Duration Of Ball Milling Research Articles

Effect of Al and Zn on Oxygen Evolution Reaction of (FeCoNiMnCu)3O3.2

AbstractBecause of its low cost and abundant sources, hydrogen serves as a clean energy alternative capable of successfully substituting fossil fuels. A highly efficient method for generating hydrogen energy currently is by the electrolysis of water. The oxygen‐extraction reaction (OER), a component of water electrolysis, requires a complex chemical pathway that involves multiproton and multielectron interactions. To enhance reaction efficiency in the OER process, catalysts are crucial; thus, the search for high‐performance, cost‐effective catalysts is underway. This experimental study involved the enhancement of the five‐membered high‐entropy oxide (FeCoNiMnCu)3O3.2 by incorporating a sixth group element (Zn, Al). The organization, morphology, and OER properties were analyzed following the preparation utilizing a mechanical ball milling process. A series of rock salt‐type hexagonal high entropy oxides with differing ball milling durations were synthesized to investigate the influence of the production method on the surface shape and catalytic properties of high entropy oxides. The results indicated that the single‐phase rock salt structure of (FeCoNiMnCuAl)3O3.5, a high‐entropy oxide, exhibited significantly altered diffraction peaks, hence improving OER performance. Optimization of the preparation technique revealed that a 72‐h ball milling duration resulted in an overpotential of merely 293 mV and an electrochemically active surface area approximately double that of the other milling durations.

Research on the microstructure and properties of SiCp-SiO2/6061Al composites based on ball milling time

In this study, SiCp-SiO2/6061Al composites were synthesized by integrating SiC and SiO2 particulates into a 6061Al matrix, followed by ball milling and hot isostatic pressing sintering. The impact of ball milling duration on microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and thermal properties was evaluated. After 10 h of ball milling, reinforcement particles were uniformly dispersed, achieving a material density of over 98 %. Extending milling to 15 h enhanced tensile strength to 253.53 MPa and flexural strength to 433.56 MPa, with a maximum elongation at break of 6.4 %. Uniform SiO2 distribution improved corrosion resistance, evidenced by a self-corrosion potential of −1209 mV and a self-corrosion current density of 53.02 µA·cm−2. After 20 h, the lowest thermal expansion coefficient, 19.87×10−6·K−1, was achieved. However, agglomerated particles after 5 h resulted in inferior thermal properties, including a thermal expansion coefficient of 20.45×10−6·K−1 and thermal conductivity of 94 W·m−1·K−1. The optimal ball milling duration for these composites was determined to be 10 h, balancing performance and cost-effectiveness.

Exploring effect of uniform dry ball-milling duration on pasting and rheological properties of pink potato and maize starch mixtures

This study examined the potential effect of ball milling on maize starch (MS), pink potato starch (PPS), and their blends in various ratios (90:10, 80:20, and 70:30) on the pasting and rheological properties. Ball-milling led to changes in the particle size, ranging from 652.9 to 6488 nm, and a decrease in relative crystallinity (RC), as confirmed by XRD. Ball-milling increased amylose concentration in blend with the ratio of 90:10 up to 32.53 %, indicating structural alterations and molecular interactions. FESEM analysis confirms significant changes in the surface and particle sizes and starch gels with honeycomb structures. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy revealed a decrease in the intensity of the 1044 cm−1 and 480 cm−1 bands, respectively, signifying structural changes. Pasting parameters like peak viscosity and gelatinization behavior varied with PPS incorporation. The 80:20 blend had the highest viscosity, demonstrating PPS's capacity for high-viscosity starch paste. Rheological measurements of starch blends exhibited shear-thinning behavior, whereas the viscoelastic properties of the blends are influenced by particle size and the ratio of pink potato starch. Ball-milling treatment affects the granules and causes molecular-level interactions between the particles. This results in unique rheological properties of the starch blends, making them suitable for various applications.

Parameters Optimization and Physicochemical Properties Characterization of Nanobiochar Prepared from Apple Branches by Ball Milling

Nanobiochar exhibits promising applications across a spectrum of fields due to its exceptional physicochemical properties. Ball milling, a prominent nanobiochar synthesis method, is influenced by process factors and biochar pretreatments, yet dominant controls still remain uncertain. In this study, the apple branch bulk biochar (pyrolyzed under [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]C) was ball milled under different milling speeds, ball-to-powder mass ratios, and milling durations to investigate the optimal process parameter combinations for ball milling method. Then, we evaluated the impact of pyrolysis temperature and pretreatment temperature of bulk biochar on ball milling effect using optimized parameter combinations. Subsequently, the physicochemical properties of the bulk biochar and nanobiochar were measured. The results showed that high speed with low ball-to-powder mass ratio, low speed with high ball-to-powder mass ratio, and high pyrolysis temperature could significantly decrease the particle sizes of nanobiochar. Ball milling duration and pretreatment temperature had no significant effect on the particle sizes of biochar. The optimal combination of the rotational speed, ball-to-powder mass ratio and milling duration was 400 RPM, 100:1, 2[Formula: see text]h and 700 RPM, 20:1, 2[Formula: see text]h. The bulk biochar pyrolyzed at [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]C could be milled into biochar nanoparticles with an average particle size smaller than 100[Formula: see text]nm via above parameters. Nanobiochar shows improved properties such as specific surface area, cation exchange capacity, and surface functional groups over bulk biochar. This study provides a scientific basis for the widespread application of ball milling in the field of preparing nanobiochar.

Effect of ball milling and solid solution treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of ZrMgMo3O12p/2024Al composites

The 10 vol% ZrMgMo3O12/2024Al composites were fabricated using the powder metallurgy process and consolidation via vacuum hot pressing. The effects of the ball milling process and solution treatment time on the composites’ microstructure, Vickers hardness, and compressive properties were studied. Increasing the ball milling speed and extending the ball milling duration reduce the size of ZrMgMo3O12 particles, resulting in a more uniform dispersion within the aluminum matrix. Extending the solution treatment duration facilitates the dissolution of more primary Al2Cu phase into the aluminum matrix reducing the presence of coarse primary Al2Cu phase and increasing the number of fine Al2Cu precipitates formed during the aging process. The results indicated that an appropriate increase in ball milling speed, extension of ball milling duration, and solution treatment time can enhance the Vickers hardness and room temperature compressive strength of the composites. Specifically, the composites processed with a ball milling speed of 350 rpm for 6 h, a solid solution treatment at 495 °C for 24 h, and an aging treatment at 190 °C for 8 h exhibited a Vickers hardness of 277 HV and a compressive yield strength of 687 MPa, along with a compressive strain of 7.8 %.

Ball milling-engineered nanostructured MoSe2/graphite electrocatalyst: Achieving superior hydrogen evolution with a high density of active sites

Nanostructured MoSe2 and its composites with graphite nanoparticles were prepared by a simple, inexpensive, and productive ball-milling method, demonstrating their superior effectiveness as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The study revealed that the ball-milling duration significantly influences the prepared nanomaterials' morphology and electrocatalytic properties. The materials prepared in this way are characterized by significant delamination of both components and high defectiveness of molybdenum diselenide. The introduction of graphite nanoparticles into the molybdenum diselenide composition significantly enhances the material's electrocatalytic properties. It has been established that the electrocatalyst based on gMoSe2/Gr(2h) is characterized by a Tafel slope of 40 mV/dec and a potential of −75 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm2. The electrode modified with gMoSe2/Gr(2h) demonstrates exceptional stability for over 20 hours while maintaining a high current density of approximately 450 mA/cm2 at −300 mV. The study establishes that the high electrocatalytic activity of materials obtained in this manner is directly related to the presence of a high concentration of selenium vacancies in their structure, which can act as catalytically active centers in HER.

Milling Time Effects on the Thermal Degradation, Density, and Porosity of Coconut Shell-Reinforced Epoxy Biocomposites

Polymer biocomposites are sustainable and environmentally friendly materials that can be applied to the building, furniture, aerospace, and automotive industries. In this study, biocomposites made of coconut shell-reinforced epoxy resin were prepared and characterised. Initially, the coconut shells were 200 mesh. Then, they were milled by using a ball mill for 10, 20, 30, and 40 h. The biocomposites were manufactured by using a compression method while keeping a constant ratio of filler and matrix at 85 vol.%: 15 vol.%. The effects of ball milling duration on the thermal degradation and physical properties of biocomposites were examined. The thermal degradation of coconut shell biocomposite occurred at 250 – 400 °C. Its thermal degradation temperature increased with the increasing milling times. The density of the coconut shell biocomposite was 1.087 g/cm3 for 0 h (without milling the fillers). Its density increased to 1.248 g/cm3 for 40 h of milling duration. Meanwhile, the porosity of coconut shell biocomposite decreased from 17.5% (0 h milling duration) to 12.1% (40 h milling duration). It was found that there was a correlation between thermal degradation and physical properties (density and porosity). This study revealed that the thermal degradation and physical properties of the biocomposites can be enhanced by decreasing the size of the fillers.

Microstructure and magnetic properties of MnBi powders prepared by various ball milling processes

The MnBi intermetallic compound with high purity of low-temperature phase MnBi (LTP-MnBi) and high maximum energy product (BH)max were successfully prepared using various ball milling processes. The effects of ball milling speed and duration on the microstructures, phase compositions, and magnetic properties of MnBi alloys were systematically investigated. The particle size of MnBi and the purity of LTP-MnBi gradually decreased with increasing ball milling speed. An optimized ball milling speed of 175 rpm resulted in MnBi powder with the (BH)max of 9.22 MGOe and a squareness (M r/M s) of 93.7%. Furthermore, the ball milling duration was optimized to observe its impact on the MnBi alloy. As the duration increased, the average particle size of MnBi decreased from 27 μm at 0 h to 1.84 μm at 10 h. Simultaneously, the coercivity (H c) increased from 0.7 T at 0 h to 1.7 T at 10 h. Ultimately, the powder ball milled at 175 rpm for 5 h exhibited the highest (BH)max of 11.3 MGOe.

Enhancing Sodium-Ion Energy Storage of Commercial Activated Carbon by Constructing Closed Pores via Ball Milling.

Mechanical ball milling is a prevalent technology for material preparation and also serves as a post-treatment method to modify electrode materials, thus enhancing electrochemical performances. This study explores the microstructure modification of commercial activated carbon through mechanical ball milling, proving its efficacy in increasing sodium-ion energy storage. The evolution of activated carbon's physical and chemical properties during ball milling was systematically examined. It was observed that the quantity of closed pores and the graphitization degree in activated carbon increased with extended ball milling duration. The sodium storage mechanism in activated carbon transitions to an insertion-pore filling process, significantly elevating platform capacity. Additionally, ball-milled activated carbon demonstrates remarkable long-term cycling stability (92% capacity retention over 200 cycles at 200 mA g-1) and rate performance. This research offers a novel approach to developing advanced anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

Improving antioxidant activities of water-soluble lignin-carbohydrate complex isolated from wheat stalk through prolonging ball-milling pretreatment and homogeneous extraction

Water-soluble lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) rich in polysaccharides exhibits benign in vitro antioxidant activities and distinguishes high biocompatibility from lignin-rich LCC and lignin. However, the antioxidant activity of water-soluble LCCs remains to be improved and its structure-antioxidant relationship is still uncertain. Herein, structurally diversified water-soluble LCCs were isolated under different ball-milling pretreatment durations (4, 6, 8 h), extraction pathways (homogeneous and heterogeneous), and isolation routines (water extracts and residues after water extraction). Their structures were characterized by wet chemistry, chromatography and spectroscopies. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by ferric reducing antioxidant power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals scavenging rate (RDPPH). Results show that altering ball-milling duration and isolation procedures cause varied structures and antioxidant activities of the water-soluble LCCs. Specifically, prolonging ball-milling duration to 8 hours and homogeneous extraction can enhance their antioxidant activity through releasing more phenolic structures and promoting the extraction of high-molecular-weight LCCs via reducing mass-transfer resistance, respectively. As a result, the RDPPH of water-soluble LCCs reaches up to 97.35%, which is associated with the arabinan content with statistical significance (P < 0.05). This study provides new insights into the structure-antioxidation relationship of herbaceous LCC as potential antioxidants.

Impact of ball milling on the cubic Sb2O3 into orthorhombic Sb2O3 and SbO2 materials – Structural and other characterization studies

The present investigation adds new information about the cubic Sb2O3 and orthorhombic Sb2O3 and SbO2 phases to the scientific society. In this work, the Sb2O3 (commercial) powder was ball-milled in a tungsten carbide (WC) jar using WC balls with different diameters at 300 ​rpm for several time intervals (1, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 30 ​min and 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 ​h) and reported their findings of structural, thermal, optical, and morphology. Interestingly, the ball-milled powder undergoes phase transformation from cubic Sb2O3 into orthorhombic Sb2O3 and SbO2 in a short duration (3–30 ​min) of ball milling. While the 0, 1, and 3 ​min ball milled samples preserve the cubic Sb2O3 structure, the 5 ​min ball milled sample exhibits a nearly single-phase orthorhombic Sb2O3 structure. Mixed phases of orthorhombic Sb2O3 and SbO2 phases are seen for the 10–20 ​min ball milled samples. For a 30 ​min ball milled sample, an orthorhombic SbO2 phase is observed. Furthermore, the 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 30 ​h ball milled samples retain the orthorhombic SbO2 phase. Maximum weight loss of 34.4 ​% is noted for the commercial Sb2O3 powder, whereas the 1 and 3 ​min of ball-milled samples reveal the weight loss of 9.3 and 4.7 ​%, respectively. The other ball-milled samples exhibit both weight loss and weight gain in the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curves. The Raman features of ball-milled orthorhombic SbO2 are quite different from those of other types of antimony-based oxides. Bar/bundle-shaped and spherical-shaped with agglomerated particles are seen for the commercial Sb2O3 phase and ball-milled (1 and 30 ​h) SbO2 phase samples.

Investigate the effect of milling time on puncture resistance of STF impregnated Kevlar composites

Ball milling time is an important factor that affects the rheological properties of shear thickening fluid (STF), which is rarely studied. In this study, SiO2 particles with a diameter of 500 nm and PEG 200 were mixed and milled for 4, 6, 8, 16, and 24 h in an omnidirectional planetary ball mill to obtain the corresponding shear thickening fluids (STFs). Through TGA, SEM, DLS, and other characterization methods, it was found that a long ball milling duration would lead to the surface breakage and wear of SiO2 in STF. The effects of STFs with different milling durations on the inter-yarn friction and puncture resistance of STF-Kevlar composites were also studied. The results show that the STFs produced with a ball milling time of 4 h or 6 h are not uniform, with some semi-solid lump remained. Compared with other milling time durations, the peak viscosity of STF with a milling time of 8 h can better improve the friction between yarns in the fabric and the fabric puncture resistance.

Thermal stability of Ni3Al microstructure and microhardness after spark plasma sintering

The effect of high-temperature annealing on the structural-phase state and microhardness of Ni3Al samples obtained by spark plasma sintering after high-energy ball milling has been studied. Using X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, a comparative study of the features of the structural-phase state of Ni3Al samples depending on the duration of preliminary high-energy ball milling and annealing temperature was carried out. Temperatures have been identified that ensure simultaneous grain growth at a high density of nuclei, which contributes to the formation of a fine-grained structural state. Depending on the state of the material, the corresponding microhardness values have been determined. The influence of the annealing temperature on the strengthening mechanisms has been analyzed.

Effect of blending duration on physical, mechanical and tribological behavior of aluminum matrix composites: An experimental analysis

Aluminum matrix composites exhibit a vibrant role in the present research and scientific world due to their astonishing features compared to other conventional materials. Among the various techniques available for processing these composites, powder metallurgy (P/M) is considered one of the prominent techniques. This is because of its identical dispersal of the fillers, near net shape samples, etc. wherein blending is the most imperative step of the process. To accomplish efficient blending of the phases for composite preparation, ball milling is found to be suitable. In this paper, aluminum matrix composites filled with 20 wt% novel reinforcement (extracted from Aegle marmelos) is synthesized via the P/M technique by varying the blending duration from 60 to 240 min to study its effect on the behavior of composites. The mixing of the constituents is carried out at 300 rpm with a ball-to-powder ratio of 10:1 in ball milling. The blended powders were then compacted and sintered in an inert gas atmosphere for consolidation. The hardness, density, and wear tests were conducted to characterize the developed composite specimens. The microstructural characterization was carried out using an optical microscope and SEM, and the elemental composition of the synthesized composite was studied using EDS techniques. The hardness and density were found to have a growing influence up to a ball milling duration of 180 min and beyond this time there is found to be a decrement in the characteristics of the composites. This is due to the damage of the reinforcements observed during lengthier ball milling duration. The wear behavior of the fabricated specimens followed the same trend. Further, grey relational analysis was adopted in this study to determine the degree of relationship between the blending duration and the composites’ behavioral performance.

Effect of size of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on thermal conductivity and viscosity of ethylene glycol-based nanofluids for solar thermal applications

The paper investigates the influence of the length of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) dispersed as an additive in solar thermic fluids to enhance thermal conductivity. Here, pure ethylene glycol was chosen as solar thermic fluid due to its low viscosity, high boiling point, excellent chemical stability, and compatibility with the materials used in solar thermal systems. Pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes are ball milled for 5, 10, and 20 h to reduce the length due to attrition. The effect of ball milling duration on the defect formation and damage to the tubular structure is assessed using Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, the ball-milled MWCNTs were oxidized to separate amorphous carbon produced during ball milling, increasing their purity. The pristine long nanotubes and ball-milled nanotubes are mixed in pure ethylene glycol in 0.25 wt. %, and the stability of liquids is estimated using Ultraviolet–Visual (UV-Vis) spectroscopy for two months. The stability of the fluids and thermal conductivity have considerably enhanced with the dispersion of shortened MWCNTs. The dispersion of short MWCNTs in ethylene glycol resulted in a 20%–30% increase in thermal conductivity compared to pure ethylene glycol. It was also found that higher ball milling times resulted in ultra-high stability but the properties deteriorated due to the destruction of the MWCNTs' tubular structure, making them useless.

Effect of Ball Milling Time on the Microstructure and Properties of High-Silicon-Aluminum Composite.

The duration of ball milling greatly influences the characteristics of high-silicon-aluminum composite during the ball milling process. This study examines how the microstructure, thermal conductivity, and hardness of a high-silicon-aluminum composite are affected by different ball milling times. We exposed the powder to various durations of ball milling and employed different pellet ratios. Following this treatment, the powder underwent consolidation via discharge plasma sintering. Our findings show that with a pellet ratio of 10:1 and a milling duration of 8 h, the powder particles were refined, resulting in a more uniform and dense material composition. This refined material boasted a thermal conductivity of 111.6 W/m·K, a Brinell hardness of 136.8 HBW, and a density of 2.304 g/cm3. This method facilitates the creation of a uniform composite powder composition. It encourages the development of a fine-grain structure, which enables the production of particle-reinforced composites with superior properties.

La0.6X0.1Te0.3MnO3 system with significant refrigerant capacity at low magnetic field and double magnetic entropy change peaks: effect of ball-milling time on physical and critical behaviors

We have investigated the ball-milling time effect on different physical properties of La0.6X0.1Te0.3MnO3 (X is a lacuna) system (LT) milled for 1 h (LT-1h), 3 h (LT-3h), and 6 h (LT-6h). According to Williamson-Hall method, as the ball-milling duration is increased, the material’s crystallite size decreases from approximately 145 to 99 nm for LT-1h and LT-6h, respectively. Electronic study was also investigated. The Zero-Field-Cooling and Field-Cooling (ZFC/FC) magnetization measurements illustrated that all the systems are presenting a ferromagnetic to paramagnetic phase transition around Curie temperature (TC). This transition is around 176, 182, and 183 K accompanied by a decrease in the magnitude in both ZFC and FC data. Thus, increasing the ball-milling time of the sample leads to the elevation of TC and does not enhance the magnitude of the magnetization the fact that it affects the magnetic interactions between atoms. By increasing the ball-milling duration, the proportion of homogeneity is increased, and the material becomes slightly more resilient, according to the Curie-Weiss law. Additionally, it is accompanied with an increase in coercivity and a decrease in the saturation magnetization and remanence. Based on the AC-susceptibility, raising the ball-milling time facilitates the appearance of a spin-glass (SG) state. The relative cooling power (RCP) value in the LT-1h sample at 2 T is 108% (211.758 J kg−1) compared to that of the Gd at 2 T. Consequently, the LT sample could be a permanent magnet in a magnetic refrigerator. Noting that raising the ball-milling time weakens the RCP. Both LT-1h and LT-3h systems are belonging to the tricritical mean field model. However, for LT-6h, the model changed and the best one became the 3D-Ising model. Hence, the ball-milling time influences also the universality class.

Effects of Bi–Sn–Pb Alloy and Ball-Milling Duration on the Reactivity of Magnesium–Aluminum Waste-Based Materials for Hydrogen Production

In the present study, composite materials were elaborated of mixed scrap of Mg-based casting alloys and low melting point Bi–Sn–Pb alloy by high energy ball milling, and their reactivity in NaCl solution with hydrogen release was tested. The impacts of the additive content and ball milling duration on their microstructure and hydrogen generation performance were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed significant microstructural transformations of the particles during milling, and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) proved the formation of new intermetallic phases Mg3Bi2, Mg2Sn, and Mg2Pb. The said intermetallic phases were anticipated to act as ‘microcathodes’ enhancing galvanic corrosion of the base metal. The dependency of the samples’ reactivity on the additive content and milling duration was determined to be nonmonotonic. For the samples with 0, 2.5, and 5 wt.% Rose alloy, ball-milling during 1 h provided the highest hydrogen generation rates and yields (as compared to 0.5 and 2 h), while in the case of the maximum 10 wt.%, the optimal time shifted to 0.5 h. The sample activated with 10 wt.% Rose alloy for 0.5 h provided the highest ‘metal-to-hydrogen’ yield and rapid reaction, thus overperforming those with lower additive contents and that without additives.

Low‐temperature synthesis of α‐Al2O3 powder aided by ball milling and a trace amount of sodium chloride

AbstractIt is crucial to synthesize α‐Al2O3, which is a multifunctional material, at high temperatures due to the nature of the material. However, this high‐temperature preparation process is not energy efficient, which goes against the global aim of carbon neutrality. In this study, we explored the effect of adding 1 wt.% (NaCl) as an additive and a suitable amount of Al(OH)3 in a ball mill to form a precursor. The impact of NaCl and ball milling duration on the phase transition from Al(OH)3 to α‐Al2O3 at low temperatures was investigated. After the conversion from Al(OH)3 to γ‐Al2O3, the NaCl particles on the surface of γ‐Al2O3 act as diffusion channels, helping to accelerate the substance diffusion during the transition from γ‐Al2O3 to α‐Al2O3, resulting in a lower formation temperature of α‐Al2O3, which is 700°C. Additionally, the presence of NaCl results in α‐Al2O3 particles growing into hexagonal plates. The α‐Al2O3 plates produced from calcining the mixture of Al(OH)3 and NaCl at 700°C have an average diameter of 3 µm, an average diameter/thickness ratio of 10 and a specific surface area of 12.0085 m2/g. These results indicate that low‐temperature synthesis of α‐Al2O3 powder is possible by using NaCl as an additive instead of molten salt in the ball milling process.

Enhanced Hydrogen Generation from Magnesium-Aluminum Scrap Ball Milled with Low Melting Point Solder Alloy.

In this investigation, composite materials were manufactured of mixed scrap of Mg-based alloys and low melting point Sn-Pb eutectic by high energy ball milling, and their hydrogen generation performance was tested in NaCl solution. The effects of the ball milling duration and additive content on their microstructure and reactivity were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated notable structural transformations of the particles during ball milling, and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) proved the formation of new intermetallic phases Mg2Sn and Mg2Pb, which were aimed to augment galvanic corrosion of the base metal. The dependency of the material's reactivity on the activation time and additive content occurred to be non-monotonic. For all tested samples ball milling during the 1 h provided, the highest hydrogen generation rates and yields as compared to 0.5 and 2 h and compositions with 5 wt.% of the Sn-Pb alloy, demonstrated higher reactivity than those with 0, 2.5, and 10 wt.%.