Ball-milled Particles Research Articles

Comparison of surface physicochemical properties of spodumene and feldspar using different grinding media: Implications for flotation separation

Grinding processing after crushing is a common practice in mineral processing circuits involving flotation, and achieving selective liberation of target minerals by grinding is a prerequisite for successful flotation. In this study, the surface characteristics and the floatability of spodumene and feldspar particles produced by laboratory ball and short cylinder mills were determined by XRD, SEM, AFM, XPS analysis, DFT calculation, and flotation experiment. Compared with ball-milled particles, spodumene ground with short cylinder media had more exposed {110} cleavage planes, while feldspar under the same condition had more exposed {110} and {201} cleavage planes. Additionally, the amount of Al sites and the roughness of spodumene and feldspar after grinding by short cylinder media were higher than those of ball-milled particles. Micro-flotation experiments and XPS analysis further indicated that, although the co-adsorption of NaOL/DDA on the surface of spodumene is stronger than feldspar under both milling media, the flotation separation efficiency of spodumene and feldspar remained higher with short cylinder grinding media. Therefore, this study is expected to provide more reference value and theoretical guidance for the development of selective flotation separation of spodumene and feldspar from the perspective of grinding.

Improving electrochemical performance of silicon anode through building “soft-hard” double-layer coating

Silicon is believed to be a critical anode material for approaching the roadmap of lithium-ion batteries due to its high specific capacity. But this aim has been hindered by the quick capacity fading of its electrodes during repeated charge–discharge cycles. In this work, a “soft-hard” double-layer coating has been proposed and carried out on ball-milled silicon particles. It is composed of inside conductive pathway and outside elastic coating, which is achieved by decomposing a conductive graphite layer on the silicon surface and further coating it with a polymer layer. The incorporation of the second elastic coating on the inside carbon coating enables silicon particles strongly interacted with binders, thereby making the electrodes displaying an obviously improved cycling stability. As-obtained double-coated silicon anodes deliver a reversible capacity of 2280 mAh g−1 at the voltage of 0.05–2 V, and maintains over 1763 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles. The double-layer coating does not crack after the repeated cycling, critical for the robust performance of the electrodes. In addition, as-obtained silicon particles are mixed with commercial graphite to make actual anodes for lithium-ion batteries. A capacity of 714 mAh g−1 has been achieved based on the total mass of the electrodes containing 10 wt.% double-coated silicon particles. Compared with traditional carbon coating or polymeric coating, the double-coating electrodes display a much better performance. Therefore, the double-coating strategy can give inspiration for better design and synthesis of silicon anodes, as well as other battery materials.

Transformation of quinoa seeds to nanoscale flour by ball milling: Influence of ball diameter and milling time on the particle sizing, microstructure, and rheology

Among various size reduction techniques, high-energy ball milling is one of the most attractive means for plant-based foods. The objectives of the work were to investigate the influence of ball diameters (3, 6, and 13 mm) and milling time (2, 4, and 6 h) on particle size and microstructural properties of quinoa flours. Particle size analysis demonstrated that ball-milled particles were mostly in the range of nanoscales (122–295 nm). A longer milling time with larger balls significantly increased the particles to microscale (3.58 μm). The scanning electron microscopy displayed the conversion of quinoa starch granules into flakes after ball milling, however, the X-ray diffraction crystallinity peak observed at a 2θ value of 19–20° did not change. The AFM roughness parameters, arithmetic and squared mean heights of flours increased with increasing ball diameters. These results provided new insights for the application of ball milling, in particular in functional foods and pickering emulsion.

Ball-Milled P-CuGaO2 Particles As a Semitransparent Scaffolding Material for Dye-Sensitized Molecular Photocathodes

Dye-sensitized photocathodes using a metal complex as a photosensitizer are attractive candidates for catalytic material conversion reactions such as H2 evolution and CO2 reduction (Figure A). Band position, conductivity, and morphology of the p-type semiconductor scaffold electrode significantly affect the electron injection into the metal complex and the subsequent reaction process. Consequently, the properties of the semiconductor material can be one of the important factors the catalytic activity of the photocathodes.We have previously reported p-type semiconductor CuGaO2 for the scaffold materials that exhibits a higher photocurrent and a positive onset potential compared to the conventionally used NiO, when combined with a Ru-tris-bipyridine-type photosensitizer[1]. Owing to the thermophysical property of CuGaO2, the typical solid-state synthesis of CuGaO2 particles needs high-temperature calcination with around 1373 K under an inert atmosphere, resulting in the large particle size of several microns and the limited conductivity and small surface area. Therefore, the photocathode activity is still insufficient. Other processes such as solvothermal synthesis have been reported, but it is still difficult to control the particle size, shape and chemical state.In this study, we examined the ball milling to synthesize nano-sized fine CuGaO2 particles and to prepare a semitransparent scaffold electrode for dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical reaction. Planetary ball milling has been reported as the means to obtain fine semiconductor particles[2], while it is necessary to adjust the processing conditions and perform detailed analysis because there is a possibility of damaging the semiconductor and impairing its physical properties.The XRD pattern, UV-visible absorption spectrum, XPS, and XAFS measurements of the ball-milled CuGaO2 particles revealed that there was no obvious deterioration due to the treatment.The SEM image of the ball-milled CuGaO2 electrode implied that the particles, which have been miniaturized about less than several hundred nm by the treatment, formed a dense layer, showing the semi-transparency of the electrode (Figure B). Detailed observation also proved that the ball-milled particles keep the crystal habit. The photocathode with ball-milled CuGaO2 modified with Ru-tris-bipyridine-type complex exhibited a reduction current by photoexcitation of the photosensitizer, and the current value exceeded those of the photocathodes using an untreated CuGaO2 electrode and a NiO electrode under the same conditions. The results suggest that the the miniaturization improved the characteristics of the photocathodes. The current study showed a way to mass-produce high-performance semiconductor scaffold electrodes by a simple ball-milling process.[1] H. Kumagai, O. Ishitani, et al., Chem. Sci. 2017, 8, 4242.; C. Windle, H. Kumagai, R. Abe, O. Ishitani, V. Artero, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2019, 141, 9593. [2] K. Okuno, H. Kumagai, H. Kato, et al., Sustain. Energy Fuels, 2022,6, 1698. Figure 1

Cationic surfactant assisted electrostatic self-assembly of nitrogen-rich carbon enwrapped silicon anode: Unlocking high lithium storage performance

Nitrogen-rich carbon (N-rich-C) coating is attractive to enhance capacity, reduce resistance, and alleviate volume expansion of silicon anode in Li-ion batteries. However, the non-uniform coating of N-rich-C on silicon might restrict its optimum performance. In this study, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) is employed as a cationic surfactant to tailor the surface potential of bare ball-milled Si particles, enabling the electrostatic self-assembly between Si particles and graphitic carbon nitride as the N-rich-C precursor. Continuous N-rich-C enwrapped ball-milled silicon (Si@N-rich-C) has been obtained after pyrolysis with a high N to C ratio of 0.65 and abundant pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N, facilitating fast kinetic transport and accommodating more Li+ ion storage. Combined with the high capacity of Si, Li-ion cell with Si@N-rich-C electrode exhibits a high capacity of 1732 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles of charge-discharge at 400 mA g−1. At high-rate testing, Si@N-rich-C also maintains a high capacity of 1673 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1. This study provides an effective approach for synthesizing high-capacity silicon anode for Li-ion batteries.

Media-milled agar particles as a novel emulsifier for food Pickering emulsion

Pickering emulsions was successfully fabricated using ball-milled agar particles with sizes and sulfate content around 7 μm and 0.62 %, respectively. These particles were obtained through a simple media-milling process using agar powders initially sized at 120 μm. The lamellated agar is aggregated into a mass after the milling process. The surface charge and hydrophobicity of the ball-milled agar particles were characterized through zeta potential and contact angle measurements, respectively. The droplet size of Pickering emulsions was related to oil fraction and particle concentration, ranging from approximately 45 μm to 80 μm. Ball-milled agar stabilized emulsions were sensitive to pH and salt conditions. The results of confocal laser scanning microscopy and cryo-SEM showed that at low particle concentrations and oil fractions, ball-milled agar stabilized the emulsions by dispersing particles on the surface of the oil droplets through electrostatic repulsion. Conversely, ball-milled agar stabilized the emulsions under high particle concentrations and oil fractions by forming a gel network structure to bind the oil droplets. In this research, this developed method provides the basis for the high-value application of agar and a new idea for preparing stable food-grade Pickering emulsion-based functional foods using raw-food material without surface wettability.

In-situ formation of uniform Mg2Ni catalyst and hydrogen storage properties of Mg[sbnd]41Ni alloys with varied grain sizes and morphologies

In order to clarify the cyclic microstructure evolution process and the influence of grain size on the hydrogen de−/absorption properties of magnesium-based alloys. Mg-41 wt%Ni (Mg41Ni) alloys with varying grain sizes were prepared using different solidification rates. By analyzing the cross sections of ball-milled particles, it is found that the amorphous layer generated during ball milling is not conducive to the activation stage. Additionally, the coarse primary Mg2Ni and the lamellar Mg2Ni in the eutectic break into smaller Mg2Ni particles during the hydrogen absorption and release cycles. Thus, the fast solidified alloys can absorb 2.1 wt% of hydrogen gas at 125 °C, and complete decomposition can be achieved in 2.4 min at 300 °C. The activation energy of dehydrogenation decreases from 93.2 kJ/mol for slow solidification to 85.9 kJ/mol for fast solidification. Different kinetic models are used to fit and investigate the rate-controlling process of hydrogen desorption. The activated sample consists of the Mg matrix and uniformly distributed fine Mg2Ni particles due to the self-refinement, which significantly shortens the diffusion distance of H atoms. Besides, the multitude of pores generated inside the particles also facilitate the ingress and outflow of hydrogen.

Deformation type during the ball milling process: A comparative study of the microstructures formed by ball milling, uniaxial compression, and rolling

The plastic deformation type of metal during ball-milling treatment has not yet been unveiled due to the difficulty in direct observation, and it is also difficult to clarify the deformation behavior even by numerical simulations. A comparative study of the effects of lubrication on the microstructure induced by ball-milling, compression, and rolling was con. Ducted to reveal the deformation type. The deformed flake particle showed a uniform microstructure for the ball-milling treatment with a lubricant. By contrast, the closer the particle surface, the finer the crystal grains were for the treatment without a lubricant. These microstructural features on the ball-milled iron particles were observed in rolled iron sheets, and the effects of the lubricant on the microstructure induced by compression were the opposite. Therefore, we conclude that the type of ball-milling-induced deformation is close to rolling, considering the similarity of the effect of the lubricant on the microstructures.

Pickering emulsions stabilized by homogenized ball-milled eggshell particles in combination with sodium alginate

Eggshells, by-products of egg processing, were ball-milled and homogenized into particles (eggshell particles, ESPs) and then were used as the stabilizer with a two-step oil addition method to produce Pickering emulsions. Meanwhile, sodium alginate (SA) was used to modify the emulsifying ability of ESPs. The results indicated that SA addition helped to improve the dispersion performance and increase the negative charge of ESPs. Pickering emulsions stabilized by ESPs/SA showed much smaller particle size than those stabilized by ESPs. The maximum oil fraction in the ESPs/SA-stabilized emulsions reached up to 0.8, while that was only 0.75 in ESPs-stabilized emulsions. The presence of SA significantly enhanced the freeze-thaw, thermal, dilution, and centrifuge stability of ESPs-stabilized Pickering emulsions. The findings demonstrate the potential of eggshell particles as a kind of natural Pickering stabilizer, which will increase the high value-added utilization of poultry egg industry by-products.

Ball-Milled Silicon with Amorphous Al2O3/C Hybrid Coating Embedded in Graphene/Graphite Nanosheets with a Boosted Lithium Storage Capability.

Electrochemical active silicon has attracted great attention as anodes for lithium-ion batteries owing to a high theoretical capacity of 4200 mA h g-1. In this work, ball-milled silicon particles with submicron size were strategically modified with a hybrid coating of amorphous alumina and carbon, which simultaneously embedded in a porous framework of in situ exfoliated graphene/graphite nanosheets (GGN). The composite exhibits an enhanced electrochemical performance, including high cycling stability and superior rate capability. An initial discharge capacity of 1294 mA h g-1 and a reversible charge capacity of 1044 mA h g-1 at 0.2 A g-1 can be achieved with a high initial Coulombic efficiency of up to ca. 81%. Additionally, the composite can remain 902 mA h g-1 after 100 discharge/charge cycles, accounting for a high retention of about 86%. This silicon composite is a promising anode material for high performance lithium-ion batteries with a high energy density, and the facile one-pot fabrication route is low cost and scalable, with a great prospect for practical application.

Fabrication of Conductive, High Strength and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielded Green Composites Based on Waste Materials.

Conventional conductive homopolymers such as polypyrrole and poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) have poor mechanical properties, for the solution to this problem, we tried to construct hybrid composites with higher electrical properties coupled with high mechanical strength. For this purpose, Kevlar fibrous waste, conductive carbon particles, and epoxy were used to make the conductive composites. Kevlar waste was used to accomplish the need for economics and to enhance the mechanical properties. At first, Kevlar fibrous waste was converted into a nonwoven web and subjected to different pretreatments (chemical, plasma) to enhance the bonding between fiber-matrix interfaces. Similarly, conductive carbon particles were converted into nanofillers by the action of ball milling to make them homogeneous in size and structure. The size and morphological structures of ball-milled particles were analyzed by Malvern zetasizer and scanning electron microscopy. In the second phase of the study, the conductive paste was made by adding the different concentrations of ball-milled carbon particles into green epoxy. Subsequently, composite samples were fabricated via a combination of prepared conductive pastes and a pretreated Kevlar fibers web. The influence of different concentrations of carbon particles into green epoxy resin for electrical conductivity was studied. Additionally, the electrical conductivity and electromagnetic shielding ability of conductive composites were analyzed. The waveguide method at high frequency (i.e., at 2.45 GHz) was used to investigate the EMI shielding. Furthermore, the joule heating response was studied by measuring the change in temperature at the surface of the conductive composite samples, while applying a different range of voltages. The maximum temperature of 55 °C was observed when the applied voltage was 10 V. Moreover, to estimate the durability and activity in service the ageing performance (mechanical strength and moisture regain) of developed composite samples were also analyzed.

Cellulose Nanofibrils as a Damping Material for the Production of Highly Crystalline Nanosized Zeolite Y via Ball Milling.

Nanosized zeolite Y is used in various applications from catalysis in petroleum refining to nanofillers in water treatment membranes. Ball milling is a potential and fast technique to decrease the particle size of zeolite Y to the nano range. However, this technique is associated with a significant loss of crystallinity. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the effect of adding biodegradable and recyclable cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) to zeolite Y in a wet ball milling approach. CNFs are added to shield the zeolite Y particles from harsh milling conditions due to their high surface area, mechanical strength, and water gel-like format. Different zeolite Y to CNFs ratios were studied and compared to optimize the ball milling process. The results showed that the optimal zeolite Y to CNFs ratio is 1:1 to produce a median particle size diameter of 100 nm and crystallinity index of 32%. The size reduction process provided accessibility to the zeolite pores and as a result increased their adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity of ball-milled particles for methylene blue increased to 29.26 mg/g compared to 10.66 mg/g of the pristine Zeolite. These results demonstrate the potential of using CNF in protecting zeolite Y particles and possibly other micro particles during ball milling.

Prediction of average shape values of quartz particles by vibrating disc and ball milling using dynamic image analysis based on established time-dependent shape models

Although grinding kinetics has been the subject of many researches, there is no research examining the shape kinetics of particles ground by different mills using dynamic image analysis (DIA) in the literature. In this investigation, how the shapes of quartz particles change over time at two different size fractions in two different mills is modeled using the latest image analysis technique, since particle shape of mineral is important in flotation and hydraulic fracturing processes. Empirical time-dependent shape models based on the correlation between average circularity (Cav .) and bounding rectangle aspect ratio (BRARav.) parameters and grinding time for vibratory disc mill and ball milled particles are established with high R 2 values by different fitting. Furthermore, average shape values of particles ground by the mills depending on grinding time were predicted for two size fractions. It was found that, Cav. data can be better described by linear fitting equations, on the other hand BRARav. data can be better represented by power fitting equations. Since predicted and measured shape values were found close to each other, this approach provides useful information for estimating the milling time required to produce the particles by milling (with less energy and cost) appropriately for intended use.

Effect of eggshell waste and B4C particles on the mechanical and tribological properties of Al7075 alloy developed by friction stir processing

The waste and hazardous materials have the potential to be used as reinforcement materials in the development of metal matrix composites (MMCs). In this regard, aluminium based MMCs have increased demand than conventionally manufactured materials due to their high strength to weight ratio, low cost and wear resistance. In this work, an attempt is made to develop the surface composite of Al7075 alloy by utilizing carbonized, ball-milled waste eggshell powder (ESP) and B4C particles as reinforcements through the solid-state friction stir processing technique. Three different samples are developed with volume percentages of 2%, 4%, and 6% of ESP/B4C particles. The developed surface composites are validated by light microscopic images, FE-SEM images linked with EDS mapping and distribution of reinforced particles. The microstructural image shows the uniform distribution of the reinforced particles. The specimens are also characterized by their mechanical and tribological properties like tensile test with fracture analysis, hardness test and wear loss supported by worn-out surface analysis. The result revealed that while increasing the reinforcement volume percentage, an increase in mechanical properties of the developed composites is found. The maximum ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and Brinell hardness number (BHN) obtained in the study are 355 MPa and 167 BHN, respectively for the developed composites AA7075/ 6% eggshell/B4C. The minimum wear loss was observed to be 2.5 to 6.2 × 10–3 g at a sliding distance of 600 m for a 6% reinforced sample.

THE EFFECT OF PARTICLES MORPHOLOGY ON THE DAMPING CAPACITIES OF AZ91D-FAC COMPOSITES

Four kinds of magnesium matrix composites were prepared by stirring casting method with various additions to the AZ91D Mg alloy slurry: 10 wt.% of fly ash cenospheres (FAC), two kinds of particle (average size 60 and 120 μm, and two kinds of particle morphology (ball-milled to powder fragments and non-ball milled). The effect of the particle integrity and particle size of FAC on the phases, microstructure, and damping capacities of the composites was investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and microstructure show that new phases were produced. The damping measurement results illustrate that with the particle size increasing, the damping capacities of the composites increase, and ball-milled FAC particles have greater effect on the damping capacities than non-ball milled particles at both 20°C and elevated to 320°C. Moreover, the particle morphology has a 15% greater impact on damping capacities than the particle size at room temperature and 8% greater at elevated temperature.

Lignin-Cellulose Nanocrystals from Hemp Hurd as Light-Coloured Ultraviolet (UV) Functional Filler for Enhanced Performance of Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanocomposite Films.

Lignin is a natural light-coloured ultraviolet (UV) absorber; however, conventional extraction processes usually darken its colour and could be detrimental to its UV-shielding ability. In this study, a sustainable way of fabricating lignin–cellulose nanocrystals (L-CNCs) from hemp hurd is proposed. A homogeneous morphology of the hemp particles was achieved by ball milling, and L-CNCs with high aspect ratio were obtained through mild acid hydrolysis on the ball-milled particles. The L-CNCs were used as filler in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film, which produced a light-coloured nanocomposite film with high UV-shielding ability and enhanced tensile properties: the absorption of UV at wavelength of 400 nm and transparency in the visible-light region at wavelength of 550 nm was 116 times and 70% higher than that of pure PVA, respectively. In addition to these advantages, the nanocomposite film showed a water vapour transmission property comparable with commercial food package film, indicating potential applications.

Extraction of Cr from CCLW and its utilisation in the development of composite by friction stir process

ABSTRACT Chrome containing leather waste (CCLW) produces lots of air and soil pollution. CCLW is produced from leather industries. CCLW is very harmful to the human health after rotting. However, by using this waste at right time and right place, the pollution generated by them can be prevented. Though various attempts have been made to utilise CCLW in various applications, some attempts were also observed in the development of bio-composite material. But, still no researchers used CCLW in the development of aluminium-based composite material as reinforcement by FSP technique. This study attempts to use CCLW as reinforcement after the extraction of Cr in the form of collagen powder. Ball-milling of collagen powder and alumina has been carried out for 100 h. Mixture of ball-milled reinforcement particles were used to develop aluminium-based composite material. FSP technique was used to develop surface composite. FSP process parameters were first optimised using Box-Behnken Design. Optimum PSP parameters were found to be the number of tool pass of 1, tool rotational speed of 943.12 RPM and transverse speed of 23.56 mm/min. Tensile strength and hardness of composite developed at optimum FSP parameters improved by about 17.95% and 32.44%, respectively, with respect to the base material.

مقایسه تاثیر مکانیزم های شکست بر درجه آزادی و شکل ذرات در فلوتاسیون کانسنگ مس سولفیدی

A sulfide copper ore was crushed to 100% passing 3.36mm followed by grinding the crushed product through bed breakage process in a piston- die cell or ball mill into to 100% passing 250μm. Revealed by the results of particle size analysis made on the ground products, the bed breakage method provides a finer product compared to the ball mill approach. The liberation analysis of the products in eight size-fractions showed that the chalcopyrite in the ball mill product was more liberated compared to the bed breakage product. The overall percentage of chalcopyrite liberation in the ball mill product was higher than the bed breakage product by 1.82%. The shape properties of particles in the breakage products were examined by analysis of scanning electron (SEM) images. Accordingly, it was found that the circularity and roundness of particles broken by the bed breakage method are higher than the particles broken by the ball mill method, while the ball-milled particles are more elongated. The results of micro-flotation tests indicated the efficiency rate of Cu recovery and separation in the ball mill product were respectively 11% and 15% higher than the bed breakage product. This better metallurgical performance can be attributed to the fact that the bed breakage product was finer, the chalcopyrite was more liberated in the ball milling product, and particles in the ball milling product had less circularity and roundness. Contrary to many previous studies, the results of this study indicated that the bed breakage method did not increase the mineral liberation and improved the performance of the flotation process.

Synthesis and Mechanical Behavior of Ball-Milled Agro-Waste RHA and Eggshell Reinforced Composite Material

Abstract Nowadays, there are various industrial wastes from industries that produce lots of environmental pollution. Rice husk ash (RHA) is agricultural waste and eggshell waste is industrial waste. These wastes also produce lots of soil pollution. However, by utilizing these wastes, some environmental problems can be reduced. In the present investigation, an attempt was made to utilize RHA and eggshells as reinforcement material in the development of aluminum-based composite material. Carbonized eggshell ash (CESA) particles and RHA were ball-milled for 75 hours to obtain a single entity. The mixture of CESA and RHA particles has been varied from 2.5 % to 12.5 % in the development of the composite. Ball-milled reinforcement particles in the single entity showed uniform distribution in the aluminum-based matrix material. Results showed that after the heat treatment process, the tensile strength and hardness of the aluminum/5 % CESA/5 % RHA composite was found to be 189.95 MPa and 56 brinell hardness number (kgf/mm2) respectively. The tensile strength and hardness of the composite after heat treatment were enhanced by 31 % and 60 %, respectively. However, the toughness and ductility were reduced after adding the mixture of carbonized eggshell particles and alumina in the aluminum alloy. Corrosion loss and thermal expansion behavior were also observed to identify the carbonized eggshell and RHA addition in the aluminum alloy. Corrosion loss and thermal expansion of the AA3105/5 % eggshell powder/5 % RHA composite after heat treatment were found to be 0.011 gm and 4.35 mm3, respectively.

Effect of lubricant milling aids on the recrystallization behavior and magnetic properties of ball-milled iron powders having (0 0 1) fiber texture for soft magnetic composite

In ball-milled iron particles for soft magnetic composites (SMCs), milling aids with lubricity can induce a (001) fiber texture with superior magnetic properties. Effects of lubricants on the recrystallization behavior of ball-milled iron particles with fiber texture and their magnetic properties of SMCs using the iron particles were investigated. During ball milling, lubricant oil and boron nitride (a solid lubrication particle) were used as lubricants. Both as-milled iron particles have a (001) fiber texture. However, when these iron particles are recrystallized using heat treatment, the iron particles milled using the lubricant oil almost disappeared while the fiber texture in the particles milled using the boron nitride was strongly retained. Therefore, it is concluded that ball milling for iron particles using boron nitride lubricant can retain (001) fiber texture in heat-treated iron particles, and SMC using these iron particles have higher permeability and lower coercive force.