Ball Weight Research Articles

Polystyrene-NiO-CNT composite ball and film for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye

Immobilization of photocatalysts on the solid support is important for environmental pollutant removal. We have prepared NiO-CNT composite photocatalyst following co-precipitation and catalytic pyrolysis method. The polystyrene-NiO-CNT composite film was prepared by adding 200 mg of NiO-CNT in 10 mL chloroform and different wt% (30%, 50%, and 70%) of waste expanded polystyrene (WEPS), and subsequently, the film was cast on a petri-dish with a film thickness of 0.45 mm. The charcoal balls (weight = 2 g, diameter = 2 cm) were coated with PS-NiO-CNT (30% PS) solution. The prepared photocatalyst powder, ball, and film, were compared for degradation of 100 mL methylene blue (MB) dye (10 mg/L). It was found that the powder and ball catalyst has exponential degradation, whereas the film catalyst has linear degradation nature. The powder sample (200 mg/100 mL) can degrade ∼ 96% of MB while a ball can degrade ∼ 86%, a film with 30% PS can degrade ∼ 81% within 4 h. The film and ball are magnetic, easily recyclable, and can be reused up to the 4th cycle without an appreciable loss (<10%) of degradation efficiency.

Collisions, or Reflections and Rotations, Leading to the Digits of π

We analyze a problem of elastic collisions between elements of a system composed of two balls and a wall. Thanks to a change of variables, the problem is reduced to a sequence of reflections and rotations. Moreover, the total number of collisions is easily found. For specific ratios of ball weights, the number of collisions is related to the first successive digits of π.

Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on a Rotational Magnetic Ball for Harvesting Transmission Line Magnetic Energy

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are attractive in powering sensors for smart power grids. Herein, a TENG based on a rotational magnetic ball is presented to harvest the magnetic energy of transmission lines. The magnetic ball rolls in a spherical shell under the alternating magnetic field generated by the transmission line. The centrifugal force produced during the rotation is used to drive a TENG unit (ten times the weight of the magnetic ball and shell) to generate electricity with the assistance of coil springs. The device can maintain the stability of the output performance under high current shocks; meanwhile, the open‐circuit voltage, output power, and operating frequency of a single TENG unit can reach 1.5 kV, 6.67 mW, and 20 Hz, respectively. Furthermore, a wireless alarm system for monitoring the temperature and dip angle of transmission lines is successfully driven by this device. This work demonstrates an efficient and nontraditional strategy for harvesting magnetic energy through TENG, which is applied to power‐distributed and self‐powered sensors for monitoring transmission lines.

Toxic elements-free low-cost Ti-Fe-Si metallic glass biomaterial developed by mechanical alloying

Ti-Fe-Si systems that are free of toxic elements and have high glass-forming abilities are considered to be theoretically ideal biomaterials. Currently, Ti-Fe-Si amorphous alloy production by rapid solidification processing (RSP) is limited to strips, which restricts its size. In order to eliminate this size restriction, this study developed Ti-Fe-Si amorphous alloy powder for the first time using mechanical alloying (MA), thereby laying a foundation for its subsequent bulk preparation by the consolidation process. Furthermore, the effects of the big-to-small grinding balls weight ratio (BSR), the ball-to-powder weight ratio (BPR), and the milling time during MA on the amorphous transition of samples were systematically investigated. This work provides a new avenue to use Ti-Fe-Si metallic glass in medical devices.

Performance Improving of a Concentrating Photovoltaic System by Using a New Optical Adhesive

The objective of this present study is to manufacture a new silicone-based adhesive which is used for gluing and bonding the second optical elements (SOE) with Concentrating Photovoltaic solar cell (CPV) in order to guarantee a thickness that can provide a good silicone adherence to obtain long term stability and keeping a good solar transmittance performance, too. This new adhesive is made up of a mixture of silicone and transparent glass balls. The experimental part consists of the choice of the best size of glass balls with the suitable proportion of the glass balls weight in the mixture. For this purpose, ten samples were manufactured for every category of glass balls and weight ratio. Glass ball sizes between 100 and 1100 μm, and weight ratios between 1 and 10% were analyzed. For each category of glass balls, four proportions were mixed with the silicone. The thicknesses and transmittance of every sample were measured with appropriate instruments. The experimental results illustrate that the mixture containing balls with sizes inferior to 106 μm, is the best mixture which assures adhesive minimum thickness value necessary for an efficient mechanical bond and preserves also a good transmittance of solar irradiance.

The Effect of Using Different Ball Weights and Sizes on Developing Some Fundamental Skills in Soccer

The research aimed at identifying the effect of using exercises with different ball sizes and weights on developing some fundamental skills in soccer players aged 9 – 10 years old. The researchers used the experimental method on (20) soccer players from Amo Baba Soccer School. The subjects were equally divided into two groups. The results showed that using different ball weights and sizes have positive effects on fundamental skill development and significantly improving the level of performance in the experimental group that used ball with lesser weights and smaller size compared to the controlling group. The researchers recommended that coaches and supervisors should use balls of different weights and sizes when teaching soccer to younger age groups U10.

Changes in Muscle Activity among College Pitchers Using 5- to 12-Oz Weighted Baseball

OBJECTIVES Several studies have reported that weighted baseball (WB) training is effective in improving ball speed; however, the weight of the ball suitable for training remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the changes in muscle activity during pitching using 5- to12-oz WBs and to provide basic data for training programs to improve pitching speed.METHODS The subjects of this study were 10 overhand pitchers who had more than 5 years of experience. Muscle activity was measured and analyzed at 70–85% of throwing baseball maximum effort (TBME) during soft toss (ST) and TBME was evaluated using electromyography.RESULTS As the ball weight increased, muscle activity also increased in all pitching phases. Muscle activity was higher during ST with WBs heavier than 10 or 11oz than during TBME, indicating that the loads on the shoulder and elbow joint muscles increased. Conversely, muscle activity during ST with 5- to 7-oz WBs was lower than that during TBME, although phase and muscle group differences were observed.CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that training with 8- to 10-oz WBs could increase muscle strength and activity, although the effect may vary with fitness level and muscle strength.

Experimental Investigation of Wire-EDM Machining of Low Conductive Al-SiC-TiC Metal Matrix Composite

The application of metal matrix composites (Al-SiC-TiC) in aerospace and defense industries have surged in the areas of hull safety, aviation fins, and closure units. The close to ideal solution for generating powdered mixture availing ball milling, for processing of a metal matrix composite of size 24 × 24 × 5.95 cm3 and composition of 75% Al, 10% SiC, and 10% TiC weight composition is 10:1 ball weight ratio, ball size of 8 mm, rotation speed of 250 rpm, and milling time of 4 h. The powdered mixture is compressed to pellet, sintered for two hours, and further silver coated in a physical vapor deposition setup to surge its electrical conductivity for ease of material removal. To obtain a perfect fit and finish, wire electrical discharge machining cycle has been carried out to machine the component under deionized water and oil + wax + paraffin dielectric mediums in 8 A peak current, 0.45 µs pulse on time, and 45 pulse off time as close to ideal solution, obtained by the technique for the order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) analysis. A surge is ascertained in kerf width, material removal rate, and surface roughness in oil + wax + paraffin environment in correlation with deionized water by 0.99–12.78%, 0.18–33.97%, and 2.15–36.86% respectively. The surface morphological study indicates a 32.28%, 42.57%, and 45.73% surge in residual compressive stress, surface roughness and corrosion resistance in oil + wax + paraffin dielectric medium in correlation to deionized water.

PENGARUH PUTARAN TURBIN ANGIN SUMBU HORIZONTAL KOMBINASI PEMBERAT BOLA PEJAL

Along with the increase in population is directly proportional to the need for energy sources both to support people's lives and the increase in the industrial sector in Indonesia. One of the most widely used sources of electricity is wind. Wind turbines are very sensitive to the wind speed they receive, as a result of fluctuations in wind speed that affect wind rotation speed. For this reason, the author has the idea to combine a wind turbine with a solid object turbine, it is hoped that the combination can produce more consistent rotation. The tool used is a wind turbine combined with solid blade ball weights 8, 9 and 10 and ballast of 10 gr, 20 gr and 30 gr for each blade and wind speeds of 3.3 m / s, 3.6 m / s and 3.9. m / s with the experimental research method, the experiment was carried out 3 times in each tool for ± 2 minutes which was expected to produce a combination of the variables studied in the form of a turbine with the maximum rotational speed and the most consistent rotation. From these experiments, it was found that a turbine with 10 blades, a weight of 10 gr at a wind speed of 3.9 m / s had the fastest rotation, namely 116.43 rpm while a 9 blade turbine with a weight of 30 gr at all three wind speeds was the turbine with the most consistent rotation, namely the difference between the top and bottom rotation is 2.53 rpm.

Perbedaan latihan passing berpasangan dengan perubahan tinggi net berat bola terhadap kemampuan passing bawah

The purpose of this study is to find out which is better between paired under passing exercises with changes in net height and under paired passing exercises with changes in ball weight. The method used in this research is the experimental method. The population of the study was 123 volleyball athletes Club Bina Taruna Semarang. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling that is sampling based on certain characteristics, characteristics, or characteristics. This study only examined a portion of the population with a total of 20 male athletes who were familiar with volleyball, especially underpasses. The instrument in this study was a Brady Wall Volley Test under volleyball passing test. The data obtained were analyzed using a different test (t-test). Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between under pairing passing exercises with changes in net height and under pairing passing exercises with changes in ball weight. In the experimental group who got under-passing exercises in pairs with changes in ball weight had better results when compared to the experimental group who got under-passing exercises with changes in net height.

Modeling and prediction of wear rate of grinding media in mineral processing industry using multiple kernel support vector machine

In this study, we investigates the application of three powerful kernel-based supervised learning algorithms to develop a global model of the wear rate of grinding media based on the input factors such as pH, solid percentage, throughout, charge weight of balls, rotation speed of mill and grinding time. It is found that there is a trade-off between the training and testing error when a single kernel function is used and therefore these methods cannot provide the generalization capability. However, this problem is solved utilizing the multiple kernel learning frameworks for support vector machine in which the kernel function was expressed as a combination of basis kernel functions. It is distinguished that compared to the single kernel and ANN-based techniques, the use of multiple kernel support vector machines benefit from a higher degree of correctness and generalization ability for prediction of wear rate of grinding media. Meanwhile, the findings indicate that in this state, the values of R2 are achieved 0.99417 and 0.993 for training and testing datasets, respectively.

A Review of Players' Characterization and Game Performance on Male Rink-Hockey.

The aim of this study was to review the evolutionary tendencies of research regarding to the study of male Rink-Hockey players´ and game performance. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Knowledge and Scopus databases according to PRISMA method. The initial search identified 815 titles, resulting in 19 articles being included within the review. Original papers (English language) contained relevant data regarding rink hockey players’ performance or morphological/physiological demands, anthropometry/body composition characteristics were eligible. Studies were classified into categories: (1) Physiological Demands, (2) Anthropometry and Body Composition, (3) Game Characterization/Patterns, (4) Injuries. Results indicated that Rink hockey requires high intensity effort which demands both short and long duration efforts requirements from players. Body composition analysis shows to be an important monitoring tool which complements the understanding of the athlete’s cardiac adaptation. Game patterns shows a combination of specific game momentums with different outcomes according to the game zone. The intense short-term movements, collision and contact between players, in addition to the weight and speed of the hard ball and the stick, can considerably increase the risk of moderate and severe injuries. Lack of literature in Rink-Hockey is remarkable, and research is mainly focused on children and adolescents’ players. Furthermore, the existing research with adult elite athletes was assessed with a small sample size.

Information for anticipatory neuromotor control in catching under load uncertainty.

Humans employ anticipatory muscle activation when catching under conditions of load uncertainty. Questions addressed were (a) on what information referent do catchers base their anticipatory neuromotor control when catching balls of unknown weight?, and (b) how do catchers use this functional referent? Thirty-six participants caught visually identical balls dropped from 0.75m. Participants performed 40 trials, half with knowledge of ball weight and half without. Group L caught balls with a large weight range, while group S caught balls with a smaller range of weights. EMG integrals were computed for the ball flight period in five muscles. Anticipatory EMG integrals in the unknown weight condition were normalized to anticipatory EMG integrals for the maximum, minimum and average ball weights in the known ball weight condition. We assumed participants would base anticipatory control in the unknown weight condition on similar information, regardless of group. Therefore, differences in normalized EMG integrals between groups L and S would suggest that the specific referent tested (e.g., minimum possible ball weight) was not used to scale anticipatory muscle activation under load uncertainty. Independent sample t tests ascertained differences in normalized EMG integrals between groups L and S. The results suggested that the information referent participants used to catch balls of an unknown weight was knowledge of the maximum ball weight. Participants used this referent to generate a submaximal level of anticipatory muscle activation, i.e., about 93.2% of that used to catch the heaviest ball when ball weight was known in advance.

Stress Analysis of a Trunnion Ball Valve for Ball Weight Reduction

Stress Analysis of a Trunnion Ball Valve for Ball Weight Reduction

Feeding and reproductive behavior of the dung beetle Canthon rutilans cyanescens (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae)

Abstract Canthon rutilans cyanescens is a telecoprid and coprophagous dung beetle subspecies that builds two types of balls with feeding and nesting purposes. This paperwork describes some behavior and development time characteristics, as well as it analyses the influence of the type and amount of food on this species feeding and reproductive behavior. Adult individuals were sampled in Atlantic Forest areas in southern Brazil (between 2014 and 2016) and they were kept in laboratory conditions within 24 and 27 °C in a 12 hours photoperiod. Development time was observed on brood balls built by 40 couples fed with domestic dog feces. The weight and number of brood and food balls produced by each couple were measured and counted in an experiment with 50 couples fed with feces from distinct mammal’s species as well as in another experiment with 28 couples fed with 1g and 5g of domestic dog feces, distributed into two groups: small and large body size couples. The subspecies’ behavior varied according to the quality of the food resource, with omnivore feces as the best one, possibly due to the higher nutritional quality and microorganism’s diversity. In addition, individuals’ size influenced parental investment and the availability of food resource affected dung beetle’s reproductive success, since, when less food was offered, smaller amounts of food balls and smaller brood balls were built by the adult couples. Our results demonstrated that Canthon rutilans cyanescens has a rapid development and a behavioral plasticity related to the quality and the amount of food.

Automated conveyor system for football quality checking

&lt;span&gt;Many incidents happen in football matches such as injury, fight between team and ball out of game as whistle is blow. The worst case is where the ball exploded as the ball kick simultaneously from two opposite directions. To reduce problem in football matches and ensure the quality of the football match specification, this project is proposed a conveyor system for football quality checking, focusing on the ball size and weight measurement. In the conveyor system, a conveyor belt is introduced as a medium for conveying the ball, sensors to check the football specification and microcontroller to read the sensor input and produce output in term of motor control and measurement display. The conveyor system is made for checking the FIFA standard ball specification and it was built portably for easily carry and used in sport shop. The system could operate automatically, thus reducing to the need for worker. This project is expected to reduce injury in football match and also ensure the quality of the ball is guaranteed. For a standard football size measurement, the ball weight shows almost similar to the standard specification with 20g differences.&lt;/span&gt;

Recycling Chips of Stainless Steel Using a Full Factorial Design

The aim of this study was to provide an experimental investigation on the novel method for recycling chips of duplex stainless steel, with the addition of vanadium carbide, in order to produce metal/carbide composites from a high-energy mechanical milling process. Powders of duplex stainless steel with the addition of vanadium carbide were prepared by high-energy mechanical ball milling utilizing a planetary ball mill. For this proposal, experiments following a full factorial design with two replicates were planned, performed, and then analyzed. The four factors investigated in this study were rotation speed, milling time, powder to ball weight ratio and carbide percentage. For each factor, the experiments were conducted into two levels so that the internal behavior among them could be statistically estimated: 250 to 350 rpm for rotation speed, 10 to 50 h for milling time, 10:1 to 22:1 for powder to ball weight ratio, and 0 to 3% carbide percentage. In order to measure and characterize particle size, we utilized the analysis of particle size and a scanning electron microscopy. The results showed with the addition of carbide in the milling process cause an average of reduction in particle size when compared with the material without carbide added. All the four factors investigated in this study presented significant influence on the milling process of duplex stainless steel chips and the reduction of particle size. The statistical analysis showed that the addition of carbide in the process is the most influential factor, followed by the milling time, rotation speed and powder to ball weight ratio. Significant interaction effects among these factors were also identified.

Observations on nesting activity, life cycle, and brood ball morphometry of the Bordered Dung Beetle Oniticellus cinctus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) under laboratory conditions

The nesting activity, life cycle, and brood ball morphometry of the dung beetle Oniticellus cinctus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) were studied under laboratory conditions for the first time in India. The females made a brood chamber within the dung mass provided, wherein they made brood balls to lay eggs. The life cycle includes egg, larva (three instars), pupa, and adult stages. The total duration for the development was about one month. The study found that there was a significant difference present in the brood ball diameter (except in the first and second instars) and brood ball weight (except in the second instar and pupa) of the six life cycle stages. It was also found that brood ball weight and diameter have a significant positive correlation as well as a linear relationship.&#x0D;

Evaluation of New Cotton Linesin View of Selection

The selection value of 8 new cotton lines and the standard variety was studied on the base of significant differences between the most important agronomic characters and their phenotypic stability, over a four-year period 2014-2017. The years of the investigation appeared to be as different ecological environments. Four stability parameters - bi (Finlay and Wilkinson, 1963), σ2i and S2i (Shukla, 1972) and YSi (Kang, 1993) were used. It was found that the studied cotton lines interacted significantly with the environmental conditions (years) in terms of total yield, boll weigt, fiber length and lint persentage. All lines had bigger breeding value than the standard cultivar Chirpan-539 exceeding it by one or more traits. In a complex assessment as best line for the studied period outlined No. 550 distinguished by 9.7% higher yield than the standard, 0.4 mm longer fiber and 1.2% higher lint percentage. This line showed stability for the ball weight and fiber length, and responsiveness above the average to the environmental conditions for the seed cotton yield and lint percentage, but both traits were with low stability. Lines Nos. 553 and 426 showed a high average level and high stability for yield, Nos. 489 and 535 – for ball weight, No. 553 – for fiber lint percentage and No. 489 – for fiber length, which makes them very valuable for the selection of these traits. A complex breeding value (average level and stability) for all studied traits was found for line No. 553.

Mechanical Alloying with the Partial Amorphization of the Fe–Cr–Co–Ni–Mn Multicomponent Powder Mixture and Its Spark Plasma Sintering to Produce a Compact High-Entropy Material

The results of studying the influence of mechanical alloying (MA) on the surface morphology, microstructure, and atomic–crystalline structure of particles of the Fe–Cr–Co–Ni–Mn multicomponent powder mixture are presented. The initial components are as follows: the R-10 radio-engineering carbonyl iron powder with average particle size d = 3.5 μm, the NPE-1 nickel powder with d = 150 μm, the PK-1u cobalt powder with d < 71 μm, the PKh-1M chromium powder with d < 125 μm, and the MR0 manganese powder with d < 400 μm. The MA of the prepared mixture was performed in an AGO-2 water-cooled mechanical activator using 9-mm steel balls with an acceleration of 90 g in air. The alloying time varies from 5 to 90 min. The ratio of the ball weight to the mixture weight is 20 : 1. X-ray diffraction patterns of the initial and alloyed mixtures, as well as of the sample formed by sintering, are recorded using a DRON 3M diffractometer in FeKα radiation at 2θ = 30–100°. The microstructure of the mixture particles and the compact sample metallographic specimen after sintering are investigated by scanning electron microscopy. It is established that the peaks of initial components are absent in the X-ray diffraction pattern after mechanical activation for 90 min, and peaks corresponding to the phase representing the γ-Fe-based solid solution having a face-centered crystal lattice are presented. Herewith, the fraction of the amorphous phase increases to 20%. A compact single-phase material is formed from the mixture prepared after 90-min alloying by spark plasma sintering at 800°C for 10 min. Its density is 7.49 kg/cm3, resistivity is 0.94–0.96 × 10–6 Ω m, and microhardness is 306–328 kg/mm2. The phase is uniformly distributed over the volume.