Ballia District Research Articles

Factors influencing Consumer Satisfaction in Online Shopping: Insights from Ballia District

Factors influencing Consumer Satisfaction in Online Shopping: Insights from Ballia District

Spatial and Temporal Trends in Precipitation and Temperature and their Influence on Groundwater in Ballia

A study examined the impact of long-term pre- and post-monsoon precipitation and temperature on groundwater level fluctuations in 17 blocks of Ballia District. The study used 100 years of daily precipitation data (1917-2016) and 62 years of daily temperature data (1951-2012) from the Indian Meteorological Department. Seasonal analysis was performed using pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter data. The Mann-Kendall method and Sen's slope were applied. The spatial variability of rainfall and temperature was mapped using the IDW technique in ArcGIS. Significant annual precipitation decreases were found in Murlichapra and Sear blocks. Maniar and Pandah blocks showed precipitation increases. An increasing pre-monsoon trend was observed in several blocks, while post-monsoon trends varied. Groundwater levels fluctuated across Ballia, with a notable decrease of 2.1 m in Bairia Block from 2006 to 2016.

Assessing the Impact of Groundwater Recharge on Underground Reservoir Replenishment in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

Groundwater is considered a fresh resource of water and its uses have tremendously increased in the recent past due to an increase in population, rapid urbanization, and industrialization. In India, the groundwater level is declining in some parts of the country due to over-exploitation, low or negligible recharge of aquifer systems, and unsustainable development of groundwater resources. The groundwater modeling is an important tool for studying the past and present groundwater behavior and in the development of future strategies for sustainable groundwater management plans. To study the Impact of groundwater recharge on the replenishment of underground reservoir, Ballia district of Uttar Pradesh has been selected which is one of the districts of the most populous state of India, Uttar Pradesh. An attempt has been made to develop a groundwater model using Modflow software to simulate the groundwater trends and predict future groundwater heads. The calibration and validation of the model were done for 5 years and 3 years respectively. The correlation coefficient for calibration and validation was found 0.85 and root mean square errors vary from 2.89 to 3.2m variation in future trends of groundwater heads. The results of the study show that the developed model can be effectively used to predict the future groundwater heads. The groundwater flow was observed from the northwest to southeast direction. It was predicted from the study that groundwater draft will increase by 10% with a decrease in groundwater level by approximately 0.24 m in the north-west direction by the year 2025. However, no impact was observed in the south side of the district and it was predicted that the groundwater level would remain the same in this zone during the next 3 years.

A pragmatic approach of hydrochemical and irrigation indices of groundwater quality of district Ballia, U.P. India

ABSTRACT In the groundwater aquifer media, enormous amounts of ions can be found naturally in rocks from the Pleistocene and Holocene ages. There are several reports of metals and ionic contamination in the different blocks of the Ballia district. This article focuses on a thorough investigation of the hydrogeochemical properties and the cause of ionic contamination in the Ballia district's groundwater system. This article discusses the interactions between the numerous cations and anions that are hydro-geologically present as well as several physico-chemical factors. The relationship analysis was conducted utilizing irrigation indices and a Stufzand classification, which was further supported by a Durov and Stiff plot. The Durov plot shows the mineralization of the aquifer by sand and evaporates of geological formation. The Gibbs plot shows that the rock–water interaction, weathering of silicates, evaporates dissolution, carbonate dissolution, and anthropogenic activities. The Stiff plot shows the highest concentration of Mg-rich minerals and Cl due to the weathering of calcite, amphiboles, and anthropogenic activities also proven by the Irrigation indices and Stufzand classification. The high water quality index (WQI) value was discovered to be mostly due to greater EC, total dissolved solids, hardness, nitrate, sulfate, chloride, and magnesium levels in groundwater.

Socio-economic profile of wheat growers in Ballia district of Uttar Pradesh

Socio-economic profile of wheat growers in Ballia district of Uttar Pradesh

Estimation of Cost and Income of Onion Production: A Case Study of Ballia District of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

The system of India’s economy predominantly depends on agriculture. It is contains attractive good qualities of calories. The present research study on entitled “Estimation of Cost and Income of Onion Production: A Case Study of Ballia District of Eastern Uttar Pradesh This research article focused on the following specific objectives are (1) To work out the cropping intensity, costs-return and input-output relationship of onion cultivation in the district and second objectives (2) To find out the constraints in production of onion confronted by Farmers. Multistage stages sampling technique were used for selection of respondent. Primary data was collected by personal interview methods with the use of pre structured and pre listed schedule questionnaire. Finally 100 farmers were selected randomly from four selected villages. The data were related to the Rabi season in the agriculture cropping year 2021-22. Overall average costs of cultivation of respondent were found per hectare to be Rs. 111493.95. The higher costs of cultivation were observed on medium farms to Rs.118430.40 fallowed by small farms and marginal as Rs.109070.72 and Rs.106980.72 per hectare respectively. Per quintal cost of production and ratio of cost of Input –output analysis were calculated cost A1 toC1, C2 and C3 basis.

An investigation into the socio-economic profile of Agri-Input Retailers in Ballia District of Uttar Pradesh

An investigation into the socio-economic profile of Agri-Input Retailers in Ballia District of Uttar Pradesh

A hydrogeochemical study of groundwater of district Ballia, U.P., India

Abstract Arsenic is naturally found in the rocks of the Pleistocene and Holocene ages in the groundwater aquifer media. The district Ballia has many reports which are focused on arsenic contamination in its different blocks. This article is devoted to a thorough study of hydrogeochemical characteristics and the source of origin of arsenic in the groundwater system of the Ballia district. The relationship between this hydrogeologically present arsenic and various cations and anions including some physicochemical parameters are discussed here. These observations have been done using ICP MS and ion chromatographic techniques. The relationship study has been done by using a correlation matrix which is further proven by the dendrogram. Different types of loading plots of various principal components have also been studied with the help of principal component analysis. The nature and quality of groundwater are studied with the help of a piper plot. This research article is a complete and detailed study of the nature of groundwater in district Ballia. It also enlightens the source of arsenic contamination in the study area.

Assessment of soil salinity by geo-spatial technology in Ballia district of Uttar Pradesh

Soils vary in their characteristics from one place to another place due to interactions of soil forming and processes. Assessment of spatial and temporal variation of characteristics is needed for any mean or use it's crucial to take into account the diverse spatial differences in soil properties, which has long in this context. Geographic information system (GIS) technology has enormous potential in the field of soil's assessment for upgrading soil statistic systems for an accurate and cost-effective means of understanding changes in the landscape. The future agricultural monitoring of the nutritional quality of the soil in diverse regions and villages is crucial. In this paper assessment of spatial variation of soil salinity using GIS techniques around the Ballia District of Uttar Pradesh is presented from the year 1994 to 2019. Normalized Difference Salinity Index (NDSI) was used. It showed increasing trend in salinity from 1994 to 2019 for each block. Using Landsat (TM/OLI) imageries with a 30 m spatial resolution, the spatial distribution of salinity from 1994 to 2019 was determined and low negative NDSI value was observed from - 0.143 to -0.117 in the southeast part of Ballia which can be an important explanation for soil degradation due to increasing soil salinity.

Smart Agro: Agriculture with Technology and Management

ABSTRACT: This project is made with aim of ONE STOP SOLUTION for the AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY with solving for increasing income of INDIAN FARMER & for revolution in agriculture industry we are making platform SMARTAGRO, SMARTAGRO MANDI & AGROVILLOTOURISM in the form of web application. We have done the on ground research in villages of Varanasi District , Ghazipur District & Ballia District and many more after looking all the problem like not using scientific & technical method to increase income we come with solution which can give our country Agricultural Entrepreneur. We are completely increasing the culture for taking farming as business our solution starting with what to do & how to do with end goal to sale the product with high profit. We are aiming to also increase agrotourism in India create a good cross market for agriculture & tourism. Overall our platform is coming with AGRICULTURE WITH TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT :- “SMART AGRO”

Arsenate Removal from the Groundwater Employing Maghemite Nanoparticles

An investigation of the potential of γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite) nanoparticles (MNPs) to remove AsV from groundwater is reported. The MNPs were synthesized using a modified co-precipitation method via refluxing. The morphological and surface characteristics of MNPs were analyzed using XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and Zetasizer techniques. Their AsV removal potential was explored in synthetic water representing the elemental composition equivalent to arsenic-contaminated groundwater of the Ballia district, Uttar Pradesh, India. The arsenic concentration in the samples collected from the study area was observed to be much more than the provisional WHO guideline value for drinking water (10 µg L−1). An orthogonal array L27 (313) of the Taguchi design of experimental methodology was employed to design the experiments and optimization of AsV removal. The ANN tool was trained to evaluate Taguchi’s outcomes using MATLAB. The percentage of ionic species distribution and surface complexation modeling was performed using Visual MINTEQ. The study explored the effects of pH, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dose, total dissolved solids, and shaking speed on the removal process. The adsorption was found to occur through electrostatic interactions. The inter-parametric analysis demonstrated the involvement of secondary sites affecting the adsorption. The charge distribution multi-sites complexation (CD-MUSIC) model and 2pk-Three-Plane-Model (TPM) indicated the involvement of the reactivity of singlet (FeOH−0.5) and triplet (Fe3O−0.5) species in the examined pH range. The developed nanoparticles are observed to be efficient in AsV removal. This information could benefit field-scale arsenic removal units.

First Report of Leaf Spot of Maize Caused by Curvularia geniculata in India

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 105, No. 12First Report of Leaf Spot of Maize Caused by Curvularia geniculata in India PreviousNext DISEASE NOTE OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Leaf Spot of Maize Caused by Curvularia geniculata in IndiaN. Manzar, A. S. Kashyap, P. K. Sharma, and A. K. SaxenaN. Manzarhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6622-1912Plant Pathology Lab, ICAR – National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275103, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author, A. S. Kashyap†Corresponding author: A. S. Kashyap; E-mail Address: abhijeet4497@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1360-9750Plant Pathology Lab, ICAR – National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275103, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author, P. K. SharmaPlant Pathology Lab, ICAR – National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275103, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author, and A. K. SaxenaPlant Pathology Lab, ICAR – National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275103, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author AffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations N. Manzar A. S. Kashyap † P. K. Sharma A. K. Saxena Plant Pathology Lab, ICAR – National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275103, India Published Online:12 Oct 2021https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-21-0637-PDNAboutSectionsView articlePDFSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat View articleIn India, 25.90 million metric tons of maize (Zea mays L.) was produced on 9.63 million hectares, with an average yield of 2.69 metric tons per hectare (Singh and Singh 2018). In March 2017, leaf spot was observed on maize cv. Kanchan during a survey of the Ballia district, with disease severity ranging from 1 to 20% (26.08°N, 83.71°E) in Uttar Pradesh, India. The upper mid canopy of symptomatic plants showed elliptical light brown spots (0.25 to 2.5 mm diameter) surrounded by chlorotic halo lesions with dark margins. Five plants showing leaf spots were collected and the symptomatic tissue was cut into pieces (4 mm2), surface sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, then rinsed three times with distilled water, plated on potato dextrose agar medium amended with streptomycin sulfate (125 ppm), and incubated at 26°C with a 12-h light period. After 5 days of incubation, five pure cultures were obtained using the hyphal tip technique and incubated at 28°C for 15 days. The upper surface of the colony was dark grayish black and the reverse colony was dark brown. Conidiophores on the apex were geniculate, unbranched, and septate. Conidia were spindle to elliptical in shape, light brown, with 3 to 4 septa with an enlarged central cell. Conidial size ranged from 10.0 to 14.1 μm wide and 19.3 to 26.2 μm long (n = 35). Based on morphology, the fungus was tentatively identified as Curvularia geniculata (Tracy & Earle) Boedijn (Hosokawa et al. 2003). Later, genomic DNA was extracted from the E29 isolate using the nucleopore GDNA Fungus Kit (Genetix Brand, India). ITS (White et al. 1990), LSU (Vilgalys and Hester 1990), D1 and D2 region of LSU (O’Donnell 1993), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) (Berbee et al. 1999) loci were amplified for molecular identification (Manamgoda et al. 2012). The amplicons were bidirectionally sequenced using the Sanger sequencing method. BLASTn analysis of different gene sequences of isolate E29 showed 99 to 100% similarity with sequences of C. geniculata. The gene sequences were submitted to GenBank, and accession numbers were assigned (ITS, MT524330; gpd, LC552684; LSU, MT516309; and D1 and D2 region of LSU, MT533847). The similarity index for ITS, gpd, LSU, and D1 and D2 region of LSU sequences of E29 showed high similarity with isolates of C. geniculata: 99.81% with MH856584 (CBS187.50), 99.52% with KM083609 (CBS187.50), 100% with MH868092 (CBS187.50), and 100% with MH868533 (CBS220.52), respectively. Pathogenicity of the isolate E29 was confirmed by inoculating 25-day-old maize cv. Kanchan (n = 10) with a spore suspension (106 spores/ml) prepared from 15-day-old cultures. Using a hand atomizer, the spore suspension was sprayed onto leaves until runoff and the noninoculated plants (n = 10) were sprayed with sterile distilled water. The plants were maintained in a glasshouse at 26 ± 2°C and humidity ≥90%. After 10 days, elliptical spots with chlorotic halo were observed on inoculated plants similar to those observed in the field, but no symptoms developed on noninoculated plants. C. geniculata was reisolated from symptomatic leaves, and its identity was confirmed by morphological observations. The pathogenicity tests were repeated twice. The disease appears not to be yield limiting; however, it has caused several stakeholder concerns, and anecdotal evidence suggests that maize hybrids may differ in susceptibility. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot of maize caused by C. geniculata in India, which extends the known agents of maize leaf spot.The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

Socio-Economic Characteristics of Gram Panchayat Members at Hanumanganj Block of Ballia District of Uttar Pradesh

Introduction of Panchayat Raj was hailed as one of the most important political innovations in Independent India. It was also considered as a revolutionary step. Panchayat Raj is a system of local self-government wherein the people take upon themselves the responsibility for development. The Gram Panchayat has occupied an important place in taking people’s political, economic, social, patriotic aspirations and emotions to the government in order to build a strongest nation ever. The study was based on both Primary and Secondary data. Descriptive research design has been used in the present study. The study revealed that majority of respondents were middle age people, having education up to junior high school and mostly dependent on farming for their income. A large sum of the respondents had very high annual income while few of the respondents had low annual income. It is concluded that the majority of the respondents belonged to the middle socio-economic status. Social participation of Gram Panchayat members were significant in Gram Panchayat activities. Majority of respondents daily use newspaper as a means of mass media exposure.

Prospects of Fisheries development in Ox-Bow lakes of Eastern Uttar Pradesh specially in Ballia district

The present article deals with the fisheries development of three important Ox-Bow Lakes of Ballia district of eastern Uttar Pradesh in relation to physico-chemical and biological conditions. The results were found conducive for Fisheries development. The results indicate clearly that potential fish yield is not being realized from the lakes and there is immense scope for increase in Fish production.

Studies on the influence of El-Nino on rainfall in eastern Uttar Pradesh

Increase in rainfall means a bumper crop production and erratic monsoon means a bad production of crops resulting into the loss of country's economy. The average rainfall for the El Nino years (strong and moderate El Nino) was compared with the normal rainfall for the years 1981 to 2016 during the four different seasons. The percentage change in seasonal rainfall during the El Nino years compared to normal rainfall was also computed for the seasons in different districts. Results revealed that the average rainfall during the S-W monsoon season during the El Nino years was less than the normal rainfall in all the district of Eastern UP. The departure was maximum in Barabanki district by 9.0 percent and lowest departure (0.4%) was recorded in Jaunpur districts. The average summer season rainfall during El Nino years from March to May was less than the normal rainfall in Eastern U.P. Maximum departure (20.3 percent) was recorded in Gorakhpur district and minimum departure (0.2%) over normal rainfall was recorded in Ballia district. The average rainfall during winter season during El Nino years from January to February was less than the normal rainfall in all the districts of Eastern U.P., The maximum departure (17.5%) was recorded in Ghazipur district. The average rainfall during the post monsoon (October to December) during El Nino years was almost less than the normal rainfall in Eastern U.P. during the years with El Nino compared to normal rainfall. El Nino unambiguously serves as a signal of deficit rainfall for the Eastern U.P. during the south west monsoon season and if it does not happen, leads to deficit annual rainfall. Analysis of long term data suggests an inverse relationship between El Nino and SW monsoon rainfall. However, there is no one to one relationship as El Nino years have not always produced severe drought. The average annual rainfall or S-W monsoon season rainfall were less than normal rainfall during the years with El Nino.

Status of fish diversity in Surha Taal, a natural lake in the floodplains of river Ganga, in Ballia District, Uttar Pradesh, India

The study presents the status of fish diversity, abundance and habitat structure of Surha Lake, which is a perennial and natural lake fed by the river Ganga. The study was conducted between 2011 to 2013 covering pre and post-monsoon seasons. In total, 4,852 individual fish specimens were collected representing 66 fish species belonging to 23 families. The species diversity comprised 65 species in pre-monsoon and 60 species in post-monsoon season (p<0.05). The highest species diversity was recorded for the family Cyprinidae (22), followed by Bagridae (7). An assessment of conservation status of 66 fish species as per IUCN Red List 2019 criteria listed 6 species under near threatened (NT), 54 under least concern (LC) and two species under vulnerable (VU) category. The study reports several commercially important species under near threatened (Chitala chitala, Labeo pangusia, Ompok bimaculatus, Ompok pabda, , Ailia coila and Bagarius bagarius), which makes Surha Taal an important natural lake from fishery management point of view. The study also prioritised different habitat types important for different species. The slow water in the mid-channel areas of the lake were categorised as important habitats for near threatened and vulnerable fish species like C. chitala, B. bagarius and Wallago attu, which can be prioritised for population level management.

Original

All the economic activities for livelihood is called occupation. The people who are involved in various economic activities form the occupational structure of any region. Occupation is an important activity of any population that affects the social, economic, cultural, and demographic characteristics of a region. The proportion of the economically active population in various occupations indicates the economic profile of various groups of the society of that region. This occupational structure varies temporally and spatially which defines the level of development of society and quality of life. The present study is based on Ballia District, lying in the fertile confluence zone of the Ganga and the Ghaghara river. Administratively the district is divided into 17 blocks which are taken as study units. The research aims to compare the working population, occupational structure and its spatial change existing in the district from the period of 2001 to 2011. Data for working population, main and marginal workers along with different occupations are obtained from District Census Handbook of Ballia. Statistical techniques and choropleth maps are used for the representation of occupational structure in the district and consequent changes in the last decade. This comparative analysis will help highlight the spatial variation in different occupations in the study area. This paper deals to analyse the spatial distribution of the working population and change in the occupational structure of Ballia district. The proportion of cultivators and agricultural labourers has decreased from 28.67% to 19.90% and 43.26% to 37.64% level in 2001 to 2011 respectively, while the proportion of household industry workers and other workers have increased from 5.40% to 7.09% and 24.28% to 35.17% level in 2001 to 2011 respectively in Ballia district.

Vertical Distribution of Some Nutrients in Pulse-Growing Black Soils of Sohaon Block in Ballia District, Uttar Pradesh

In general, distribution of nutrients in soils is governed by soil forming factors and process crops grown and external supply. The continuous mining of the nutrients under intensive cropping system is of serious concern. The large tract of Eastern Uttar Pradesh is witnessing the deficiency of most of the nutrients and Ballia district is not an exception (Singh et al. 2017; Gupta et al. 2019). Singh et al. (2020) have characterized some of the rice growing soils of Eastern Uttar Pradesh and reported depth-wise distribution of some fertility parameters. Although horizon-wise distribution of nutrients in shrink-swell soils of other part of the country have been reported (Jagdish Prasad and Gajbhiye 1999; Karthikeyan et al. (2014) but it is lacking in Eastern Uttar Pradesh and particular in pulse-growing black soil of Ballia district and hence present investigation was carried out.

Characterization of Soils of Two Village of Maniyar Block, Ballia District, Uttar Pradesh

Two pedons exposed each in Badagaon and Rampur villages of Maniyar bock, Ballia district to study the layer-wise distribution of some physical and chemical properties. The sand, silt and clay pedon-1 were varied from 25 to 55 %, 30 to 60 %, clay 8 to 16 % while it was 40 to 65 %, 25 to 45 % and clay 10 to 17 % respectively in pedon 2. Bulk density increased with depth upto 90 cm, water holding capacity decreased with increasing depth in both the pedon, and it ranged from 43.35% to 34.02% through depth. The pH ranged from 6.2 to 7.4 in both the pedons but its distribution with depth different in these pedons. The electrical conductivity of soils in both the soils was above to 1ds-1. The organic carbon content was high in upper layer of depth in soils. Calcium carbonate ranged from 2.5 to 0.4% and 3.9 to 0.4 with depth in soils. Available N, P and S were higher in surface layer and decreased with depths but their values were in higher side in pedon 2 barring few exceptions with soil depth amount of available P content in surface and sub-surface soil. However, it was slightly medium in soils of pedon 2. The medium available K content was found in surface layer (0-15 cm) and decreased with depth in both the pedons. The S content in surface soil was found to be higher than sub-surface soil. The amount of available S was found in surface horizons (0-15 cm) 13.5 mg kg-1 in pedon 1, and 14.2 mg kg-1 in pedon 2. The surface layer of pedon 1 had 13.4 cmol (p+) kg-1 exchangeable Ca while it was 6.4 cmol (p+) kg-1 in P2. The exchangeable magnesium in pedon 1 was 8.2 cmol (p+) kg-1 at 0-15 cm and 3.2 at 135-150 cm while in pedon 2 had exchangeable magnesium 7.3 cmol (p+) kg-1 at 0-15 cm and 3.0 at 135-150 cm soil depth.

Soil fertility status of Surha Tal land soils of Ballia district, Uttar Pradesh

Surha Tal is one of the largest floodplains of river Ganga in eastern Uttar Pradesh. In general, soils of Surha Tal are fertile and sustain higher productivity of kharif rice, wheat, maize, mustard and vegetables. Earlier Diwakar and Singh (1992 a&b, 1993) studied the genesis, mineralogy, aggregation etc. of the Tal land of Bihar but virtually no information is available about soil fertility status of Tal land and in particular Surha Tal of Ballia district and hence present study was conducted.