Bama Research Articles

Establishment of irradiation wound model in adult Bama miniature pigs

Objective To establish experimental radioactive wound model in miniature pig and observe its pathological changes in order to carry out in vivo study of radioactive wound-related diseases. Methods According to the random number table, eight adult Bama miniature pigs were divided into four groups after being anesthetized: normal control and experiment groups exposed to 0, 10, 20 and 30 Gy respectively using the X-ray linear accelerator. Then a puncher was use to prepare full-thickness skin defects (4 cm in length) in the irradiation site. Wound samples were collected every other week to observe wound healing. RT-PCR was used to measure expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in wound tissues 35 days after irradiation. At the same time, Western blot was utilized to detect expressions of CD31 and collagen Ⅰ. HE staining was applied to observe histopathological changes of the radioactive wound. Results Skin wounds in normal control group healed in 35 days. Whereas in 20 and 30 Gy experiment groups, the wounds were not healed in 63 days and the healing rate was gradually weakened with the irradiation dose increasing. Expression ratio of TNF-α mRNA was 0.315±0.007 in normal control group, 0.984±0.211 in 10 Gy experiment group, 1.140±0.088 in 20 Gy experiment group, and 0.471±0.030 in 30 Gy experiment group. Expression ratio of TGF-β mRNA was 0.402±0.018 in normal control group, 1.707±0.147 in 10 Gy experiment group, 1.933±0.078 in 20 Gy experiment group, and 0.968±0.084 in 30 Gy experiment group. Expressions of TNF-α and TGF-β mRNA were significantly increased in 20 Gy experiment group compared to normal control group (P<0.05). Expressions of CD 31 and Collagen Ⅰ protein were inhibited in 20 Gy experiment group compared to normal control group (P<0.05). Epithelialization and granulation tissue regeneration in 20 Gy experiment group were impaired. Conclusion An irradiation wound model in Bama miniature pigs can be efficiently and effectively simulated using the 20 Gy X-ray irradiation combined with full-thickness skin defect, and can be used to study the pathophysiology and therapeutic intervention of radioactive wound-related diseases in vivo. Key words: Radiation injuries, experimental; Ulcer; Models, animal

‘Bama Perks’ Beats Aphasia One Sip at a Time

‘Bama Perks’ Beats Aphasia One Sip at a Time

Effect of environmental hypothermia exposure on hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism during general anesthesia in a pig model of hemorrhagic shock

Objective To evaluate the effect of environmental hypothermia exposure on hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism during general anesthesia in a pig model of hemorrhagic shock. Methods Twelve pathogen-free Bama miniature pigs of both sexes, weighing 20-24 kg, were divided into 2 groups(n=6 each)using a random number table: room temperature group(group RT)and environmental hypothermia group(group EH). The animals inhaled 2% isoflurane for maintenance of anesthesia.The pigs were placed at room temperature(20-22℃)and at low temperature(-10 ℃)in group RT and group EH, respectively.Hemorrhagic shock was induced by withdrawing blood from the right femoral artery within 20 min(30 ml/kg). Before withdrawing blood(T1), immediately after the end of withdrawing blood(T2), and at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h of shock(T3-7), heart rate, mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac index and systemic vascular resistance index were recorded.Blood samples were collected from the right femoral artery and internal jugular vein for blood gas analysis, and lactic acid concentrations, hemoglobin, arterial oxygen partial pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, and mixed venous oxygen saturation were recorded.Oxygen delivery index, oxygen consumption index and O2 extraction rate were calculated. Results Compared with group RT, heart rate at T3-7, cardiac index and oxygen delivery index at T5-7, oxygen consumption index at T1-7, O2 extraction rate at T2-6, and lactic acid concentrations at T5-7 were significantly decreased, and mean arterial pressure at T4, 5, mean pulmonary artery pressure at T4-7, systemic vascular resistance index at T3-7, and mixed venous oxygen saturation at T2-6 were increased in group EH(P<0.05). Conclusion Environmental hypothermia exposure inhibits cardiac compensatory responses, increases the peripheral vascular resistance, and aggravates oxygen dysmetabolism during general anesthesia in a pig model of hemorrhagic shock. Key words: Hypothermia; Shock, hemorrhagic; Hemodynamics; Oxygen consumption

Effect of sevoflurane on activation of NF-κB during brain injury induced by hemorrhagic shock in pigs

Objective To evaluate the effect of sevoflurane on activation of nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)during brain injury induced by hemorrhagic shock(HS)in pigs. Methods Thirty-two adult male Bama miniature pigs, aged 6 months, weighing 22-25 kg, were divided into 4 groups(n=8 each)using a random number table: sham operation group(group Sham), HS group, sevoflurane preconditioning group(group Sev-Pre)and sevoflurane postconditioning group(group Sev-Post). The animals were anesthetized, and tracheostomized and mechanically ventilated.In group Sham, the bilateral femoral arteries and internal jugular veins were only cannulated.HS was induced by removing 40% of blood volume within 15 min(30 ml/kg)via the right femoral artery and maintaining at this level for 1 h before resuscitation in HS, Sev-Pre and Sev-Post groups.In group Sev-Pre, 2% sevoflurane was inhaled for 30 min, and then HS was induced.In group Sev-Post, 2% sevoflurane was inhaled for 30 min starting from the time point immediately after HS was induced.Immediately before establishment of the model and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min of HS(T1-6), blood samples from the jugular vein were collected for determination of serum interleukin-1beta(IL-1β)and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.At 4 h of HS, the rats were sacrificed, and brains were removed for microscopic examination of hippocampal CA1 region(using haematoxylin and eosin staining)and for determination of the expression of NF-κB in nucleoprotein(by Western blot). Results Compared with group Sham, the concentrations of serum IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly increased at T2-6, and the expression of NF-κB in nucleoprotein in hippocampal CA1 region was up-regulated in HS, Sev-Pre and Sev-Post groups(P 0.05). The pathologic changes were significantly attenuated in Sev-Pre and Sev-Post groups as compared with group HS. Conclusion The mechanism by which sevoflurane attenuates brain injury induced by HS may be related to inhibition of NF-κB activation and reduction of inflammatory responses in pigs. Key words: Anesthetics, inhalation; NF-kappa B; Shock, hemorrhagic; Brain injuries

Effect of hemorrhagic shock factor on pharmacokinetics of rocuronium in pigs

Objective To evaluate the effect of hemorrhagic shock factor on the pharmacokinetics of rocuronium in pigs. Methods Sixteen pathogen-free Bama miniature pigs of both sexes, aged 3-5 months, weighing 22-25 kg, were divided into 2 groups(n= 8 each)using a random number table: control group(group C)and hemorrhagic shock group(group HS). In group C, rocuronium 3.78 mg/kg was injected via the auricular vein.In group HS, the animals were subjected to volume-controlled hemorrhage, about 40% of blood volume was withdrawn from the left femoral artery over 15 min(30 ml/kg), and rocuronium 3.78 mg/kg was injected via the auricular vein after the model was successfully established.At 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 and 420 min after rocuronium injection, blood samples were collected from the internal jugular vein for determination of the plasma concentration of rocuronium by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.The pharmacokinetic parameters of rocuronium were calculated. Results Compared with group C, the plasma concentration of rocuronium was significantly increased at 20 and 60-420 min after rocuronium injection, the elimination half-life and mean residence time were prolonged, and the plasma effect-site equilibration rate constant was decreased in group HS(P 0.05). Conclusion The elimination of rocuronium is slower in a pig model of hemorrhagic shock. Key words: Shock, hemorrhagic; Androstanols; Pharmacokinetics

Richard John Norris, BA MA DPhil (Oxon) FGS FRSNZ (1945–2016)

Emeritus Professor Richard J Norris died on 29 June 2016 in Wellington. Richard was born on 26 July 1945, and spent his early life in the village of Newbold, near Chesterfield, Derbyshire, England....

Left ventricular circumferential strain in Bama mini pig with coronary vein ligation evaluated by layer-specific strain

Objective To evaluate the left ventricular three layers myocardial circumferential strain in Bama mini pigs with coronary vein ligation. Methods The great cardiac vein of 12 healthy Bama mini pigs were ligated.Left ventricular circumferential strain of three layers myocardium at basal, middle and apical muscle level were compared before ligation, and 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min after ligation, respectively. Results Compared with the basic state, there were no significant differences in the left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end diastolic and end systolic diameter, left ventricular diastolic end and end systolic volum and stroke volume. Three levels of circumferential strain decreased significantly after great cardiac vein ligation: apical level >basal level> middle level; three myocardial layers circumferential strain decreased significantly: inner layer > middle layer> outer layer. Conclusions Layer-specific strain is a promising approach to evaluate left ventricular global and regional myocardial function in Bama mini pig, and has a value of potential applications in evaluating the influence of cardiac vein ligation to left ventricular myocardial function. Key words: Echocardiography; Coronary vein; Ventricular function, left; Strain

Effect of hypothermia on pharmacokinetics of rocuronium in pigs with hemorrhagic shock

Objective To evaluate the effect of hypothermia on the pharmacokinetics of rocuronium in the pigs with hemorrhagic shock. Methods Thirty-two Bama mini pigs of both sexes, aged 4-6 months, weighing 22-25 kg, were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=8 each) using a random number table: normal temperature control group (group NC), normal temperature+ hemorrhagic shock group (group NH), hypothermia control group (group HC), and hypothermia+ hemorrhagic shock group (group HH). NC and NH groups were put in the normal temperature environment, and HC and HH groups were put in a freezer at -15 ℃.In NC and HC groups, rocuronium 3.78 mg/kg was injected via the auricular vein after the animals were awake.In NH and HH groups, hemorrhagic shock was then induced by removing 40% of blood volume from the right femoral artery at a constant speed within 15 min (30 ml/kg), and rocuronium 3.78 mg/kg was injected via the auricular vein at 30 min after the model was successfully established.At 0 (T0), 2 (T1), 4 (T2), 7 (T3), 10 (T4), 15 (T5), 20 (T6 ), 30 (T7), 60 (T8), 120 (T9), 180 (T10), 240 (T11) and 300 min (T12) after rocuronium injection, blood samples were collected from the internal jugular vein for determination of the blood concentration of rocuronium by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method.The maximum concentration (Cmax), elimination half-life (t1/2), plasma effect-site equilibration rate content (Ke0), area under concentration curve, and mean residence time (MRT) of rocuronium were calculated. Results Compared with group NC, the blood concentration of rocuronium was significantly decreased at T5-T12 in group NH, the blood concentration of rocuronium was significantly increased at T5-T12 in group HC, and t1/2 was significantly prolonged, Ke0 was decreased, and MRT was prolonged in NH and HC groups (P<0.05 or 0.01). Compared with group HC, the blood concentration of rocuronium was significantly increased at T4-T12, t1/2 was prolonged, Ke0 was decreased, and MRT was prolonged in group HH (P<0.05). Compared with group NH, the blood concentration of rocuronium was significantly increased at T5-T11, t1/2 was prolonged, Ke0 was decreased, and MRT was prolonged in group HH (P<0.05). Conclusion Hypothermia can reduce the pharmacokinetics of rocuronium in the pigs with hemorrhagic shock. Key words: Hypothermia, induced; Shock, hemorrhagic; Androstanols; Pharmacokinetics

Histopathological study of immune tolerance of vascularized osteomyocutaneous composite allotransplantation induced with FK506 and allo-bone marrow transplantation in a swine model

Objective To explore the effect of FK506 combined with allo-bone marrow transplan-tation on the survival of vascularized osteomyocutaneous composite allotransplantation (VCA) grafts and the histopathologic changes in the subjects after improving a VCA model of swine. Methods Three domestic male landraces and 8 female Bama miniature pigs were used respectively as donors and recipients of VCA. The recipient animals were divided into 3 groups. Group A was treated by immunosuppressive drugs alone, group B by immunosuppressive drugs and bone marrow transplants, and group C by autografts as the control. There were 3 animals in group A and group B, and 2 ones in group C. After transplantation, the systemic conditions of the pigs were observed, the blood drug concentration of FK506 was monitored, and the rejection was monitored through gross observation of the graft＇s skin and biopsy. Results The grafts in group A died on days 7, 9 and 10 post-transplantation respectively because of rejection; the grafts in group B survived to days 80, 91 and 114 post-transplantation respectively; all the grafts in group C were still alive in a good condition by the last observing day. Graft biopsies, HE staining and transmission electron microscopy showed that the lymphocyte infiltration and the immune rejection in group B were decreased significantly compared with group A. Conclusions FK506 combined with allo-bone marrow transplantation as a donor can significantly improve the survival time of grafts and slow down the immune rejection. Graft's skin biopsy can provide reliable evidence for diagnosis of rejection. Key words: Tissue transplantation; Bone marrow transplantation; Immune tolerance; Skin biopsy; Transmission electron microscope

Endoscopic closure for acute colonic perforations with novel successive endoclips in animal model

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and the safety of endoscopic closure for acute colon perforations with novel successive endoclips in animal model. Methods Approximately 1.5 to 2 cm colonic full-thickness resections were created with an electrotome in 3 Ba-Ma pigs that were under general anesthesia and were closed with the conventional endoclips and novel successive endoclips respectively. The procedure time and the efficacy of each endoclip were recorded. After the procedure, the general condition and physiological indicators were carefully monitored. After a follow-up of 1 week, the pigs were euthanized for an endoscopic observation of the healing condition and the residual endoclips. A postmortem examination was performed to observe the abdominal infection and incision condition. Transverse sections of the colon across the site of perforation were taken for histopathologic examination to assess the healing process. Results All the colonic perforation models in three pigs were established successfully. Endoscopic closure for acute colon perforation with two kinds of endoclips was technically successful in all 3 pigs. The mean time of the procedure with successive endoclip was less than that with the conventional endoclip (54.0 seconds VS 91.9 seconds, P<0.001), but the successful release rate of the successive endoclip was lower than that of the conventional endoclip without significant difference [62.5%(15/24) VS 14/16, P=0.17]. All the animals survived without infection and hemorrhage. Five perforations demonstrated signs of healing, whereas one closed with the novel successive endoclips failed to heal completely. Conclusion Endoscopic closure for acute colon perforations with novel successive endoclips is effective and safe. The novel successive endoclip has the advantage of saving time, but it needs to be further improved and perfected to satisfy the clinical need. Key words: Acute colonic perforation; Endoscopic closure; Metal clip

Effect of sevoflurane on brain injury in pigs with hemorrhagic shock

Objective To evaluate the effect of sevoflurane on brain injury in pigs with hemorrhagic shock (HS). Methods Twenty-four adult male Bama miniature pigs, aged 6 months, weighing 22–25 kg, were equally and randomly divided into 3 groups using a random number table: sham operation group (group Sham), group HS, and sevoflurane group (S group). In group Sham, the bilateral femoral arteries and internal jugular vein were only punctured. The animals were anesthetized with iv propofol 3.0 mg/kg, tracheostomized and mechanically ventilated. The right femoral artery was cannulated for blood-letting.HS was induced by blood-letting (40% blood volume within 15 min), and it was then maintained for 1 h after the end of blood-letting to induce brain injury. In group S, 2% sevoflurane was inhaled for 30 min after successful establishment of the model. Immediately before establishment of the model (T0), and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min after HS (T1-6), blood samples were collected from the internal jugular vein for determination of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentrations in serum (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100β protein concentrations in serum (using double antibody sandwich method). Results Compared with group Sham, the serum IL-1β, TNF-α, NSE and S-100β protein concentrations were significantly increased at T2-6 in HS and S groups (P<0.05). Compared with group HS, the serum IL-1β, TNF-α, NSE and S-100β protein concentrations were significantly decreased at T3-6 in group S (P<0.05). Conclusion Sevoflurane can mitigate brain injury in pigs with HS, and the mechanism is associated with inhibition of inflammatory responses. Key words: Anesthetics, inhalation; Shock, hemorrhagic; Brain injuries

Effect of sevoflurane on expression of aquaporin 8 in intestinal mucosa in a pig model of hemorrhagic shock

Objective To evaluate the effect of sevoflurane on the expression of aquaporin 8 (AQP8) in the intestinal mucosa in a pig model of hemorrhagic shock. Methods Twenty-four Bama miniature pigs of both sexes, weighing 22–25 kg, were randomly divided into 3 equal groups using a random number table: sham operation group (group S), hemorrhagic shock group (group HS) and sevoflurane group (group PS). The femoral artery and jugular vein were cannulated for blood pressure monitoring, blood-letting, and blood sampling in anesthetized pigs.Hemorrhagic shock was induced by withdrawing blood from the right femoral artery.Hemorrhagic shock was induced after cannulation in group HS.In group PS, 2% sevoflurane was inhaled for 30 min after the model of hemorrhagic shock was successfully established.Before anesthesia, and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 and 4 h after hemorrhagic shock, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein for determination of serum D-lactic acid and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) concentrations.The animals were sacrificed at 4 h after hemorrhagic shock, and the intestinal specimens were obtained for microscopic examination and for determination of AQP8 expression in the intestinal mucosa (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). The intestinal water content was calculated. Results Compared with group S, the serum D-lactic acid and I-FABP concentrations, AQP8 expression, and intestinal water content were significantly increased in HS and PS groups (P<0.05). Compared with group HS, the serum D-lactic acid and I-FABP concentrations, AQP8 expression, and intestinal water content were significantly decreased in group PS (P<0.05). The pathological changes of intestinal tissues were significantly reduced in group PS as compared with group HS. Conclusion Sevoflurane can decrease the intestinal mucosal edema through inhibiting AQP8 expression, thus reducing hemorrhagic shock-induced damage to the intestinal mucosa in pigs. Key words: Anesthetics, inhalation; Shock, hemorrhagic; Intestinal mucosa; Aquaporins

AN INVESTIGATION INTO ESAP NEEDS OF IRANIAN BA STUDENTS OF LAW

English for Specific Academic Purposes (ESAP) uses the results of needs analysis for curriculum development and materials production. ESAP courses should be based on students’ academic needs. Consequently, the present study investigated the English language needs of Iranian undergraduate students of Law. Participants included 218 undergraduate students, 33 graduate students, and 10 content teachers of Law (for short, content teachers) from three universities in Karaj, Iran. Data were collected quantitatively, using researcher-made questionnaires. IBM SPSS (version 22) was used to analyze the data. Statistical tests including Mann Whitney U and Kruskall Wallis were used to analyze the data. The results of questionnaire analyses showed that “general vocabulary”, “technical vocabulary”, and “using general bilingual English-to-Persian dictionaries” were regarded as the most important target needs, and “grammar”, “pronunciation”, and “guessing the meaning of the words from suffixes and prefixes” were perceived as the present needs of BA students. The results of data analyses revealed statistically significant differences among the responses of BA students, MA students, and content teachers regarding target needs. Follow-up post hoc analyses showed that the differences lay between BA students and content teachers as well as between MA students and content teachers. Further analysis of data showed statistically significant differences of present needs between BA students and content teachers. The findings of this study suggest that the development of ESAP courses for BA students of law should draw on more general English of BA students of law, enabling them to develop reading skills to fully understand legal academic English texts.

Effect of sevoflurane on myocardial injury induced by hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in pigs

Objective To evaluate the effect of sevoflurane on myocardial injury induced by hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation(HS/R)in pigs. Methods Twenty-four Bama miniature pigs(12 males, 12 females), weighing 20-25 kg, aged 3-5 months, were randomly divided into 3 groups(n=8 each)using a random number table: sham operation group(group S), HS/R group and sevoflurane group(group Sev). The left and right femoral arteries and right femoral vein were cannulated for blood pressure monitoring, blood-letting, blood sampling and fluid infusion.HS/R was induced by blood-letting maintaining for 1 h, followed by resuscitation with autologous blood reinfusion and infusion of lactated Ringer's solution 2 times the volume of the blood withdrawn.The pigs in group Sev were exposed to 2% sevoflurane for 30 min before resuscitation.After cannulation, at 30 min after hemorrhagic shock, before resuscitation, and at 30 min, and 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 h after resuscitation, blood samples were collected from the femoral artery for determination of creatine kinase-MB(CK-MB)activity and cardiac troponin I(cTnI)concentration in serum using an automatic biochemical analyzer.Myocardial specimens were obtained at 3.5 h after resuscitation for detection of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)and interleukin-6(IL-6)contents(by ELISA), and phosphor-signal transducer and activator of transcription 1(p-STAT1)expression(by Western blot), and for examination of the pathological changes(with light microscope). Results Compared with S group, the CK-MB activity and cTnI concentration in serum and contents of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly increased, and the expression of p-STAT1 was up-regulated in HS/R and Sev groups(P<0.05). Compared with HS/R group, the CK-MB activity and cTnI concentration in serum and contents of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly decreased, and the expression of p-STAT1 was down-regulated(P<0.05), and the pathological changes of myocardia were alleviated in Sev group. Conclusion Sevoflurane can alleviate HS/R-induced damage to myocardia of pigs, and inhibited STAT1 activity and attenuated inflammatory responses in the myocardium are involved in the mechanism. Key words: Anesthetics, inhalation; Shock, hemorrhagic; Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Myocardial reperfusion injury

Changes in expression of aquaporin-8 in intestinal mucosa in pigs with hemorrhagic shock

Objective To evaluate the changes in the expression of aquaporin-8 (AQP8) in intestinal mucosa in pigs with hemorrhagic shock. Methods Sixteen Bama miniature pigs, weighing 22-25 kg, were equally and randomly divided into sham operation group (group S) and hemorrhagic shock group (group HS). The animals were fasted for 8 h before operation. The animals were anesthetized with propofol 3 mg/kg injected via the auricular vein, and tracheostomized and mechanically ventilated. In group S, the femoral artery and internal jugular vein were only cannulated. In group HS, the femoral artery and internal jugular vein were cannulated for blood pressure and mean arterial pressure monitoring and blood sampling. Hemorrhagic shock was then induced by removing 40 percent of blood volume over 15 min. Before anesthesia (T0), and at 30 min and 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 h after the end of blood-letting (T1-6), blood samples were collected for determination of serum D-lactate and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) concentrations. After blood sampling at T6, the pigs were sacrificed, and intestinal specimens were obtained for microscopic examination and for determination of AQP8 cotent in intestinal mucosa (by ELISA). The water content of intestines was calculated by wet/dry weight ratio. Results Compared with group S, the serum D-lactate concentrations at T2-6, I-FABP concentrations at T1-6, and water content of intestines were significantly increased, and the cotent of AQP8 was up-regulated at T6 in group HS. No changes were found in the intestinal mucosa in group S. In group HS, severe damage to the intestinal mucosa was found, and bleeding, inflammatory cell infiltration, and epithelial cell necrosis were observed. Conclusion The mechanism of hemorrhagic shock-caused damage to intestines is related to up-regulated expression of AQP8 in intestinal mucosa in pigs. Key words: Shock, hemorrhagic; Intestinal mucosa; Aquaporins

Protective effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride on liver injury induced by cardiopulmonary bypass in Guangxi bama miniature pig

Objective To investigate the effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride on liver injury induced by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in Guangxi bamaminiature pig.Methods Twenty-seven Bama miniature pigs weighted 32-40 kg were chosen,three pigs were used for sampling blood,another twentyfour pigs were used for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Twenty-four pigs were randomly divided into three groups (n=8 each):group Sham,group Mod,and group PHC.Propofol,fentanyl and vecuronium were continued by intravenous injection and inhaled isoflurane interruptly for anesthesic maintain.CPB was performed on mild hypothermic beating heart for 120 min.Pnehyclidine hydrochloride 0.1 mg/kg was injected intravenously before 10 min CPB.Blood samples were collected for aspartate aminotransferase (AST),alanine transaminase (ALT),direct bilirubin (DB) and total bilirubin (TB) before CPB (T0),after CPB 1 h (T1),CPB cease (T2) and operation cease (T3).The content of ATP,MDA and SOD in liver tissue at befor and after CPB were measured and the pathologic change of liver was evaluated by electron microscope.Results The levels of ALT,AST,DB and TB in group Mod and group PHC were significantly higher at T1-T3 than those in group Sham (P ＜ 0.05).ATP,SOD were lower and MDA was higher significantly in group Mod and group PHC after CPB than that in group Sham (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the group Mod,The levels of ALT,AST,DB,TB and MDA were lower and ATP,SOD were higher significantly respectively in group PHC (P ＜ 0.05).The electron microscopec examination showed that histologic damage was significantly reduced in group PHC compared with group Mod.Conclusion Pnehyclidine hydrochloride can attenuate Iiver injury induced by CPB,antioxygen to remove oxygen free radical in liver may be the mechanism. Key words: Penehyclidine hydrochloride ; Cardiopulmonary bypass ; Liver injury ; Antioxygen

A design of a prototype of traditional Chinese medicine nasal atomizer device

Objective Nasal administration,as a common means of treatment of respiratory diseases,may normally cause bronchospasm,cough and other adverse reactions,the efficiency of nasal nebulizers has been criticized as well.This paper aims to develop a medicine atomizing device,pharmaceutically atomized in solving the existing problems,providing a modern instrument for treatment of respiratory diseases by traditional Chinese medicine.Methods The device could prepare medicine by decoction and filtration,which means this unit is divided into two functional modules,medicine preparation and herbal atomization.1 200 W heating plate is placed in decoction unit and is programmed to fit traditional decoction protocol.Steam and ultrasonic nebulised medicine are combined in atomizing unit.Another non-contact infrared heating unit also located in to control the temperature precisely.Different forms of traditional Chinese medicine and different filtration methods were selected to optimize the atomizing effect.Results An implementation of two sequence of filtration enabled optimization of atomizing.After 15 volunteers'trial,this device functioned well on Bama nasal medical protocol,and could effectively avoid the adverse reactions of the traditional way of cold fog atomizing.Conclusions The nasal nebulizer equipment on which Chinese herbal medicine treatments could directly performed,produced atomized mist particle size suitable for nasal treatment,and by generating warm steam to avoid the common clinical administration caused choking to hypoxia and other adverse reactions.Meanwhile,instrument has a friendly interactive feature to meet the clinical requirements for medicine nebulizer treatment. Key words: Respiratory diseases; Non-contact infrared heating; Ultrasonic nebulization

Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on angiogenesis in chronic ischemic porcine myocardium

To investigate the effect and mechanism of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) on angiogenesis in chronic ischemic porcine myocardium. A ameroid constrictor was placed around the proximal circumflex branch of the left coronary artery in 12 Bama miniatures' swine artery by thoracoscopy. Electrocardiogram and coronary angiography were used to confirm the establishment of myocardial ischemia. The animals were divided into rhEPO treatment group (n = 6) and negative control group (n = 6). Treatment group received subcutaneous injection of rhEPO at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 days, control group received saline. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in serum was assessed by ELISA. Ultrasonography and coronary angiography were assessed 28 days after therapy. Western blot was used to detect the expression of VEGF, phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt) and phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinases (p-Erk). The degree of angiogenesis was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis. Serum VEGF rose significantly in both control and treatment groups, peaking at 3 days and then returning to the near-baseline level at 28 days, but the two groups showed no significant difference at each time point (P > 0.05). Echocardiographic measurements showed that the left ventricular systolic function of animals in treatment group increase significantly after rhEPO therapy. the expression levels of VEGF, p-Akt and p-Erk had markedly increased, which resulted in a 2.5-fold increased of VEGF, 1.1-fold increased of p-Akt, 1.5-fold increased of p-Erk (t = 37.721, 10.907, 12.957, all P = 0.000). there were significant increase in capillary density and arteriole density in the two groups ((944 ± 98) %/mm² vs. (569 ± 102) %/mm², (73 ± 13) %/mm² vs. (45 ± 10) %/mm², t = 4.214, 2.869, P = 0.016, 0.023). rhEPO can promote angiogenesis and arteriogenesis and improve the left ventricular systolic function in porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia. The potential mechanism is to up-regulated the expression of p-Akt and p-Erk.

Did you strike?

The paper used within this publication has been sourced from Chainof-Custody certified manufacturers, operating within international environmental standards, to ensure sustainable sourcing of the raw materials, sustainable production and to minimise our carbon footprint. www.markallengroup.com EDITORIAL BOARD Tom Donohoe BAEd. (Hons), MAEd, headteacher and Ofsted inspector, Andover Anthony David NPQH, headteacher, London Elizabeth Hoad BA (Hons), PGCE, Dip LACIC, primary school teacher, Fleet John Davis BEd (Hons), MEd, primary school teacher and freelance educational writer, Bristol Claire Hewson BA (Hons) and PGCE, primary teacher, Cambridgeshire Eve English BA (Hons) MA, lecturer in primary literacy, Durham University Lynn Sear BA (Hons), MA, literacy consultant Danielle Dion-Jones BEd (Hons), MA, MFL coordinator, Twickenham

The free portal pressure changes of the liver in mini-pig models of hepatic cirrhosis

Objective To assess the free portal pressure changes of the liver during the establishment of mini-pig models of hepatic cirrhosis.Methods Fifty Bama mini-pigs of the same germline,male or female,aged 4 months,weighing 15-20 kg,were included in this study.The mini-pigs were divided at random into an experimental group of 40 and a control group of 10 animals.Compound feed including carbon tetrachloride and phenobarbitone was employed to establish the mini-pig models in the experimental group,and normal feed was given to the control mini-pigs.Liver puncture biopsy was performed and free portal pressures were measured at the end of 0,4th,8th,12th,16th,20th,and 24th week,respectively.Results At the end of 24th week,there were 70 cases of stage 0 hepatic fibrosis in the normal group,while in the experiment group there were 82 cases of slight hepatic fibrosis (stage S1 + S2),62 cases of severe hepatic fibrosis (stage S3 + S4),and 33 cases of hepatic cirrhosis.From the normal to cirrhosis,the free portal pressures were gradually elevated [(4.61 ± 0.84),(7.74 ± 1.94),(12.79 ± 4.00) and (17.03 ±3.41) mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa)],with statistically significant differences among the different lesion groups (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Compound feed including carbon tetrachloride and phenobarbitone can be used to successfully establish mini-pig models of hepatic cirrhosis,showing significant changes of free portal pressures at different stages of the development of hepatic fibrosis. Key words: Mini-pig model; Hepatic cirrhosis; Portal pressures