Balneotherapy Research Articles

Utilization of Microencapsulated Thyme Essential Oil for Aroma Treatment of Wool Fabric

Background: With rising global trends and changing lifestyles in fashion, beauty as well as healthcare, the awareness of consumers has enforced the evolution of specialty value-added textiles. Essential oils and basic aromatherapy ingredients are microencapsulated and applied to the materials to provide a therapeutic effect and long-lasting aromas. The present study was carried out to prepare thyme essential oil microcapsules using a complex coacervation technique. The prepared microcapsules were applied on wool fabric using pad-dry-cure method by optimizing various variables of aroma treatment.
 Methods: Thyme essential oil was used based on its aromatic and therapeutic properties. A complex coacervation technique of microencapsulation was used to prepare thyme oil microcapsules. The padding bath components and treatment variables were optimized based on the presence of microcapsules on wool fabric as observed under a stereo zoom microscope, aroma durability to washing and improved properties of treated material regarding bending length, flexural rigidity and crease recovery angle. The aroma treatment was given on wool fabric using pad-dry-cure method.
 Results: Optimized variables for aroma treatment were 60 g/l microcapsule gel, two g/l softeners and ten g/l binder concentration, 1:20 material to liquor ratio, 35 ºC temperature, and 30 minutes treatment time as at these conditions more number of microcapsules, longer wash durability and better fabric properties in terms of bending length, flexural rigidity and crease recovery angle were observed. Aroma-treated wool fabric were dried at 70 ºC temperature for 4 minutes and cured at 100 ºC for 60 seconds.
 Conclusions: Thyme essential oil has many reported therapeutic properties therefore microencapsulated thyme basic oil-treated wool fabric can be used for apparel, home, and healthcare textiles. Higher concentrations of microcapsule gel and lower concentrations of softener and binder promoted the deposition of a maximum number of microcapsules on wool fabric. Complex coacervation techniques of microencapsulation for preparation of thyme essential oil microcapsules and pad-dry-cure method to impart durable aroma treatment on wool are needed to acquire long term sustained finish.

In vitro degradation and biocompatibility of in-situ fabricated Mg-Al-Ga-LDH/MAO hybrid coating on Mg alloy AZ31

A novel antibacterial Mg-Al-Ga layered double hydroxide (LDH) coating was fabricated on micro-arc oxide (MAO) coated magnesium (Mg) alloy AZ31 via low-temperature water bath treatment. Electrochemical polarization and impedance spectroscopy, hydrogen evolution rates, and pH monitoring tests were used to characterize the degradation behaviors. The morphology, compositions, and microstructures of the samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Antibacterial activities of the coatings against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were evaluated by plate-counting method. Cell-Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was applied to evaluate the cytotoxicity of coatings. The results demonstrate that the Mg-Al-Ga-LDH coating with a nanosheet structure is constructed to blanket the porous MAO coating. Electrochemical and hydrogen evolution tests reveal that the MAO/Mg-Al-Ga-LDH coating exhibits superior corrosion resistance. Furthermore, antibacterial and cytotoxicity tests prove that the MAO/Mg-Al-Ga-LDH coating possesses an obvious antibacterial and osteogenic effect.

Studying the non-thermal effects of microwave on amino acids in sterilized rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets using a double side approximating method

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of microwave non-thermal effects on thermal sensitive amino acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets. To distinguish non-thermal effects from thermal effects occurring simultaneously, a Double Side Approximating Method (DSAM) derived from computational mathematics was developed. Two corresponding water bath treatments were designed for each microwave processing to approximate the time–temperature profiles at the hot and cold spots of the microwave processed samples while maintaining a comparable thermal intensity (F0). The microwave non-thermal effects on amino acids were determined by comparing the amount of each of 22 amino acids between the microwave processed and the two corresponding water bath treated rainbow trout fillets. The results indicated that the DSAM was successfully implemented, as the amino acid contents' order curve in the microwave processed samples was clearly exceeded the boundary formed by the two corresponding water bath treated samples. This finding confirmed the occurrence of microwave non-thermal effects on amino acids. The non-thermal effect resulted in a notable increase in the quantity of most amino acids, while it reduced the content of Lys and Hyp. Longer microwave processing times intensified these effects, while higher thermal processing intensities resulted in more damage to each amino acid.

Antimicrobial efficacy of magnetite nanoparticles against Aeromonas sobria challenge in African catfish: Biochemical, protein profile, and immuno-antioxidant indices

Recently, researchers in aquaculture become interested in green synthesized nanomaterials as a superior alternative to current conventional methodologies. The present work shows that Moringa oleifera synthesized magnetite nanoparticles (MS-Fe3O4NPs) might offer a possible substitute for common antibiotics to treat Aeromonas sobria infection in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). MS-Fe3O4NPs demonstrated an in vitro antibacterial potential (21 mm inhibition zone) against A. sobria. The fish (n = 120; average body weight: 90 ± 3.5 g) were randomized into four groups (control, MS-Fe3O4NPs, A. sobria, and MS-Fe3O4NPs + A. sobria), where 1.2 mg/L of MS-Fe3O4NPs was used as bath treatment for seven-days. A. sobria infection caused substantial elevations in malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, stress indices, and hepato-renal biomarkers as well as a lower survival rate. Moreover, an apparent depletion in the level of antioxidants, the protein profile, and immune indicators were the consequences of A. sobria infection. Surprisingly, treatment of A. sobria-infected fish with MS-Fe3O4NPs recovered these parameters. Hence, MS-Fe3O4NPs as a water additive show promise as an antibacterial treatment against A. sobria in fish.

Large scale fabrication of recyclable and multifunctional sandwich-structured electromagnetic interference shielding films based on waste Nylon-6 silk

Modern wearable electronics are being miniaturized with high integration and frequency, leading to excess electromagnetic radiation, heat storage, and fire risk. Besides overcoming these safety issues, realizing large-scale, low-cost and recyclable preparation of multifunctional films are urgently required for practical applications of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. Herein, sandwich-structured films have been prepared using commercial nylon mesh (CNM) with a waste nylon-6 silk/ammonium polyphosphate (PA6/APP) porous flame-retardant outer layer and inner conductive ultra-long silver nanowires (AgNWs) network. Only 0.2 mg/cm2 of the conductive inner layer endows the films with excellent EMI shielding performance (53.7 dB), thermal diffusivity (5.206 ± 0.087 mm2/s) and antibacterial properties. In addition, the unique honeycomb structure of the PA6/APP outer layer produced during water bath treatment endows the films with superior printability. And such modified porous outer layer of the sandwich-structured films realizes a V0 rating during the UL-94 test. Even when these films are scrapped, they can still be recycled and reused. In summary, the methods described herein can be extended to realize the large-scale production of sandwich-structured films.

Effect of conventional and microwave heating treatment on antioxidant activity of quinoa protein after simulated gastrointestinal digestion.

Effects of microwave and traditional water bath treatment at different temperatures (70, 80, 90 ℃) on in vitro digestion rate and antioxidant activity of digestion products of quinoa protein were investigated. The results indicated microwave treatment at 70 ℃ produced the highest quinoa protein digestion rate and the strongest antioxidant activities of its digestion products (P<0.05), which was further verified by the results of free amino, sulfhydryl group, gel electrophoresis, amino acid profiles and the molecular weight distribution of the digestion products. However, limited exposure of active groups induced by water bath treatment might decrease the susceptibility of digestive enzymes and subsequently lower the digestibility and antioxidant activities of quinoa protein. The results suggested that a moderate microwave treatment could be used as a potential way to enhance the in vitro digestion rate of quinoa protein, as well as increase the antioxidant activities of its digestion products.

Evaluation of Thermochemical Treatments for Rice Husk Ash Valorisation as a Source of Silica in Preparing Geopolymers.

The use of geopolymers has revolutionized research in the field of construction. Although their carbon footprint is often lower than that of traditional mortars with Portland cement, activators such as sodium silicate have a high environmental impact in the manufacturing of materials. Employing alternative alkali sources to produce geopolymers is necessary to obtain materials with a lower carbon footprint. The present research explores the use of rice husk ash (RHA) as an alternative source of silica to produce alkaline activators by four methods: reflux; high pressure and temperature reaction; thermal bath at 65 °C; and shaking at room temperature. To evaluate the efficiency of these methods, two types of experiments were performed: (a) analysing silica dissolved by the filtering/gravimetric method; and (b) manufacturing mortars to compare the effectiveness of the treatment in mechanical strength terms. The percentages of dissolved silica measured by the gravimetric method gave silica dissolution values of 70-80%. The mortars with the best mechanical strength results were the mixtures prepared with the thermal bath treatment at 65 °C. Mortar cured for 1 day (at 65 °C), prepared with this activator, yielded 45 MPa versus the mortar with commercial reagents (40.1 MPa). It was generally concluded that utilising original or milled RHA in preparing activators has minimal influence on either the percentage of dissolved silica or the mechanical strength development of the mortars with this alternative activator.

One-step quenching and partitioning treatment of directly hot rolled low carbon steel

ABSTRACT Making cost-effective quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steel with good mechanical performance is attractive to the automotive industry. A low carbon steel was hot rolled, directly quenched, and isothermally partitioned using salt bath treatment. Effects of partitioning temperature and time on the microstructures and properties of the steel were studied. The microstructure consisted of carbide-free bainitic ferrite, polygonal ferrite, and retained austenite. The hot rolling introduced strain energy to the austenite, promoting the formation of ferrite, and enhancing the diffusion of carbon in the subsequent partitioning process with an accompaniment of the growth of ferrite. The ferrite was inferred to not only improve the plasticity of the steel but also make the retained austenite more stable. Steel exhibited excellent mechanical properties with high strength and elongation (>23 GPa·%). This study presents a preliminary approach for economical online Q&P steel production.

Hydrangea-like N-doped Carbon/MoO2@SnS2 microspheres with Schottky contact: A multi-interface heterostructure for high-performance microwave absorption

Heterointerface engineering is now recognized as a powerful strategy to optimize the microwave absorption performance of dielectric materials through composition adjustment and structural design. Herein, a hydrangea-like N-doped Carbon/MoO2@SnS2 (NC/MoO2@SnS2) composite was successfully prepared by high-temperature pyrolysis and oil bath treatment. The surface of each NC/MoO2 microsphere was vertically covered with interconnected SnS2 nanosheets, forming a porous core-shell morphology. We found that the number of heterojunctions and the proportion of high-lossy phases played a decisive role in optimizing the electromagnetic parameters. By regulating the content of dielectric phases, the optimized NC/MoO2@SnS2 (S3 sample) displayed a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −75.0 dB at an ultrathin thickness of 1.41 mm and a wide EAB of 4.2 GHz at 1.53 mm. The enhanced microwave absorption was mainly ascribed to multiple polarization relaxation, multi-interface reflection and good impedance matching characteristics produced by this semiconductor/carbon heterostructure with dual Schottky barriers. Therefore, this work provided a feasible strategy for making full use of heterointerface engineering to design ternary semiconductor/carbon heterostructures as high-performance dielectric MAMs.

High-efficient adsorption for versatile adsorbates by elastic reduced graphene oxide/Fe3O4 magnetic aerogels mediated by carbon nanotubes

Fabrication of highly elastic three-dimensional aerogel adsorbents with outstanding adsorption capacities is a long pursuit for the treatment of industrial contaminated water. In this work, a magnetic reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/Fe3O4/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) aerogel material was constructed by the electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged GO and positively charged CNTs following a one-pot water bath treatment. The as-synthesized aerogel demonstrated high compressive stress (28.4 kPa) and lower density (24.11 mg/cm3) with exceptional adsorption capacities for versatile adsorbates which are attributed to CNTs and magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The effect of pH, initial concentration of adsorbates (dyes, Cd (ІІ) ions, organic solvents, and pump oil), content of CNTs and cyclic times on the adsorption capacities of the aerogel were investigated in detail. Furthermore, from simulation, the adsorption kinetics, and thermodynamics of the aerogel for adsorbates were more satisfied by endothermic quasi-second-order kinetic model with characteristic physical adsorption. Thus, the optimized rGO/Fe3O4/CNTs-10 aerogel adsorbent can be used as a powerful and versatile tool to deal with contaminated industrial or domestic wastewater.

Estimated effectiveness of treatments against salmon lice in marine salmonid farming

We here estimate the effectiveness of ten types of salmon lice treatments currently used in the salmonid industry by analysing daily and cage-wise data from 90 full production cycles from farms spread along the Norwegian coast. The calculations are based on a stage-structured population model for salmon lice and accounts for the structure of the data, including the uncertainties that arise from the weekly counting of lice on a subset of the fish. Results suggest that the most commonly used treatment methods in the data set, i.e. thermal, mechanical and freshwater treatments, kill 70–80% of the lice in average, but with high variability. Feed treatments with emamectin benzoate are also commonly used, but are only estimated to kill around 35% of the lice in average. Bath treatments with hydrogen peroxide are estimated to kill around 74% and pyrethroids 50% of the lice in average. The other medicinal treatments were infrequently used in the data set and the estimates are therefore more uncertain. Of note is that the recently licenced bath treatment with imidacloprid is estimated to kill more than 99% of sessile and 98% of pre-adult and adult lice in average. The estimated effects of hydrogen peroxide, pyrethroids and azamethiphos, here based on data from 2017–2020, are lower than estimates from a previous analysis of production data from 2011–2014, possibly because of resistance development. In contrast, there is no indication of reduced effects of thermal, mechanical or freshwater treatments compared to previous analyses of production data from 2013–2018. These results allow comparing the effectiveness of the different treatment methods in a consistent and comprehensive way, hence enabling fish farmers and authorities to better balance the expected benefits of the treatments in terms of lice control against the economic costs, fish welfare and risk of resistance development.

Developing Combined Radio Frequency with Water Bath Treatments to Improve Gel Properties of Minced Chicken Breast

Developing Combined Radio Frequency with Water Bath Treatments to Improve Gel Properties of Minced Chicken Breast

Property evaluation of magnesia-based cement emulsified asphalt mortar (MCAM) as pavement repair material

ABSTRACT In order to meet the requirements of compatibility and timeliness of repair materials for asphalt pavement, a rapid-hardening magnesia-based cement emulsified asphalt mortar (MCAM) is prepared. The results show that high temperature or high-temperature water bath treatment reduces the stability of MCAM, and MCAM prepared from emulsified asphalt with high softening point and low water content has better high-temperature stability. Increasing the asphalt-cement (A/C) ratio decreases the dynamic stability and stiffness modulus of the MCAM-repaired asphalt mixture, but increases its failure strain, which is determined by the material properties of the asphalt and cement phases. The splitting tensile strength of MCAM-asphalt mixture specimens are all above 0.8 MPa, and the strength ratio before and after freezing and thawing is above 90%, which is significantly higher than that of traditional asphalt-based, epoxy-based and polyurethane-based pavement repair materials. When MCAM is used to repair dried surface of asphalt mixtures, its pull-out bonded strength is significantly higher than that after wet and aged treatments. In addition, the microstructure of MCAM also shows that the asphalt phase and the cement phase are mixed together, and the microstructure becomes loose as the A/C ratio increases.

Laboratory Investigation of the Composite Influence of Rock Asphalt and Montmorillonite on the Performance of Bio-Asphalt

To improve the rutting resistance and anti-aging performance of bio-asphalt, the composite modifier of rock asphalt and montmorillonite is used to modify the bio-asphalt. The optimum content of each component was determined by orthogonal tests based on the results from penetration, softening point, ductility and viscosity tests. The rheological properties and anti-aging performance of rock asphalt and montmorillonite composite-modified bio-asphalt (RAMB) with the optimum content were evaluated as compared to those of matrix asphalt (MA), untreated/treated bio-asphalt (UBA/TBA) and rock asphalt-/montmorillonite-modified bio-asphalt (RMB/MMB). The test results illustrated that the optimum content of each component in the rock asphalt/montmorillonite composite-modified bio-asphalt—as determined by orthogonal experimental design and penetration, softening point, ductility and viscosity tests—was 7% bio-oil treated by thermostatic water bath, 5% rock asphalt and 30% montmorillonite. The high-temperature performance, low-temperature performance and anti-aging performance of RAMB were studied by comparison to those of matrix asphalt, UBA, TBA, RMB and MMB. Additionally, the composite modification mechanism was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results suggested that the high-temperature of TBA was obviously improved compared with UBA. The reason, as seen from infrared spectrum tests, was that the amount of ester compounds decreased after water bath treatment. The light components and soluble substances in bio-oil decreased. Compared to UBA, the unrecoverable creep compliance (Jnr) of RAMB decreased by 66.6% and the recovery rate (R) increased by 75.9% at 0.1 KPa. The stiffness modulus (S) of RAMB was 0.87 times that of matrix asphalt and the creep rate (m) was 1.03 times that of base asphalt. Compared to single-modified asphalt, the high- and low-temperature performance of RAMB was good. Meanwhile, the complex modulus aging index (CMAI) and stiffness modulus aging index (SAI) of RAMB were lower than all other asphalt studied, while the phase angle aging index (PAAI) and creep rate aging index (mAI) of RAMB were the largest. The results of infrared spectroscopy also suggest that the mixing of rock asphalt, montmorillonite, bio-oil and matrix asphalt is a physical blending process. During the process, no functional groups are formed. Pretreatment and addition of rock asphalt and montmorillonite can improve high-temperature performance, low-temperature performance and anti-aging performance of the bio-asphalt.

Radon - occurrence and impact on the health.

Radon is noble, monatomic, radioactive, heavier than the air gas. It is colorless, odorless, tasteless. It exists in natural environment as a result of the decay of radium, and emits mainly alpha radiation and less beta radiation. Residential radon concentrations vary widely by geographic area. The higher concentration of radon is expected globally in the grounds where uranium, radium and thoron are present. Radon may gather in caves, tunnels, mines as well as in other lowestlying spaces, such as basements, and cellars. In accordance with Atomic Law (2000), the reference level for the average annual concentration of radioactive radon in rooms intended for human habitation is 300 Bq/m3. The most dangerous damages caused by ionizing radiation i.e. radon and its derivatives are changes to DNA, which may disturb the functions of cells and in the consequence lead to induction of cancer of respiratory tract, mainly of lungs and also leukaemia. So, the main consequence of exposure to high amount of radon are cancers of respiratory system. Radon enters the human organism mainly through inhaled atmospheric air. Moreover, radon significantly increased a risk of induction cancer in smokers and vice versa, smoking promotes the development of lung cancer after the exposure to radon and its derivatives. Radon may also have beneficial effect on the human body. Therefore it is used in medicine; mainly in radonbalneotherapy i.e. bath treatments, rinsing the mouth and inhalation. Beneficial effects of radon confirms the validity of the theory of radiation hormesis, which assumes that low doses of radiation may stimulate the repair of DNA damage by activation of protective mechanisms, which neutralize free radicals.

Inactivation effect and action mode of ohmic heating on Staphylococcus aureus in phosphate‐buffered saline

AbstractOhmic heating (OH) is an alternative thermal processing technique, which shows large potential application in pasteurization. Inactivation effect and sublethal injury of OH on Staphylococcus aureus were investigated in this study. Meanwhile, membrane potential and integrity, bacterial morphology and the leakage of nucleic acid, protein and ions were also measured to elucidate the action mode of OH. When heated to 50°C, OH treatment showed higher injury ratio than water bath (WB) treatment. Meanwhile, greater loss of cellular content, larger reduction of membrane potential, and severer damage to cell morphology and membrane integrity were observed in OH‐treated S. aureus than that of WB. When heated to 61.5°C, there was no significant difference between OH‐ and WB‐treated S. aureus. Results indicated that OH caused more sublethal injury and server damage to S. aureus than that of WB when heated to a lower temperature (50°C).

Efficacy of combined application of traditional Chinese medicine foot bath and mild moxibustion in the treatment o f limb pain in diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients

Purpose: To determine the efficacy of the combination of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) foot bath and mild moxibustion in the treatment of limb pain in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).&#x0D; Methods: A total of 120 patients with symptoms of DPN-induced pain who were hospitalized at the Department of Endocrinology in the 903rd Hospital of PLA, from January 2020 to June 2021, were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to a study group and a control group, with 60 patients in each group. Patients in both groups received conventional treatments and nursing care, while those in study group were additionally treated with a combination of TCM foot bath and mild moxibustion. Treatment efficacy in the patients was evaluated using Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), pain rating index (PRI), visual analogue scale (VAS), TCM symptom score (TCMSS), and Toronto Clinical Scoring System (TCSS).&#x0D; Results: Compared with control group, there were significant improvements in pain-related scores, namely, SF-MPQ, (p ˂ 0.05); PRI, (p &lt; 0.01); VAS, (p &lt; 0.05); as well as overall efficacy (p &lt; 0.05). Similar improvements were also observed with regard to TCMSS (p &lt; 0.001) and TCSS (p &lt; 0.001) in the study group. However, there were no significant changes in Adjusted Diabetes Quality of Life (A-DQOL) score and blood glucose control in both groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: Relative to the conventional treatment for DPN, limb pain and disease score of patients are significantly reduced by the combination of TCM foot bath and mild moxibustion treatments. Further clinical trials would be required prior to application in clinical practice.

Thiamine Supplementation Improves Survival and Body Condition of Hatchery-Reared Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Oregon.

Early rearing of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Oregon hatcheries is often problematic; fry can become emaciated and die during the period between hatch and first feed. Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency has caused early mortality in salmonids; however, the thiamine status of Oregon's steelhead populations is unknown, to date. Of the 26 egg samples from three Oregon hatcheries in 2019, 20 (77%) had thiamine levels < 10 nmol/g, and 13 of those samples (50%) had levels <6.5 nmol/g, suggesting the thiamine deficiency of adult, female steelhead. To investigate if thiamine deficiency was causally related to fry survival, females were injected with buffered thiamine HCl 50 mg/kg prior to spawning; additionally, a subset of eggs were supplemented via bath treatment with thiamine mononitrate (1000 ppm) at spawning. Cumulative fry mortality at 8 weeks post-hatch from thiamine-injected females was 2.9% compared to 13.8% mortality of fry without thiamine supplementation. Fry treated only with the thiamine via bath as eggs had a mortality rate of 6.9%. There were no additional improvements for the survival of fry from injected females that also received a thiamine bath. Furthermore, condition factors were greater in thiamine-supplemented fry than in those that received no thiamine. These data identify thiamine deficiency in Oregon steelhead and suggest supplementation with thiamine can mitigate early rearing mortality.

Maternal Blood, Egg and Larval Thiamin Levels Correlate with Larval Survival in Landlocked Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

A link was previously established between the Cayuga syndrome, a condition causing 100% mortality in larval landlocked Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in several of New York’s Finger Lakes, and a maternal diet of alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, a non-native thiaminase-rich Clupeid fish. We evaluated salmon larvae viability relative to maternal thiamin status, and investigated the putative link of the Cayuga syndrome to an alewife diet in fish from the geographic regions outside the Finger Lakes/lower Great Lakes watersheds. We identified Cayuga syndrome in Atlantic salmon from Otsego Lake in the Susquehanna River watershed and from Green Pond in New York’s Adirondack Mountains. In both systems alewife represent the major component of the diet for the salmon. Thiamin levels in the maternal blood of Otsego salmon with syndrome-negative progeny were three- to four-fold greater than those Otsego females whose progeny exhibited 100% mortality. Thiamin levels in eggs and larvae were directly related to thiamin levels in maternal blood in both syndrome-positive and syndrome-negative stocks. Thiamin bath treatments of syndrome-afflicted larvae eliminated mortality regardless of their lake stock of origin. Maternal blood levels of approximately 0.31 nmol thiamin pyrophosphate/g or 0.44 nmol total thiamin/g appear necessary to achieve egg threshold levels of approximately 0.8 and 1.1 nmol/g unphosphorylated and total thiamin, respectively; these egg thiamin levels should prevent significant syndrome-related mortality in landlocked Atlantic salmon larvae. These results confirm the role of thiamin in the etiology of the Cayuga syndrome and support the dietary link of this naturally occurring thiamin deficiency to the thiaminase-rich alewife.

General rule and research progress of constitution of traditional Chinese medicine in treating refractory hypertension

At present, the clinical research of TCM treatment of hypertension is relatively common, and the related research of refractory hypertension is relatively few.As a result, relatively few articles have been published.By summarizing relevant literatures in CNKI, Wanfang, VIP and other databases in recent years, different methods of TCM compound, acupoint application, acupoint catgut embedding, combination of acupuncture and medicine, foot bath and other treatments for refractory hypertension were summarized.This paper aims to explore the research progress of refractory hypertension in recent years and summarize the relationship between refractory hypertension and TCM constitution as well as the general law of syndrome distribution.