enugu states, wholesale price velocity of N34.471035 and N36.4364033 and standard deviation of N4.99221480 and N7.05381314, minimum of N22.59371 and N19.62524 and maximum of N 48.41510 and N 49.24824 respectively was observed. However, the results of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that there existed significant distinction (F=4.771; P ≤ 0.05) and (F=0.048; P ≤ 4.19) between rural and urban retail price velocities in Enugu and Abia State markets, respectively. The moderately high variation of prices with time necessitates governments’ action in prices stabilization to shield farmers economically. Guarantee minimum price for producers as an incentive for assured output markets can increase supply volume and promotion of Bambara groundnut industries.

COLLECTION AND PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME NIGERIAN BAMBARA GROUNDNUT (VIGNA SUBTERRANEA) GERMPLASM USING SEED MORPHOLOGY

Bambara groundnut is an indigenous African legume with great potential to tackle food insecurity in Nigeria. A germplasm collection mission was carried out in collaboration with the Agricultural Developments Project (ADP) Extension officers of Nigeria between October and December 2014. Bambara groundnut seeds were collected from farmers in Kaduna, Niger, Kogi, Benue, Plateau, Adamawa, Nasarawa, Jigawa, Enugu and Federal Capital Territoy (FCT) Abuja. Some seeds were also collected from National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (NACGRAB). A total of 45 original seed lots were collected which comprised of mixed seeds (different seed coat colours) and pure seeded accessions (comprising of one seed coat colour). A total of 24 distinct seed morphotypes were identified from the collections. The highest number of accessions were collected from NACGRAB (11) followed by Niger State (10) and the lowest from Benue, Jigawa and Adamawa States (2). Niger State also had the highest number of mixed seeds. The different seed phenotypes observed in the study are important for field production of true to type lines and can be exploited for the genetic improvement of bambara groundnut.

Comparative Biochemical Effects of Natural and Synthetic Pesticides on Preserved Vigna Subterranea in Male Albino Rats

Preservatives both natural and synthetic have been widely used to store food in order to ensure all season availability and safety for human consumption. This study was carried out to evaluate the biochemical effects of natural and synthetic pesticides preserved Vigna subterranea in male albino rats. Thirty six adult male albino weighing between 150 – 200 g were randomly allocated into 6 groups A, B, C, D, E and F (n=6 each). Vigna subterranea were preserved for six months in 5 air tight containers: preserved with neem ash, Pepper, Dichlovors, Aluminium Phosphide and without preservative. The preserved beans were milled into powder and used as dietary supplement for the rats. All the animals freely received animal feed and water. Group A, B, C, D, E and F were fed with animal feed and water only, Vigna subterranea without preservative, neem Ash preserved Vigna subterranea, Pepper preserved Vigna subterranea, Dichlovors preserved Vigna subterranea and Aluminium Phosphide preserved Vigna subterranea respectively. The dietary intervention lasted for 2 months after which the animals were sacrificed. The blood sample of each rat was collected and analyzed using standard methods. The results from the analysis of the liver function across the groups with preservatives showed increase in liver enzymes. The serum AST shows significant increase (p < 0.05) in Group D compared to Group A. ALT significantly (p < 0.05) increased in all the test groups except the group fed with pepper compared to the control which indicates there may be possible injury to the liver. The result showed elevation (p < 0.05) of C-reactive protein in all the test group compared to Group A and significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the group fed with neem Ash, which may indicate injury and inflammation in the test animals of the other preservatives. In the kidney, the serum urea findings showed significant increase (p<0.05) in all the groups fed with preservatives compared to the Group A and the concentrations of Creatinine increased significantly (p<0.05) in all the groups fed with the preserved V. subterranea compared to the control indicating there may be possible damage to the kidney. A significant decrease (p<0.05) in the antioxidants-CAT, SOD and GPx and increase (p<0.05) in MDA in the group fed with preservatives indicates there may be increase in lipid peroxidation, leading to oxidative stress and cell injury in the test animals. The results of this study suggest that the use of some of these preservatives which could be natural and synthetic may be toxic and could lead to cellular and tissue damage.

IMPACT OF BOTANICAL SPICES IN CONTROL OF Callosobruchus subinnotatus OF BAMBARA NUT PESTS

The present study evaluated the effect of extracts of three spices in control of Callosobruchus subinnotatus (Bambara nut pest). The experimental design used was completely randomized design (CRD). Ginger, scent leaf and curry leaf were obtained and screened for phytochemical and proximate composition using standard laboratory techniques. The Bambara nut was subjected to four treatments (To, T1, T2 and T3) which were replicated 4 times. To was used as control while the rest were treated with the spices. Results from the study showed that mortality rate was recorded highest on 100g of ginger powder extract having percentage mortality of 93.33% (T3). It was followed by scent leaf with a mortality rate of 43.33%. The result also showed that Ginger powdered extract gave the lower mean number of holes (41) and with lower weight loss of 4.9g amongst the extracts used. Bambara nuts that were not treated with plant spice extracts gave the highest mean number of holes or punctures (211) and the highest weight loss 25.5g of nuts (To). The plant extracts were effective at controlling Callosobruchus subinnotatus, though at varying degrees and more environmentally friendly biopesticides that are biodegradable and are part of human and animal food and often used as ethno-medicines.

Agro-Morphological Variability in Eight Bambara Groundnut (<i>Vigna subterranea</i> (L.) Verdc.) Morphotypes from Zinder (Niger)

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) has economic importance for the producers and the traders as cash crop since it generates substantial income for households in Niger. The objective of this study was to assess eight (8) Bambara groundnut morphotype from Université André Salifou de Zinder in Niger Republic by their morphological and agronomic characters. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during the rainy season of 2020-2021. Data were collected on the Number of leaves, Plant height (cm), Growth habit (cm), Terminal leaflet length, Terminal leaflet width, Number of nodes/stem, Number of stems/plant, Number of pods/plant, Weight of 100 pods (g), Weight of 100 seeds (g), Length of seeds (mm), Width of seeds (mm), Weight of seeds/Plot (kg). There were significant differences for all characters, except Number of leaves, Terminal leaflet length, Terminal leaflet width, Length of seeds (mm) Weight of 100 pods (g), Weight of 100 seeds (g). The morphotypes UZ-VZ-04, UZ-VZ-03, UZ-VZ-06, UZ-VZ-02 and UZ-VZ-05 have demonstrated good performance for grain weight per plot and can be useful for a breeding program.

Differential Effects of Processing Methods on the Antioxidant Activity of Red and Cream Bambara Groundnut Seeds

Background: The red and cream bambara groundnuts (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) are generally grown in Thailand. Bambara groundnut seeds must be cooked before consumption. However, the differential effects of processing methods on the antioxidant activity of red and cream bambara groundnut seeds remain unknown. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant activity affected by the steaming, boiling, and dry heating processes of red and cream bambara groundnut seeds. Methods: Red and cream bambara groundnut seeds were treated with steaming, boiling, and dry heating processes, and the antioxidant compounds, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity (SOSA), and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were evaluated. Results: Compared to the raw sample of red bambara groundnut seeds, all processing methods decreased total phenolic and tannin content. Only the steaming process caused a significant reduction in total flavonoid content. All processing methods increased SOSA in the sample of red bambara groundnut seeds. Out of all the processes, the boiling process produced the highest SOSA. However, only the steaming process caused an increase in the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of red bambara groundnut seed samples. For cream bambara groundnut seeds, only the dry heating process significantly reduced total phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid content compared to the raw sample. All processing methods decreased the SOSA in the sample of cream bambara groundnut seeds. Only the steaming process caused a significant increase in hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Conclusion: All processes caused an increase in SOSA in red bambara groundnut seeds, however, caused the loss of SOSA in cream bambara groundnut seeds. In both red and cream bambara groundnut seeds, steaming was more efficient than raw, boiling, or dry heating for hydroxyl radical scavenging activities.

Agronomic Characterization of Soybean and Bambara Groundnut Genotypes Grown on Different Soils of Lake Victoria Basin

Agronomic Characterization of Soybean and Bambara Groundnut Genotypes Grown on Different Soils of Lake Victoria Basin

Characterization of Seed Storage Proteins in Eight Bambara Groundnut Landraces in Burkina Faso

Characterization of Seed Storage Proteins in Eight Bambara Groundnut Landraces in Burkina Faso

Molecular Genetic Diversity in Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc] Assessed by Microsatellite Markers

Bambara groundnut is a valuable leguminous crop with many landraces. A study was carried out to establish genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship, among 33 Bambara groundnut accessions based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The nine microsatellite markers amplified a total of 27 alleles with a mean of 6.00 alleles per locus. Marker P 36 had the highest number of polymorphic bands while makers P131 and P68 were monomorphic. Genetic distance among the accessions based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient ranged from 0.84 to 1.00. Cluster analysis resolved the accessions into five major groups with subgroups. Each group had a combination of distinct accessions from different geographical origin. A substantial level of intra-accession polymorphism was obtained among the evaluated collection of Bambara groundnut. The significant genetic diversity observed can support the selection of appropriate parental genotypes for the improvement of Bambara groundnut through various breeding programmes.

English

This paper aim to develop a low-cost Bambara groundnuts sheller that uses vertical spikes as the shelling mechanism. A vertical spike shelling machine was designed, constructed and evaluated. The Bambara groundnut shelling machine consisted of a hopper, shelling system, frame, motor and power transmission system. The Bambara groundnut sheller used a low-cost shelling mechanism of spikes and shaft system, as it has ability to break different sizes of the Bambara groundnut pods. The prototype was tested for shelling efficiency, percentage mechanical damage of nuts during shelling and machine capacity. The machine was evaluated for shelling efficiency, mechanical damage capacity and cleaning efficiency. The samples used for evaluation were set at different moisture content levels of 6, 15 and 20%.  The shelling efficiency of the machine declined from 71.7 to 21.9% as moisture content increased from 6 to 20%. The mechanical damage decreased from 3.66 to 1.46% as the moisture content increase while the machine capacity also declines from 145.6 to 80.1 kg hour-1. The prototype can therefore be viewed as feasible for implementation by small scale farmers. Key words: Shelling, vertical spikes, efficiency.

Evaluation of Optimal Flour Blends and Quality Acceptability of Dumpling Produced From Finger Millet, Bambara Groundnut and Khain Composite Flours

Evaluation of Optimal Flour Blends and Quality Acceptability of Dumpling Produced From Finger Millet, Bambara Groundnut and Khain Composite Flours

Nutritional analysis of african yam bean and bambara nut pudding

This study was to analyze and compare the nutritional contents of African yam bean pudding and Bambara nut pudding. Many important crop plants native to Africa with the potential to alleviate and reduce food insecurity in the continent are severally neglected, unimproved and under-utilized. It is of great importance to examine the nutrient, toxic substance, and anti-physiological substance composition of locally available foods in a community or country. The result of the proximate analysis showed that BNP had higher moisture content, crude fat, and protein compared to AYBP, and its statistically not significant P ≥ 0.05, BNP showed a significantly higher carbohydrate compared to AYBP P≤ 0.05. The ash and fiber content of AYBP was shown to be statistically higher than that of BNP with P≤ 0.05. The result of the vitamin analysis showed that AYBP had significantly higher vitamin C compared with BNP, and vitamin A though not significant. The vitamin E content of both puddings was shown to be equal. The outcome of the analysis showed that AYBP is rich in fiber and low in carbohydrates as such could be a meal for diabetic patients. The vitamins contained in AYBP make it a requirement for school children and could be a source of a cheap source of vitamins to the rural and low-income earners in our society. AYBP has longer shelf life compared with the BNP because of its low moisture content.

Bacteriological analysis of OKPA (Bambara nut Moi Moi) sold in NKWO market of Okija town near Legacy University Okija.

This research was conducted to ascertain the bacterial content of Okpa(Bambara nut moi moi) sold in Nkwo market in Okija town. This market is strategic as it is a popular market serving Legacy and Madonna Universities and the entire Okija town. Five samples were collected and analyzed using spread plate technique after tenfold serial dilution. Nutrient agar was used to enumerate total colony count while MacCokey agar was used for coliform count. After incubation for 24 hours at 37 ℃, 1.2 x105, 2.1 x 104, 4.5 x 104 and 2.0 x 104 cfu/g were observed for nutrient agar. For the coliform count, 1.1 x 102, 2.1 x 10, 1.2 x 10 and 1.0 102 cf/g were observed on MacConkey agar. The results showed that, though the Okpa were contaminated, the coliform count was not at the level of causing disease. Also, the research revealed that the sources of the pathogenic bacteria are through unhygienic actions of the people that prepares the food and those that hawk them. The research also recommended that adequate sanitary practices and procedures should be adopted during Okpa preparation.

Phenological, Morphological and Agronomic Characterization of Bambara Groundnut Genotypes on Plinthite Soil in East-centre Area, Burkina Faso

Bambara groundnut has long been a neglected and understudied crop. Thanks to the new orientations for the développement of agriculture and achievement of food security in Burkina Faso, in recent years, studies on Bambara groundnut have experienced renewed interest. Despites nutritional, agronomic and socio-economic importance and some studies carried out on this crop. The diversity within Bambara groundnut cultivated remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to assess phenological morphological and agronomic characterization of 20 Bambara groundnut accessions from National Institute for the Environment and Agricultural Research (INERA) genebank. The experimental device used was a completely randomized Fisher blocks with four replications on the site of University Centre of Tenkodogo. These accessions were evaluated on 23 morphological characters including four qualitative characters and 19 quantitative characters. Qualitative traits showed high proportion of oval terminal leaflet shape (70%), cream coloured seeds (45%) and 80% presence of eyes of various shapes and colours. The analysis of quantitative characters showed all the characters are discriminating except the plant spread (PlS) at the 5% treshold with regard to morphological, physiological and agronomic traits and low coefficient of variation (CV) values for the different phenological characters, except for the number of days from sowing to 50% plantlet emergence (EMG50). Pearson correlation matrix indicated positive and negative correlation. Most of the negative correlation was observed between phenological and agronomic traits The dendrogram showed organization of the variability in three different groups on the basis of the physiological, phenological and agronomic traits. The variability expressed among INERA gene bank genotypes showed important variability, which can be exploited in Bambara groundnut breeding programs using the clustering and associations of characters.

Karakterisasi Fisiko-Kimia Biji dan Kulit Ari Kacang Bogor Asal Jampang-Sukabumi Jawa Barat

The traditional cultivation and limited use of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) seed and coat have encouraged the development of this commodity. The aim of this research was to characterize the seed and coat of bambara groundnut from Jampang, Kab. Sukabumi, West Java. Analysis on bambara groundnut seed including proximate analysis, in vitro protein digestibility, starch content, and dietary fiber, as well as analysis on its coat including anthocyanin, total phenolic, antioxidant activity, phytic acid and tannin, were examined in this study. The results showed that bambara groundnut seed from Jampang-Sukabumi contained 16.53% proteins, 3.04% ash, 7.83% fats and 55.22% carbohydrates in dry basis (db). The carbohydrates consisted of starch 52.71% and dietary fiber 7.47% (db). The protein had an in vitro protein digestibility of 41.65% db. The purple seed coat contained of 1.51% anthocyanin, 25.85 mg/g total phenolic content (as gallic acid equivalent), antioxidant activity at 82.75% inhibition of free radical DPPH, 6.37 mg/g phytic acid, and 96.79 mg/g tannin (as tannic acid equivalent) in dry basis. The relatively high content of tannin and antioxidant activity but very low phytic acid content, make the bambara seed coat a potential source for tannin, meanwhile the bambara groundnut is potential as a nutrition source.

Health Risk Assessment of PAHs from Wheat (Tritcum specie) Bambara Nut (Vigna subterranea) and Pigeon Peas (Cajanus cajanifolia) Consumed in Nigeria

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs are carcinogenic and genotoxic in nature and have been of worldwide concern. This study aimed at determining the PAH contamination levels in types of wheat (Tritcum specie), bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) and pigeon peas (Cajanus cajanifolia) commonly consumed in the eastern part of Nigeria and assess the health risk associated with their consumption. The grain samples were analyzed of sixteen priority PAHs using gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector, GC-FID after extraction by sonication. Estimation of daily intakes were carried out using adult male and female consumers while margin of exposure was used to assess the health risk applying bench mark dose levels for the indicators-BaP, PAH2, PAH4 and PAH8. The sixteen PAHs were detected in all the analyzed grains. The ∑16 PAHs concentrations (× 10¯²µg/kg) detected ranged from 25.004±20.553 in white pigeon peas to 36.493±20.305 in red pigeon peas. The eight probable carcinogenic PAHs (∑PAH8) detected ranged from 10.913±4.295 to 17.444±7.023 also in white and red pigeon peas respectively. From the estimation of daily intake calculated, the total dietary exposure of male (41.42 µg/kg bw/day) was less than that of female (48.24 µg/kg bw/day) implying that adult female are more exposed. The MOE for adult male individual ranged from 49,893 in pure white bambara groundnut to 392,943 in pigeon peas. While for adult female individual, the values of MOE ranged from 48,110 in bambara groundnut to 336,770 in pigeon peas. The values of margin of MOE obtained for all the indicators were much higher than 10000 which according to EFSA indicate low concern for human health and considered low priority for risk management actions. The PAHs values detected were all below 1.0 µg/kg which is the permissible limit established by EFSA. Based on these facts, these grains are safe for consumption.

Genotypic Characterisation of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna Subterranea L. Verdc) Germplasm

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc) is an underexploited crop with the opportunity to address some critical food requirements as it is a high-nutritional alternative food. This study aimed at characterising genetic diversity using Diversity Array Technologies Sequence Low Density (DArTseqLD) Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers in order to identify genomic variation that can be used for crop improvement by plant breeders. One hundred eighty-eight samples were selected for genotyping using DArTseqLD SNP markers. The study generated 1048 DArTseqLD SNP markers. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed 84 % and 13 % variation among and within the Bambara groundnut germplasm respectively, 3 % variation was observed among the populations. Cluster analysis based on genotypic data grouped the 188 samples into 9 clusters. Based genotypic data, it can be concluded that there is a significant degree of genetic diversity in the germplasm genotyped that can be used by plant breeders in crop improvement program.

Screening Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) Genotypes for Drought Tolerance at the Germination Stage under Simulated Drought Conditions.

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean L. Verdc) is grown by smallholders and subsistence farmers in the marginal parts of sub-Saharan Africa. This legume is native to Africa and is cultivated throughout semi-arid sub-Saharan Africa. It is hardy and has been recognized as a nutritious food source in times of scarcity. Drought can negatively affect the germination or establishment of seedlings in the early stages of crop growth. Drought can limit the growing season of certain crops and create conditions that encourage the invasion of insects and diseases. Drought can also lead to a lack of crop yield, leading to rising food prices, shortages, and possibly malnutrition in vulnerable populations. A drought-tolerant genotype can be identified at the germination stage of Bambara groundnut by screening for drought-tolerance traits, and this knowledge can be applied to Bambara crop improvement programs to identify drought-tolerant traits during early growth phases. As an osmolyte, polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) reduced water potential and simulated drought stress in Bambara groundnut seeds of different genotypes. Osmolytes are low-molecular-weight organic compounds that influence biological fluid properties. In this study, 24 Bambara groundnut genotypes were used. Data were collected on seed germination percentage (G%), germination velocity index (GVI), mean germination time (MGT), root dry mass (RDM), root fresh mass (RFM), and seven drought tolerance indices: mean productivity (MP), tolerance index (TOL), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress susceptibility index (SSI), yield index (YI), yield stability index (YSI), stress tolerance index (STI) as well as seed coat color measurements. The data were applied to the mean observation of genotypes under simulated drought conditions (Ys) and the mean observation of genotypes under controlled conditions (Yp). Germination%, germination velocity index (GVI), mass germination time (MGT), and root fresh mass (RFM) differed significantly (p < 0.001) between the two stress conditions. Bambara genotypes Acc 82 and Acc 96 were found to be the most drought-tolerant.

Physicochemical analysis and intermediate pyrolysis of Bambara Groundnut Shell (BGS), Sweet Sorghum Stalk (SSS), and Shea Nutshell (SNS)

ABSTRACT The current work focused on the intermediate pyrolysis of Bambara Groundnut Shells (BGS-G1), Sweet Sorghum Stalk (SSS), and Shea Nutshells (SNS). These feedstocks are readily available as wastes or by-products from industrial and agricultural activities. The thermo-gravimetric analysis of the biomass samples exhibited decomposition and devolatilization potentials in the temperature range of 110–650°C. The kinetic modelling resulted in the activation energy of BGS G1 being the lowest as 20.43 kJ/mol and SNS as the highest 24.89 kJ/mol among the three biomass samples. Intermediate pyrolysis was conducted in a vertical tube reactor at a temperature of 600°C, with nitrogen flow at 10 ml/min and heating rate ≥ 33.0℃/min. The yield of pyrolysis bio-oil was 38.0 ± 6.4, 44.2 ± 6, and 39.7 ± 5.2 wt.% for BGS-G1, SSS, and SNS, respectively. The HHV of bio-oil varied as 23.7 ± 1.8, 23.8 ± 1.8, to 26.5 ± 2.0 MJ/kg for BGS-G1 SSS and SNS respectively. The biochar recorded the lowest HHV for BGS-G1 as 18.8 ± 1.2 MJ/kg and the highest for SNS as 26.4 ± 1.8 MJ/kg. The FTIR of bio-oil revealed significant functional groups, and GC-MS (Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry) analysis categorized the compounds in bio-oils as ketones, furans, phenolics, acids, phenols and benzene derivatives. The physicochemical analysis of the feedstocks and the products (bio-oil and biochar) showed their potential for bioenergy and biochemical (green chemicals) production.