Bama Research Articles

The quest for the ideal business translator profile in the Romanian context

Abstract An ideal translator profile is a crucial issue for both translation providers, who want to deliver impeccable performance, and translation beneficiaries, whose purpose is to obtain flawless services. In the context of Romanian higher education, two distinct educational profiles of providers are distinguished in the business translation market: graduates of Philology, who have been trained in translation (3-year BA and 2-year MA programmes in Translation Studies), and graduates of Faculties of Economics or Business who have undertaken 3-year and/or 2-year MA study programmes in a foreign language. Showing the results of a study conducted with groups of third year Bachelor students of the University of Craiova, Romania (students in Translation Studies and students in the Finance and Banking English-taught programme), across a 3-year period (2015–2017), our research aims at providing answers to the following questions: To what extent does each of these two profiles match the ideal one of a business translator? What are the strengths and weaknesses of each of the two training profiles? What specific actions can and should be taken for each of the two target groups in terms of university training?

You Accepted What?: The Impact of Location, Education, and Negotiation on Technical Communication Graduates’ Salaries

In the discipline of technical/professional writing and communication, one of the strongest recruiting tools we use is the potential earning power students will have once they obtain a degree and secure a job in the industry. This article is the result of two professors learning that one of their most advanced and dedicated students accepted, in her first job out of graduate school, a salary we thought was thousands below her earning potential. Our conversations around this student's situation led us to survey other alumni from our programs. What we have learned is that students often do not know what salaries they should expect, nor do they feel comfortable negotiating a salary offer. In addition, graduates’ location (urban vs. rural) and level of education (BA or BS degree vs. MA) impact their earning potential.

Advancing Wound Care in Canada: Using Infographics to Disseminate Key Insights of the First Patients’ Journey Conference

By Idevania G. Costa PhD, Darren Levine EdD and Sue Rosenthal BA MA

The Dalitization of Christianity And Bama’s Karukku.

The Dalitization of Christianity And Bama’s Karukku.

The Evolution of Ethical Economy from the Perspective of the Other

The Evolution of Ethical Economy from the Perspective of the Other Lena Marinova, BSc. BA MA Abstract Economic systems and business decisions correlate with familiar ethical issues. Although we are far from reaching a solution, the concept of ethical economy offers an approach on how to connect economic interests with ethical ones. Levinas" approach to a just economy is presented, which is yet unrecognized in the analytical discourse on the ethical economy. In his reference to Marx"s socio-economic critique, I posit the relationship between the worker and the capitalist to be significant for Levinas" understanding of the subject-other relationship. This argument shows how their models of intersubjectivity shape the notion of asymmetric responsibility and that the call for justice is supposed to be heard and responded to by changing the intentionality in economic relations from each-against-each to for-the-other. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/ijpt.v9n2a1

Surmounting All Odds - Asseveration of Rights by Women in Bama's Sangati

Surmounting All Odds - Asseveration of Rights by Women in Bama's Sangati

Comparison of 18F-Flurpiridaz and 13N-NH3·H2O PET/CT myocardial perfusion imaging in animal experiments

Objective To explore the biodistribution and quantitative value of 18F-Flurpiridaz in mini-swine, and compare with 13N-NH3·H2O. Methods Ten Bama mini-swine were divided into normal group and myocardial infarction group (n=5 in each group). Normal group was not treated and myocardial infarction group was modeled by thoracotomy and coronary artery ligation. Both groups were preceded by 13N-NH3·H2O imaging, followed by 18F-Flurpiridaz imaging (time interval >40 min). Injection dosage of 2 tracers was the same (185-370 MBq). 18F-Flurpiridaz whole-body PET/CT imaging was also performed in normal group. Biological distribution of 18F-Flurpiridaz was observed, and the ratio of radioactive uptake of 18F-Flurpiridaz between myocardium and adjacent tissues or organs was calculated. Image quality score and rest myocardial blood flow (rMBF) of 2 imaging tracers in normal group were measured and compared. MPI image quality score, cardiac function parameters such as summed rest score (SRS), myocardial infarction area percentage, total perfusion defect (TPD), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 2 imaging tracers were compared in myocardial infarction group. Data was analyzed by paired t test. Results In normal group, 18F-Flurpiridaz in the myocardium was clearly observed, with high radioactive uptake maintaining within 2 h postinjection. The radioactivity count ratios of left ventricular myocardium to cardiac pool, the lungs and liver were high (5.19-12.87, 4.17-50.51, 2.08-6.92). The quality of 18F-Flurpiridaz MPI images in both groups was excellent (10/10). The rMBF (ml·g-1·min-1) in different regions of left ventricle measured by 18F-Flurpiridaz and 13N-NH3·H2O imaging were not significantly different (left anterior descending: 0.98±0.06 vs 0.92±0.13; left circumflex: 0.98±0.05 vs 0.88±0.12; right coronary artery: 0.95±0.07 vs 0.88±0.15; left ventricle: 0.96±0.07 vs 0.90±0.13; t values: from -1.70 to -0.90, all P>0.05). There was no significant difference in SRS, myocardial infarction area percentage, TPD, rMBF or LVEF between 18F-Flurpiridaz and 13N-NH3·H2O (SRS: 10.6±4.1 vs 9.2±4.6; myocardial infarction area percentage: (15.2±9.0)% vs (12.6±6.6)%; TPD: (11.6±6.3)% vs (9.6±3.9)%; LVEF: (68.6±11.1)% vs (71.4±11.3)%; t values: -2.33-2.75, all P>0.05). Conclusions Comparing with 13N-NH3·H2O, 18F-Flurpiridaz has the advantages of good MPI image quality, accurate measurement of cardiac function parameters and quantitative potential of myocardial blood flow, which make it as a promising positron myocardial perfusion imaging agent. Key words: Myocardial perfusion imaging; Pyridazines; Fluorine radioisotopes; Ammonia; Positron-emission tomography; Tomography, X-ray computed; Swine

Analysis of difference in oral bacteria flora in saliva among elderly people in longevity zone of Guangxi

Objective To investigate the bacterial species, characteristics and differences of oral bacteria flora of saliva in the longevous elderly between in Bama county and in Debao county in Guangxi, in order to explore the relationship between longevity and oral salivary bacteria flora in the elderly. Methods The saliva was taken from the longevous elderly in Bama county(BM group)and people aged over 60 years in Debao county(BS group)separately, and the total DNA was extracted.The 16S rDNA-V4 region was amplified by PCR and analyzed by sequencing.The main species and diversity of bacterial colonies were recorded for difference analysis. Results A total of 14 saliva samples were collected from 7 cases in BM group and 7 cases in BS group.A total of 369 OTUs were generated by cluster analysis of 14 samples.At the genus level, the dominant salivary bacteria flora were Ctinomyces, Capnocytophaga, Chryseobacterium, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Lactobacillus, Leptotrichia, Neisseria, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Rothia, Streptococcus, Veillonella in both BM group and BS group.The OTU PCA analysis showed that some evidence for indeterminate differences was found, but statistically significant differences did not exist in the dominant components of oral flora between the two groups(P>0.05). Also, the same tendency toward the diversity(P>0.05)was presented.Similarly, the species annotation analysis and the heat map showed that there were no significant differences(P>0.05)in oral salivary flora composition between the two groups.Lactobacillu was always the prevailing flora in the Phylume, Class, Order, Family and Genus, but the abundance ratio was different between the two groups as following: Lactobacillus abundance in salivary bacteria flora was higher in BM Group than in the BS group, while Mycoplasma abundance was lower in BM Group than in the BS group(P<0.05). Conclusions The dominant salivary bacteria flora is Lactobacillus in both BM and BS group, while, the abundance of Lactobacillus is higher in the BM group than in the BS group, which indicates that the longevity of population in Bama county may be related to Lactobacillus. Key words: Longevity; Saliva; DNA, bacterial

The value of diffusion kurtosis imaging in early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy model in Guangxi Bama mini pig

Objective To investigate the value of diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) in diagnosing early diabetic nephropathy. Methods Twelve pigs were divided into the experimental group (7 pigs) and the control group (5 pigs), used the random number table method. The experimental group was fed with high-fat high-sugar diet,and then repeatedly injected small doses (50 mg/kg) of Streptozotocin (STZ) through the ear vein. Meanwhile,the control group was fed with normal diet and injected with the same dose of citric acid-sodium citrate buffer solution.After the type 2 diabetes was established successfully, T1WI, T2WI and DKI sequence imaging were performed every month for 2 pigs from the experimental group and the control group,respectively.Mean kurtosis(MK), axial kurtosis (K∥), radial kurtosis (K⊥), fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity(MD) were measured on the pseudo-color map of the post-processing workstation. fasting blood glucose(GLU),insulin (INS),renal function, urine routines and random albumin creatinine ratio(RACR) were measured before MRI scan. Specimens from bilateral kidneys were taken for pathological examination after MRI scan. The paired t test was used to compare the parameter values of the cortex and medulla.Independent sample t test was used tocompare the parameter values of the experimental group and the control group. Results In the experimental group,the MK, FA values of medulla were 0.66±0.07 and 0.19±0.04, the MK, FA values of cortex were 0.60±0.06 and 0.16±0.03.In the control group,the MK, FA values of medulla were 0.59±0.03 and 0.20±0.04, the MK, FA values of cortex were 0.53±0.03 and 0.17±0.04.The MK and FA values of medulla were increased compared with the cortex and the difference were statistically significant (P 0.05). Conclusion DKI sequencehas certain value in the diagnosis of early diabetic nephropathy,and to some extent reveals the pathological change in early diabetic nephropathy. Key words: Diabetic nephropathies; Magnetic resonance imaging; Disease models, animal

Corrigendum: Benefits of Escin for Decompression Sickness in Bama Pigs by Endothelial-Targeting Protection.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00605.].

The related parameters of cartilage and subchondral bone of femoral condyle in bama minipig

Objective To measure the size and thickness of cartilage in femoral condyle and femoral trochlea of mature bama minipig, thus providing a reference for the doable cartilage defect size and depth. Methods The measuring objects were 10 mature female minipigs, scale was used to measure the size of medial and lateral femoral condyle and femoral trochlea, using needle penetration test method for measuring the thickness of cartilage, microCT scanning was applied to measure the bone mineral density, bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness of subchondral bone. Results The thickness of subchondral bone plate and trabeculae were similar in human and minipig. The width of medial femoral condyle was (16.4±1.2) mm, lateral femoral condyle was (15.11±0.95) mm, the width of trochlear medial facet was (11.1±0.6) mm, the lateral facet was (9.0±0.6) mm, cartilage thickness [medial femoral condyle: (1.5±0.2) mm, lateral femoral condyle: (1.55±0.08) mm, medial trochlear facet: (0.8±0.2) mm, lateral trochlear facet: (0.85±0.03) mm], subchondral bone plate thickness [medial condyle: (207±95) μm, trochlea: (95±36) μm], bone mineral density [medial condyle: (0.72±0.12) g/cm3, trochlea: (0.77±0.15) g/cm3], bone volume fraction [medial condyle: (46±7) %, trochlea: (35±11) %], trabecular thickness [medial condyle: (149±15) μm, trochlea: (141±12) μm]; The arrangement and structure of trabeculae in minipig were consistent with that of human. Conclusion Larger cartilage defect with more than 10 mm in diameter can be made in bama minipig due to its advantage of wider medial femoral condyle. Partial full-thickness cartilage defect can also be made owing to its thicker cartilage. Key words: Femoral condyle size; Trochlear groove size; Thickness of cartilage; MicroCT scanning; Osteochondral injury; Minipig

Effects of pretreatment with nicorandil on PDCD4/NF-κB/TNF-α pathway in coronary microembolization

Objective To investigate the role of nicorandil pretreatment on protecting myocardium after coronary microembolization (CME) and on the PDCD4/NF-κB/TNF-α signaling pathway in miniature pigs. Methods Fifteen Bama miniature pigs were randomly(random number) divided into the sham operation group (sham group), microembolization group (CME group) and CME plus nicorandil group, with 5 pigs in each group. The CME model was constructed by injecting polyethylene microspheres via microcatheter into the left anterior descending artery, and pigs in the sham group were injected with the same amount of saline. Pigs in the CME plus nicorandil group were injected intravenously with nicorandil (150 μg/kg) via ear vein 30 min before CME. Cardiac function indexes were measured using cardiac ultrasonography. The expression of PDCD4 and TNF-α mRNA in myocardium were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR, and the protein expression of PDCD4 and TNF-α in myocardium were detected by Western blotting. NF-κB activation was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Results (1) Cardiac function was significantly lower and the level of serum cTnI was significantly higher in the CME group compared with the sham group. CME reduced myocardial systolic dysfunction and left ventricular dilatation. The CME plus nicorandil group showed improved CME-induced cardiac function and reduced serum cTnI level when compared with the CME Group (P < 0.05). (2) Compared with the CME group, the CME plus nicorandil group showed lower PDCD4 and TNF-α expression and NF-κB activity as well as improved cardiac function (P < 0.05). Conclusions The pretreatment of nicorandil effectively reduced the myocardial damage caused by CME, mainly through inhibiting the PDCD4/NF-κB/TNF-α pathway in cardiomyocytes. Key words: Coronary vessels; Embolism; Nicorandil; Programmed cell death 4; Nuclear facotr-κappa B; Tumor necrosis factor α; Inflammation; Myocardial damage

Key microbial populations involved in anaerobic degradation of phenol and p-cresol using different inocula

Background: Anaerobic digestion is an alternative bioprocess used to treat effluents containing toxic compounds such as phenol and p-cresol. Selection of an adequate sludge as inoculum containing an adapted microbial consortium is a relevant factor to improve the removal of these pollutants. The objective of this study is to identify the key microorganisms involved in the anaerobic digestion of phenol and p-cresol and elucidate the relevance of the bamA gene abundance (a marker gene for aromatic degraders) in the process, in order to establish new strategies for inocula selection and improve the system's performance. Results: Successive batch anaerobic digestion of phenol and p-cresol was performed using granular or suspended sludge. Granular sludge in comparison to suspended sludge showed higher degradation rates both for phenol (11.3 ± 0.7 vs 8.1 ± 1.1 mg l-1 d-1) and p-cresol (7.8 ± 0.4 vs 3.7 ± 1.0 mg l-1 d-1). After three and four re-feedings of phenol and p-cresol, respectively, the microbial structure from both sludges was clearly different from the original sludges. Anaerobic digestion of phenol and p-cresol generated an abundance increase in Syntrophorhabdus genus and bamA gene, together with hydrogenotrophic and aceticlastic archaea. Analysis of results indicates that differences in methanogenic pathways and levels of Syntrophorhabdus and bamA gene in the inocula, could be the causes of dissimilar degradation rates between each sludge. Conclusions: Syntrophorhabdus and bamA gene play relevant roles in anaerobic degradation of phenolics. Estimation of these components could serve as a fast screening tool to find the most acclimatized sludge to efficiently degrade mono-aromatic compounds.

Peri-operative management of swine orthotopic liver transplantation

Objective To summarize the peri-operative management experience of swine orthotopic liver transplantation. Methods From September 2013 to August 2016, 62 liver transplantations (LT) were performed with 124 Bama mini-pigs, including 30 cases of standard LT, 10 cases of split LT, 11 cases of donation after cardiac death (DCD) LT, 5 cases of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) repaired DCD LT and 6 cases of normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) repaired DCD LT. Results For all of the 124 pigs, 3 underwent tracheotomy after failed tracheal intubation. Anhepatic time was (22.3±2.6) min (range 18-26 min), similar among the 62 different type LTs. Mean arterial pressure could be mainted ≥ 50 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) through rapid colloid solution infusion without administration of any vasoactive substances.5 receipts of split LTs died during the operation because of bleeding. 14 cases died after operation. 3 were of standard LT, all in the very beginning period when we first build this animal model, 1 died of abdominal bleeding, the other 2 died of bile leak induced severe infection.11 cases from the DCD LT died of model related hepatic failure. Post-operative 5-day survival rates of standard, split, DCD, ECMO-repaired DCD, NMP-repaired DCD were 90%, 50%, 0%, 100%, 100%, respectively. Conclusion Precise peri-operative management is essential for successful swine orthotopic liver transplantation. Skilled trachea intubation and tracheotomy procedure, accurate liquid management, well-practiced animal model are the key points, and anhepatic period should be shortened as much as possible. Key words: Pig; Liver transplantation; Peri-operative management

English

English

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combined with biomimetic hydrogel for repair of articular cartilage defect in porcine

Objective To investigate the feasibility of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) combined with type Ⅱ collagen- hyaluronic acid- oxidized chondroitin sulfate (Col Ⅱ-HA-OCS) biomimetic hydrogel to repair articular cartilage defect in porcine and the role of the transplanted cells played in the process of cartilage repair. Methods A articular cartilage defect model which remaining cartilage calcified zone was created in the knee of Bama minipigs, the autologous BMSCs was used as seeds for transplantation and was labeled by the 5, 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA SE). Animals were randomly divided into three groups: Group A (blank group) was left untreated, group B (cell-free biomimetic hydrogel group) was filled with biomimetic hydrogel and group C (BMSCs combined with biomimetic hydrogel group) was filled with the CFDA SE labeled autologous BMSCs combined with biomimetic hydrogel. One month after the operation, BrdU labeled liquid was injected intravenously into the animals 24 h and 48 h before specimens were taken from the executed animals. Partial cartilage repaired tissue in Group C was taken, cryosectioned and stained with DAPI and BrdU immunofluorescence. Confocal laser scanning microscope was used to observe and count the cells. Specimens of the three groups were analyzed through gross observation and histological staining, and scored according to the international cartilage repair society (ICRS) gross morphological score and ICRS histological score. Results Laser scanning confocal microscopy showed (97.3±2.6)% of the cells were derived from the implanted BMSCs in repaired tissue and that the ratio of these cells with proliferative capacity was (76.6±2.5)%. Gross observation suggested most of the cartilage defect areas in Group C were filled with ivory tissue, but those in Group A and B were still obvious depression. Histological staining showed the cartilage defect areas in Group C were filled with cartilage like tissue, which was well integrated with the surrounding normal cartilage, presented a few cartilage lacunas could be seen, and had contents of Col Ⅱ and glycosaminoglycan similar with the adjacent normal cartilage. There was almost no filler in the defect area in Group A. There was little fibrous tissue in the defect area in Group B. ICRS gross score was (8.3±1.0)points in Group C, higher than that in Group A [(0.5±0.6)points] and Group B [(2.3±0.5)points] (P<0.05). ICRS histological score was (10.3±2.4)points in Group C, higher than that in Group A [(0.5±0.6)points] and Group B [(4.5±1.0)points] (P<0.05). Conclusions BMSCs combined with Col Ⅱ-HA-OCS biomimetic hydrogel for repairing porcine articular cartilage defects can achieve satisfactory results. Implanted BMSCs are the main component of the cell composition in the repaired tissue and gradually differentiated into chondrocytes. Key words: Cartilage; Mesenchymal stem cells; Collagen type Ⅱ; Bone regeneration

Evaluation of liver damage caused by brain death with real-time ultrasound elastography on Ba-Ma pig

Objective To investigate the value of real-time ultrasound elastography (RTE) in the evaluation of liver damage caused by brain death. Methods Establish brain death model on 11 Ba-Ma pigs (either gender, weigh 30-35 kg). Ran RTE respectively before the model have been established which defined as control group, when brain death predicated, 3, 6, 9 h after brain death; one-way ANOVA test analyze of 11 parameters of different groups, correlation analysis of electronic speculum results and RTE; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyze of RTE parameters’ cut-off value. Results Among 11 parameters, the mean relative strain value within the region of interest (ROI) (MEAN), standard deviation of the relative strain value within the ROI (SD), area of low strain within the ROI (%AREA), complexity of low strain area within the ROI (COMP), skewness (SKEW), correlation (CORR) were statistically significant differences between groups (P=0.000), MEAN decreased from 117.20±8.74 to 93.30±3.76 with time (P=0.000); electronic speculum of liver tissue results show that the damage gradually irreversible with the extension of brain death time, there is significant difference between 9 h and 0 h group (P=0.027); the correlation between MEAN and electronic speculum is the highest (r=0.59, P=0.000); ROC curve analyze RTE parameters cut-off value between before and after 9 h, the critical value of MEAN is 99.82. Conclusion Liver damage of brain death gradually increased, RTE is a noninvasive method to preliminary evaluation of liver damage and has a good correlation with electronic speculum results. Key words: Real-time ultrasound elastography; Electronic speculum; Brain death animal model; Liver damage

Inter-Caste Struggle in Bama’s Vanmam

Inter-Caste Struggle in Bama’s Vanmam

Cardiac neuroceptor imaging on acute myocardial ischemia model using 11C-methyldopamine

Objective To evaluate 11C-MDA, a cardiac sympathetic nerve presynaptic molecular probe, in acute myocardial ischemia (AMI) and to compare with 13N-Ammonia myocardial perfusion imaging. Methods Twelve Bama miniature pigs were used to establish AMI models. 11C-MDA and 13N-Ammonia PET/CT were performed before and after model establishment. The defect fraction, ratio of defect to normal region, defect volume of 11C-MDA and 13N-Ammonia PET/CT were calculated. Paired-t test and two-sample t test were used. Results Eight models were established successfully and 4 pigs died. The defect fractions on 11C-MDA and 13N-Ammonia myocardial imaging were significantly different (13.4±3.3 vs 7.4±1.0, 18.8±4.4 vs 4.8±1.0, 10.5±4.2 vs 4.4±0.9; t values: 4.901, 8.864, 4.030, all P<0.001) at the first, third and sixth month post-model establishment. The ratios of defect to normal region on 11C-MDA and 13N-Ammonia PET/CT myocardial images were significantly different (0.47±0.14 vs 0.59±0.10, 0.43±0.13 vs 0.61±0.09; t values: -2.166, -3.415, both P<0.05) at the first and third month post-model establishment. The defect volumes on 11C-MDA and 13N-Ammonia PET/CT were significantly different ((4.20±0.34) vs (2.55±0.11) cm3, (10.66±0.71) vs (2.46±0.12) cm3, (5.95±0.50) vs (2.44±0.11) cm3;t values: 12.925, 32.149, 19.440, all P<0.001) at the first, third and sixth month post-model establishment. Conclusions Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion and cardiac sympathetic restoration might occur at different times. The recovery of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion is earlier than that of the cardiac sympathetic nerve. Key words: Myocardial ischemia; Sympathetic nervous system; Positron-emission tomography; Tomography, X-ray computed; Deoxyepinephrine; Ammonia; Swine

Evaluation of liver damage caused by brain death with ultrasound multiplex mode in pig

Objective To investigate the value of ultrasound multiplex mode in the evaluation of liver damage caused by brain death. Methods Brain death model were established in 12 Ba-Ma pigs by gradual intracranial compression method. Color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI), contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) and real-time elastography (RTE) were performed respectively before the model had been established which defined as control group, and at 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 9 h after brain death, the data were analyzed. According to the pathological changes of liver, the livers were divided into different groups for ROC curve analysis, and the effectiveness of single mode ultrasound and multiplex were compared. Results ①Compared with control group, velocity of portal vein(PVV) decreased, and resistance index(RI), hepatic artery systolic velocity/diastolic velocity(S/D), pulsatility index(PI) increased in experimental group (all P<0.05); arrival time of the hepatic artery(ATHA), arrival time of the portal vein(ATPV) and arrival time of the inferior vena cava(ATIVC) increased with the extension of brain death time (all P<0.05); mean value (MEAN), standard deviation(SD) of the relative strain value within the ROI, area of low strain within the ROI(%AREA), complexity of low strain area within the ROI(COMP), skewness(SKEW), correlation(CORR) were significant different between experimental group and control group (all P<0.05). ②RI, ATHA and MEAN demonstrated the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC=0.518, 0.833, 0.917) among CDFI, CEUS and RTE indexes. ③Combined with ATHA and MEAN had the highest effectiveness in ultrasound multiplex mode to evaluate liver injury caused by brain death. Conclusions Ultrasound multiplex mode combining CEUS and RTE in evaluation of liver injury caused by brain death has higher sensitivity and accuracy. Key words: Ultrasonography; Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography; Elastography; Brain death; Liver injury