Iranian Baluchi Research Articles

Prediction of Next Word in Balochi Language Using N-gram Model

Balochi Language is among the oldest languages, spoken by approximately 10 million people worldwide. The Balochi language has been spoken for a very long period. In comparison to other languages like English, Urdu, French etc. it has a research gap in Natural language processing (NLP). The next word prediction system is one of the techniques of NLP for suggesting standardization and corpus collection. This research aims to provide a next-word prediction system and a corpus with no ambiguity for the Balochi language. N-gram model for the next word prediction has been utilized, i.e. Unigram, Bigram, Trigram, Quad-gram, and so on. A trained model has been embedded in an application after being evaluated extrinsically and intrinsically. It plays a crucial role in typing through a keyboard and helps users to type faster. Additionally, it helps native users to have fewer typing errors in less time. The results of the research show that Five-gram model has the highest performance of 93% while Quad-gram model has 80% and Trigram model has 76% respectively.

Part-Of-Speech Tagging for Balochi Language: A Data driven application of Conditional Random Fields

Parts-of-Speech (POS) tagging involves the assignment of the correct part of speech or lexical category to individual words within a sentence in a natural language. This procedure holds significant in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and find utility across a variety of NLP applications. Commonly, it constitutes the initial phase of natural language processing. Subsequent stages may encompass additional tasks such as chunking, parsing and more. Balochi stands as the predominant language in Balochistan,, ranking as the fourth most prevalent language in Pakistan. The field of natural language processing for Balochi is still in its nascent stages. In this research, we introduce an algorithm for Balochi part-of-speech tagging, leveraging machine learning techniques. The core of our approach relies on a Conditional Random Field model as the machine learning component. Careful consideration is given to selecting appropriate features for the CRF, taking into account the linguistic characteristics of Balochi. Balochi is currently considered a resource poor language, and thus, the available manually tagged data consists of only approximately 1500 sentences. The tagset used in this study created for research purpose, consisting of 16 different tags. The learning process incorporates tagged data. The algorithm demonstrates a high accuracy rate of 86.78% when applied to Balochi texts. The training corpus comprises 40000 words, while the test corpus contains 10000 words.

A Sociolinguistic Study of Personal Names in Balochi Culture

This paper focuses on the personal names of Balochi culture and regards naming practices as an important aspect of the Baloch culture. Personal names are studied in this paper within the perspective of linguistics anthropology. In this paper, the focus of the study is limited to the names of people living in district Kech of Balochistan province. It is hypothesized that Personal names of Balochi culture are not arbitrary labels, but they have sociocultural tags, functions, and meanings. The date to complete requirement of the objectives have been collected through the voter list and some personal names were obtained from the primary and secondary schools of different cities of district Kech. The qualitative method has been used for analyzing the concerned data. They borrow personal names from different cultures due to religious, political, and ideological reasons however, they have always clothed them in the garments of their national ideology. On this purpose the paper discusses the typology of Balochi names including the names taken from the names of days and months, plants and tree, and circumstantial names. It also discusses about compounding naming practices of Balochi culture which are derived from the combination of two single units of words in Balochi language. The Balochi personal names through classifications and categorization show that the choices of Balochi personal names are based on social and cultural considerations. It was observed in the typology of personal names in Balochi culture which shows that how social belief and cultural practices influence the choices or selections of personal names.

ESTABLISHMENT OF ARGUMENT STRUCTURE IN BALOCHI VERB PHRASES: AN ANALYSIS OF RECIPIENT, LOCATION AND BENEFICIARY THETA ROLES

The present research study aims to investigate, analyze, explore, and describe the establishment of Argument Structure in Balochi verb phrases in terms of the assignment of Recipient, Location as well as Beneficiary Theta Roles in consort with Thematic Relations. The current study intends to see that how arguments are allotted Recipient, Location as well as Beneficiary Theta Roles/Semantic Roles by Balochi verbs. The objective of this study is to explore and establish the Argument Structure and Thematic structure in terms of Recipient, Location as well as Beneficiary Theta Roles/Semantic Roles by Balochi verbs. The assignment of Recipient, Location as well as Beneficiary Theta Roles are analyzed, explored, and described under the theoretical framework of Carnie’s (2006) Theory of Theta/Thematic Roles. Distinguishing between Goal and Location is quite confusing. The Goal is the entity towards which the action of the verb moves. The Location is the entity where the action of the verb is taking place. Theta-Criterion theory declares that a preposition cannot be used to designate a Theta Role but if a noun appears in a prepositional phrase (PP), it receives a Theta Role that is determined by the function it performs in the sentence (Chomsky, 1988; Carnie, 200 7). The data for the concerned research work were collected by means of unstructured interviews from native speakers of Balochi language. The data are collected from natural verbal/oral form of Balochi sentences. The qualitative method has been applied in consort with analytical, explorative, and descriptive research designs (Neuman, 2005; Kumar, 2011; Creswell, 2013; 2014). The analysis also illustrates that a slight morphological, lexical, and phonological modification in verbs become the cause of completely new shape as well as the meaning of the Balochi verb.

ESTABLISHMENT OF ARGUMENT STRUCTURE IN BALOCHI VERB PHRASES: AN ANALYSIS OF RECIPIENT, LOCATION AND BENEFICIARY THETA ROLES

The present research study aims to investigate, analyze, explore, and describe the establishment of Argument Structure in Balochi verb phrases in terms of the assignment of Recipient, Location as well as Beneficiary Theta Roles in consort with Thematic Relations. The current study intends to see that how arguments are allotted Recipient, Location as well as Beneficiary Theta Roles/Semantic Roles by Balochi verbs. The objective of this study is to explore and establish the Argument Structure and Thematic structure in terms of Recipient, Location as well as Beneficiary Theta Roles/Semantic Roles by Balochi verbs. The assignment of Recipient, Location as well as Beneficiary Theta Roles are analyzed, explored, and described under the theoretical framework of Carnie’s (2006) Theory of Theta/Thematic Roles. Distinguishing between Goal and Location is quite confusing. The Goal is the entity towards which the action of the verb moves. The Location is the entity where the action of the verb is taking place. Theta-Criterion theory declares that a preposition cannot be used to designate a Theta Role but if a noun appears in a prepositional phrase (PP), it receives a Theta Role that is determined by the function it performs in the sentence (Chomsky, 1988; Carnie, 200i7). The data for the concerned research work were collected by means of unstructured interviews from native speakers of Balochi language. The data are collected from natural verbal/oral form of Balochi sentences. The qualitative method has been applied in consort with analytical, explorative, and descriptive research designs (Neuman, 2005; Kumar, 2011; Creswell, 2013; 2014). The analysis also illustrates that a slight morphological, lexical, and phonological modification in verbs become the cause of completely new shape as well as the meaning of the Balochi verb.

The Representation of Socio-cultural Aspects in Atta Shad’s Poem “Shepank/Shepherd” and “Dil Greet O Shap Naret/ Heart Weeps and Night Moans”

Shad was a poet, critic, playwright, researcher and an intellectual. In beginning he wrote poetry in Urdu and later in the Balochi language. Shad is considered the architect of modern symbolic Balochi poetry. He was inspired by the tutelage of Faiz Ahmed Faiz but soon felt the need to evolve his own style of poetry. His marvelous style gave him a prominent place in the literary quarters. His poetries are whole which cover all the aspects of Baloch Society. Hence, his poetries not only delight the readers but represent the socio-culture, economic life and many social problems of everyday life. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to demonstrate Atta’s art in the portrayal of socio-cultural approach through his poems, “Shepank/Shepherd” and “Dil Greet O Shap Naret/ Heart weeps and night moans”.The nature of the research is qualitative and researcher used textual analysis for the present study. However, the findings exhibit that Atta Shad as a whole discussed the social life of human being. His needs, wishes, deprivations, love and adventure of the homeland and even the sexual needs of the human being are discussed. And further, he also discussed the discrimination of the society based on the socio-cultural and economic aspects in the society.

Investigating the Influence of English on Balochi, Following the Colonization of Balochistan: Morphology (Bamposhti dialect; a subdialect of Sarawani dialect)

There are not many words in Balochi which have analogous equivalents in English, but even the small numbers of them make people think there is a relationship between the two languages of Balochiand English. This research aimed to investigate if the colonization of Balochistan had an impact on the Balochi language (Bamposhti dialect) in the case of morphology.There are not many words in Bamposhti Balochi which have equivalents in English being similar to them in terms of pronunciation; 18 of these words,were investigated in this research. The investigation on these words revealed a shocking result. Only 4 (%22.2) of the words which were investigated on, found to be English loanwords. The data collected in this research proves the idea that there is a relationship between Balochi and English in the case of morphology. It also proves that the colonization of Balochistanis the reason of which Balochi has English words (loanwords).

Analysis and Comparative Study of POS Tagging Techniques for National (Urdu) Language and other Regional Languages of Pakistan

Defining algorithms and techniques to enable computers to understand human language is the Natural Language Processing (NLP), which is an integral part of speech recognition. Parts of Speech (POS) is considered as one of the well understood problems of Natural Language Processing, in which natural language words and sentence are tagged or assigned grammatical classes, because tagging a single word by human hand is a time consuming and tedious job. To automate the tagging job is the way to automate the lexicons of the text of a language. Many of the languages are enriched with their POS tagging systems. Pakistani regional languages are less developed due to the many reasons and much of the work is needed in POS tagging system. Some of the regional languages have their POS tagging systems but still they need some more attention to refine their system. Some of the languages need to develop from the scratch. Balochi language has no any POS tagging system. This study presents the comparative analysis of POS tagging approaches for the national language (Urdu) and other regional languages of Pakistan. The approaches and their data sets used and their reported results are presented here

Linguistic Human Rights of Minorities and Language Policy: A Case Study of Balochi Language in Education in Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan

Most of the neo-colonial nation-states in South America, Africa and Asia have historically remained multilingual. Particularly, subcontinent, being the part of Indus Civilization, successfully maintained the legacy of religious and cultural diversity. Pre-colonial lingo-cultural diversity in subcontinent was discouraged and displaced by new linguistic hierarchy during colonial times. In the milieu of WW-II and national liberation movements throughout the world, classical colonial structure was largely weakened at global level and paved the way for internal colonialism. Political leadership of newly formed multiethnic states principally preferred to govern their people as colonial subjects rather than free citizens. European model of ‘one language, one culture and one state’ has hitherto resulted in many ethno-linguistic movements in different neo-colonial states. Neo-colonial forms of knowledge, categories and instruments of oppression; particularly language policy; is still prevailing in such (in)dependent states where Pakistan is not an exception. Since 1947, language policy in Pakistan has been mainly shaped by and still continues to be overshadowed by its colonial past. This article critically investigates promise(s) and practice(s) of national language policy and the status of linguistic human rights of minorities in education in Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan. The data was collected from various (inter)national public policy documents/declarations along with semi-structured interviews from four different groups of participants i.e. academics, cultural activists, teachers and parents. Findings reveal two diametrically opposed orientations in terms of the use of mother tongue in classroom. School teachers stridently advocated assimilationist language ideology and viewed multilingualism in classroom as a problem to be solved, whereas, cultural activists and academics consider the same as a cultural resource to be properly utilized and the right of the child to be respected. Parents’ views are also considered in order to explore the tension between the language of schooling and the language of early socialization of children at home. Moreover, Language Rights model is applied in order to explore (re)production of linguistic injustice through language policy in education. Keywords: language policy, language rights, internal linguistic colonialism, Linguistic justice, Multilingualism Indigenous/minoritised languages in early education DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/83-06 Publication date: November 30 th 2021

Genes and Pathways Affecting Sheep Productivity Traits: Genetic Parameters, Genome-Wide Association Mapping, and Pathway Enrichment Analysis

Ewe productivity is a composite and maternal trait that is considered the most important economic trait in sheep meat production. The objective of this study was the application of alternative genome-wide association study (GWAS) approaches followed by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) on the ewes’ genome to identify genes affecting pregnancy outcomes and lamb growth after parturition in Iranian Baluchi sheep. Three maternal composite traits at birth and weaning were considered. The traits were progeny birth weight, litter mean weight at birth, total litter weight at birth, progeny weaning weight, litter mean weight at weaning, and total litter weight at weaning. GWASs were performed on original phenotypes as well as on estimated breeding values. The significant SNPs associated with composite traits at birth were located within or near genes RDX, FDX1, ARHGAP20, ZC3H12C, THBS1, and EPG5. Identified genes and pathways have functions related to pregnancy, such as autophagy in the placenta, progesterone production by the placenta, placental formation, calcium ion transport, and maternal immune response. For composite traits at weaning, genes (NR2C1, VEZT, HSD17B4, RSU1, CUBN, VIM, PRLR, and FTH1) and pathways affecting feed intake and food conservation, development of mammary glands cytoskeleton structure, and production of milk components like fatty acids, proteins, and vitamin B-12, were identified. The results show that calcium ion transport during pregnancy and feeding lambs by milk after parturition can have the greatest impact on weight gain as compared to other effects of maternal origin.

Forensic features and genetic legacy of the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across Durand line revealed by Y-chromosomal STRs

The Hazara population across Durand line has experienced extensive interaction with Central Asian and East Asian populations. Hazara individuals have typical Mongolian facial appearances and they called themselves descendants of Genghis Khan's army. The people who speak the Balochi language are called Baloch. Previously, a worldwide analysis of Y-chromosomal haplotype diversity for rapidly mutating (RM) Y-STRs and with PowerPlex Y23 System (Promega Corporation Madison, USA) kit was created with collaborative efforts, but Baloch and Hazara population from Pakistan and Hazara population from Afghanistan were missing. In the current study, Yfiler Plus PCR Amplification Kit loci were examined in 260 unrelated Hazara individuals from Afghanistan, 153 Hazara individuals, and 111 Balochi individuals from Baluchistan Pakistan. For the Hazara population from Afghanistan and Pakistan overall, 380 different haplotypes were observed on these 27 Y-STR loci, gene diversities ranged from 0.51288 (DYS389I) to 0.9257 (DYF387S1), and haplotype diversity was 0.9992. For the Baloch population, every individual was unique at 27 Y-STR loci; gene diversity ranged from 0.5718 (DYS460) to 0.9371(DYF387S1). Twelve haplotypes were shared between 178 individuals, while only two haplotypes among these twelve were shared between 87 individuals in Hazara populations. Rst and Fst pairwise genetic distance analyses, multidimensional scaling plot, neighbor-joining tree, linear discriminatory analysis, and median-joining network were performed, which shed light on the history of Hazara and Baloch populations. The results of our study showed that the Yfiler Plus PCR Amplification Kit marker set provided substantially stronger discriminatory power in the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across the Durand line.

Syllable-Internal Structure in Iranian-Balochi Dialects

The present article dedicates to study the syllable-internal structure in three Iranian Balochi dialects (IBDs) namely MirjavehSarhaddi, Sarawani and Lashari dialects. The data analysis will be based on the onset-rhyme theory (e.g. Kurylowicz 1948; Fudge 1969; Vergnaud and Halle 1979; Selkirk 1982). Moreover, the syllable weight in IBDs will be discussed in the framework of mora theory (Hayes 1985, 1989). The data have been collected during the research fieldwork in Sistan and Baluchestan[A1] province, Iran. The research findings demonstrate that Balochi language is an example of nucleus-weight language in which heavy syllables depend on the number of elements in nucleus. Thus, CV and CVC are light syllables and CVV(C) syllable is counted as a heavy syllable. Besides, context dependent weight of CVC syllable occurs in IBDs stress pattern system. Studying the syllable contact (word-medial consonant clusters) in IBDs shows that Balochi is among languages which admit all types of the heterosyllablic clusters.

Genome-wide association study and pathway analysis identify NTRK2 as a novel candidate gene for litter size in sheep.

Litter size is one of the most important economic traits in sheep. Identification of gene variants that are associated with the prolificacy rate is an important step in breeding program success and profitability of the farm. So, to identify genetic mechanisms underlying the variation in litter size in Iranian Baluchi sheep, a two-step genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed. GWAS was conducted using genotype data from 91 Baluchi sheep. Estimated breeding values (EBVs) for litter size calculated for 3848 ewes and then used as the response variable. Besides, a pathway analysis using GO and KEGG databases were applied as a complementary approach. A total of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with litter size were identified, one each on OAR2, OAR10, and OAR25. The SNP on OAR2 is located within a novel putative candidate gene, Neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2. This gene product works as a receptor which is essential for follicular assembly, early follicular growth, and oocyte survival. The SNP on OAR25 is located within RAB4A which is involved in blood vessel formation and proliferation through angiogenesis. The SNP on OAR10 was not associated with any gene in the 1Mb span. Moreover, gene-set analysis using the KEGG database identified several pathways, such as Ovarian steroidogenesis, Steroid hormone biosynthesis, Calcium signaling pathway, and Chemokine signaling. Also, pathway analysis using the GO database revealed several functional terms, such as cellular carbohydrate metabolic, biological adhesion, cell adhesion, cell junction, and cell-cell adherens junction, among others. This is the first study that reports the NTRK2 gene affecting litter size in sheep and our study of this gene functions showed that this gene could be a good candidate for further analysis.

Koroští Balúčové a jejich jazyk / The Koroš Baloch and their language

The Korosh is an outlying Baloch group associated with the Qashqai tribal confederation of the Fārs province in southwestern Iran. Entirely isolated from Balochistan, the dialect of the Korosh, Koroshi, distinguishes itself in grammar and lexicon among Balochi language varieties. The phonology of Koroshi demonstrates a solid Balochi pedigree but not without major mu¬tations. Likewise, the nominal case-number system of Koroshi shows significant deviation from most other Balochi dialects. In verb morphosyntax a salient peculiarity is the coexist¬ence of two parallel systems of the imperfective, which appear to be stabilizing in an evolu¬tionary process of Koroshi aspect system. Borrowing from the neighboring languages is salient in the lexical domain, where Persian, the Fārs dialects, and Qashqai Turkic each play a part as the source language.

Impacts of the Saint (Sufi) Mast Tawakli Marri Baloch Poetry on Baloch Society

Sufism is associated with the expression of devotion towards God and spreading the message of truth. The Sufis in Pakistan and Balochistan remain the ambassadors of love, peace, respect for humanity, and social harmony. The Sufi Saints have contributed significantly to the literature, philosophy, and theological ideas. The study employs an anthropological perspective to examine the impacts of Saint Mast Tawaklis poetry on the Baloch Society by using qualitative research methods. The technique of triangulation and translation was used to verify the data. The research has been conducted in the district of Kohlu, Balochistan. This research reveals that Saint Tawakli is a famous poet of the Balochi language whose poetry is full of messages of love and respect for humanity. His work accurately depicts a lovers emotion and affection, precisely a source of inspiration for young people.

جوانسال بگٹی کے کلام میں مذکور اسلامی تعلیمات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ اور اثرات

Balochi language is the language of poor people of the rich land. Balochi literature has its own beauty like many other literatures of the world. It has diffused its fragrances in the heart of people who were living in the huts. Baluchistan is highly known as a well-off area and the almighty Allah has blessed the region with several natural resources. Apart from this, well known poets have also been gifted to this land by almighty Allah. However, a poet in later nineteenth century from Dera bugti, put his foot steps on this land, he is highly known as one of the greatest Baloch poet whose name is Jawansal Bugti He was purely religious unmatched poet and master of spiritual lines Islam is very simple and easy to be practiced by everyone either educated or under called in this article Jawansal Bugti religious poetry effects on society. The study was survey based,results and findings suggest that the religious poetry has affects a society for Islamic teachings.

Identities at the Borders of Balochistan: An Ethnolinguistic Study of Saraiki Speaking Baloch Tribes

Balochistan shares a border with Punjab and Sindh, which makes Balochistan a linguistically diverse province. Within ethnic groups residing in Balochistan, there is a huge variety of languages spoken. This scenario raises the question of the ethno-linguistic identity of people residing at the borders of Balochistan. The present study focuses on the ethnic and linguistic identity of Baloch tribes that speak Saraiki and reside at the Balochistan Punjab border and Balochistan Sindh border. The study explores the role of language in the identity formation of Saraiki speaking Baloch tribes. The data is collected through Semi-Structured interviews of 10 Saraiki speaking Baloch. The findings revealed that the replacement of Balochi language with Saraiki language has little or no influence on their ethnic identity as Baloch. However, there are few factors such as gender, level of education, knowledge of history and the passage of time that contribute to the acceptability of Saraiki speaking as Baloch

CROSS-CULTURAL PRAGMATIC STUDY OF APOLOGY STRATEGIES IN BALOCHI WITH REFERENCE TO CHINESE LANGUAGE

Background and Purpose: Cross-cultural studies help to reduce linguistic misunderstandings. Owing to the mastery of the grammar and vocabulary of any language, speakers who may be fluent in a second language, may still be unable to produce language that is socially and culturally acceptable, thus indicates the importance of pragmatics in general and cross-cultural pragmatics in particular. The development of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) creates urgency for the Baloch and the Chinese people to know each other's language and culture, as the project is located in 'Gwadar', a Baloch region, where Balochi is widely spoken. The purpose of this paper is to explore apology strategies used in the Balochi language spoken in Balochistan, Pakistan with reference to Chinese, including Baloch cultural values which influence language.
 
 Methodology: The data were collected through Discourse Completion Test from 30 native speakers of Balochi language enrolled in various departments at International Islamic University Islamabad Pakistan. On the other hand, the Chinese language data were adopted as a reference from a research study conducted by Chang (2016). The Balochi data were analyzed by employing the framework presented by Blum-Kulka, House, and Kasper (1989).
 
 Findings: The findings show that the Baloch native speakers use indirect strategies of apology, explanation strategy, and taking and denying responsibility which are similar to the Chinese language.
 
 Contribution: The paper may help to expand the scope of cross-cultural pragmatics to non-western languages. The paper may also be significant in the teaching curricula to design comparative courses in Chinese and Balochi.
 
 Keywords: Apology, Balochi, Chinese, cross-cultural pragmatics, strategies.
 
 Cite as: Hussain, M., & Aziz, A. (2020). Cross-cultural pragmatic study of apology strategies in Balochi with reference to Chinese language. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(2), 152-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss2pp152-169

Inbreeding affected differently on observations distribution of a growth trait in Iranian Baluchi sheep.

ObjectiveInitial consequence of inbreeding is inbreeding depression which impairs the performance of growth, production, health, fertility and survival traits in different animal breeds and populations. The effect of inbreeding on economically important traits should be accurately estimated. The effect of inbreeding depression on growth traits in sheep has been reported in many breeds. Based on this, the main objective of the present research was to evaluate the impact of inbreeding on some growth traits of Iranian Baluchi sheep breed using quantile regression model.MethodsPedigree and growth traits records of 13,633 Baluchi lambs born from year 1989 to 2016 were used in this research. The traits were birth weight, weaning weight, six-month weight, nine-month weight, and yearling weight. The contribution, inbreeding and co-ancestry software was used to calculate the pedigree statistics and inbreeding coefficients. To evaluate the impact of inbreeding on different quantiles of each growth trait, a series of quantile regression models were fitted using QUANTREG procedure of SAS software. Annual trend of inbreeding was also estimated fitting a simple linear regression of lamb’s inbreeding coefficient on the birth year.ResultsAverage inbreeding coefficient of the population was 1.63 percent. Annual increase rate of inbreeding of the flock was 0.11 percent (p<0.01). The results showed that the effect of inbreeding in different quantiles of growth traits is not similar. Also, inbreeding affected differently on growth traits, considering lambs’ sex and type of birth.ConclusionQuantile regression revealed that inbreeding did not have similar effect on different quantiles of growth traits in Iranian Baluchi lambs indicating that at a given age and inbreeding coefficient, lambs with different sex and birth type were not equally influenced by inbreeding.

Balochi Non Cursive Isolated Character Recognition using Deep Neural Network

The text recognition research in artificial intelli-gence has enabled machines not only to recognize the human spoken languages but also to interpret them. Optical character recognition is a subarea of AI that converts scanned text images into an editable document. The researchers proposed various text recognition techniques to identify cursive and connected scripts written from left to right but their correct recognition is still a challenging problem for the visual methods. The Balochi language is one of them spoken by a significant part of the world population and no research conducted on the recognition this regional language of Pakistan. In this paper, we propose a convolutional neural network based model for Balochi script recognition for non-cursive characters. Our model optimized small VGGNet model and achieved exceptional precision and speed over the state of the art methods of machine learning. We experimented and compared the proposed method with the baseline LeNet model, the results showed the proposed method improved over the baseline method with a precision of 96%. We additionally collected and processed the Balochi characters dataset and made it public to carry further research in the future.