High-performance concrete is designed with high strength, high durability and high workability and is used for a particular purpose and environment. Considering the working characteristics and durability requirements of high-speed ballastless railway, experimental study on mix proportion design and maintenance measures of C60 high-strength concrete are conducted. It is proposed from the orthogonal test that the optimal mixture ratio scheme for high-performance concrete used on high-speed ballastless railway is that water–cement ratio is 0.29, sand ratio is 38% and admixture ratio of the total cementitious material is 10%. The influence regularity is obtained on compressive strength at different periods of high-performance concrete by main influencing factors such as water–cement ratio, admixture amount, sand rate, etc. Tests show that water–cement ratio affects the later strength while admixture amount affects the early strength and sand rate has little effect.