Ball Kicking Research Articles

Motor Competence in Children With and Without Ambliopia.

The purpose of this study was to assess the motor competence of children with and without amblyopia. Study participants were 165 primary school children, aged 6-9 years, divided into three groups based on their visual acuity with the Snellen chart: (a) non-amblyopia, (b) corrected amblyopia, and (c) non-corrected amblyopia. We assessed the children's motor competence with the Motor Competence Assessment battery (MCA) and their physical activity with the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C). The non-amblyopia group presented significantly better motor competence on the MCA than either the corrected amblyopia group or the non-corrected amblyopia group; there were no statistically significant motor differences between the two amblyopia subgroups. Amblyopia versus non-amblyopia differences on the MCA were mainly in stability and locomotor components, involving dynamic balance and the change of spatial position and direction of movement, but not in the manipulative component (ball throwing velocity and ball kicking velocity). Predictably, from within an integrated visual motor perspective of child development, our findings suggest that intact vision played an important role in children's motor competence. The development of fundamental motor skills, especially of stability and locomotor skills, may be affected by poor visual processing in that participants with uncorrected amblyopia showed poor movement accuracy, uncoordinated movement, and impaired balance.

The effects of BCAA and creatine supplementation on anaerobic capacity and ball kicking speed in male football players

Background and objective: The use of nutritional supplements has increased in recent years. This study analyzes the effects of Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) and creatine (CR) supplementation on anaerobic capacity and ball kicking speed in football players. Material and methods: 24 volunteer-active male amateur football players between 18--26 were recruited for this study. Football players were randomly divided into three groups as BCAA (n = 8), CR (n = 8), and placebo (PLA) (n = 8). Experimental groups were given 5 g BCAA and 2 g creatine before and after exercise, whereas the placebo group ingested bran, performance tests and measurements were performed, and results were assessed. Results: BCAA group average power (pre: 530.70 ± 53.73 W vs. post: 567.65 ± 66.68 W; p = 0.028), CR group minimum power (pre: 413.75 ± 51.13 W vs. post: 462.82 ± 71.93 W; p = 0.043) increased, while there were decreases in peak power (pre: 659.34 ± 121.03 W vs. post: 613.20 ± 124.24 W; p = 0.043) and fatigue index (pre: 6.55 ± 2.12 W/s vs. post: 4.34 ± 2.37 W/s; p = 0.043) parameters of PLA group (p < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the BCAA group in rest, pre-and post-supplementation; CR group in pre-and post-supplementation; PLA group in rest, pre-and post-supplementation (p < 0.05). Conclusions: BCAA and creatine consumption do not affect recovery rates in football players regarding obtained data. But, regarding other findings of this study, BCAA and creatine supplementation improves anaerobic capacity, provides strength endurance against fatigue, and prevents the decrement of ball-kicking speed in exhaustion.

Reliability of wearable sensors to assess impact metrics during sport-specific tasks

ABSTRACT There is little information on the reliability of inertial measurement units for capturing impact load metrics during sport-specific movements. The purpose of this study is to determine the reliability of the Blue Trident IMU sensors in measuring impact load, step count and cumulative bone stimulus during a series of soccer-related tasks. Ten healthy recreational soccer players (age: 27.9 ± 2.18; height: 1.77 ± 0.10 m; mass: 79.02 ± 13.07 kg) volunteered for a 3-visit study and performed 4 tasks. Bilateral impact load, total number of steps and cumulative bone stimulus during the tasks were collected. Data were sampled using a dual-g sensor. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC3,1) with 95% confidence intervals assessed between-day reliability. Impact load (0.58–0.89) and cumulative bone stimulus (0.90–0.97) had good to excellent reliability across tasks. ICC values for right/left step count were good to excellent during acceleration-deceleration (0.728–0.837), change direction (0.734–0.955) and plant/cut manoeuvres (0.701–0.866) and fair to good during the ball kick (0.588–0.683). This suggests that wearable sensors can reliably measure the cumulative impact load during outdoor functional movements; however, kicking manoeuvres are less reliable. Measuring impact load in the field expands the ability to capture more ecologically valid data.

Choice of low-pass filter influences practical interpretation of ball kicking motions: the effect of a time-frequency filter method

ABSTRACT When studying ball kicking, conventional low-pass filters may distort kick leg kinematics near the time of foot-to-ball contact, leading to flawed practical interpretation of the skill. Time-frequency filters are a viable alternative but are not widely used. This study compared a fractional Fourier filter (FrFF) with conventional filters (CF) methods for estimating common parameters used to define kicking performance. Instep kicks from 23 experienced soccer players were captured by 3D motion analysis (1000 Hz), and kick leg foot velocities, knee angular velocities and ankle dorsi-plantarflexion angles compared between the FrFF and variations of a Butterworth CF. The FrFF and CFs using a higher cut-off frequency (>70 Hz) successfully detected lower leg motion prior to, during and following impact, whereas CFs with low cut-off frequencies (<20 Hz) attenuated motion near impact. Truncating data at impact provided valid pre-impact kinematics, but ignored information thereafter. Rather than decelerating the lower leg to conserve accuracy, ‘kicking through the ball’ should be considered a valid coaching cue. Further, controlling ankle plantar flexion to ensure efficient impact mechanics may be important for skilled kicking. Practitioners should consider how choice of filter will affect their data, and use of time-frequency methods can help inform empirically grounded coaching practices.

BALL KICKING BIOELECTRIC ACTIVITY OF MUSCLES IN STUDENTS PLAYING SNOW FOOTBALL

Aim. The article aims to explore the features of a ball kicking bioelectric activity of lower limbs muscles in students playing snow football. Materials and methods. 30 males aged 21–25 years old were examined (3–4-year students): the control group consisted of 15 people playing football; the main group included 15 people playing snow football. Athletes kick a ball on a normal and on a slippery surface, imitation of a slippery surface was carried out using a GYMSTICK Power Slider 61131-PRO slide board. To record the bioelectric activity of the muscles, the Neuro-MVP-4 multifunctional computer system was used (Neurosoft, Ivanovo, Russia). The bioelectric activity of the calf muscles (the medial lateral head of the calf muscle), the rectus femoris muscle, and the adductor longus muscle was studied. Results: It has been shown that athletes playing football and snow football have different and largely opposite motor stereotypes of intermuscular coordination when kicking the ball in usual conditions. When this action is repeated under unusual conditions, stereotype distortion is observed. Football players are characterized by a partial stereotype distortion, while people playing snow football are almost completely disorganized on a normal surface. Conclusion: Football training for students playing various types of football should be carried out in different conditions and implement various strategies. In particular, it should be aimed at various muscle groups. Ball kicking in unusual conditions should be used carefully, as this can be accompanied by a negative transfer of skills and reduce the effectiveness of athletes’ performance.

Visualization of Ball Kicking in Soccer

Visualization of Ball Kicking in Soccer

Automated conveyor system for football quality checking

&lt;span&gt;Many incidents happen in football matches such as injury, fight between team and ball out of game as whistle is blow. The worst case is where the ball exploded as the ball kick simultaneously from two opposite directions. To reduce problem in football matches and ensure the quality of the football match specification, this project is proposed a conveyor system for football quality checking, focusing on the ball size and weight measurement. In the conveyor system, a conveyor belt is introduced as a medium for conveying the ball, sensors to check the football specification and microcontroller to read the sensor input and produce output in term of motor control and measurement display. The conveyor system is made for checking the FIFA standard ball specification and it was built portably for easily carry and used in sport shop. The system could operate automatically, thus reducing to the need for worker. This project is expected to reduce injury in football match and also ensure the quality of the ball is guaranteed. For a standard football size measurement, the ball weight shows almost similar to the standard specification with 20g differences.&lt;/span&gt;

Team performance indicators which differentiate between winning and losing in elite Gaelic football

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to identify performance indicators which differentiated between winning and losing elite Gaelic football teams. Eighty three technical and tactical performance variables were measured in 13 teams during 26 league and championship games throughout 2014–2015. Univariate analysis of full-games revealed that winners achieved a significantly higher total score, number of scores, shots, points, points from play and goals, resulting in superior shot efficiency, average attack per score, and scores per 10 possessions. Winners gained significantly more turnovers and completed significantly less unsuccessful hand passes. Winners also performed significantly less kick outs, resulting in fewer successful kick outs and successful dead ball kick passes overall. A principal component analysis, conducted on 18 variables produced 4 components, which explained 81.9% of the variance. Both logistic regression (8.00, χ2(1) = 16.00, p < 0.001) and discriminant analysis (Ʌ = 0.53, χ2(1) = 13.77, p < 0.001) revealed that one component, defensive counterattacking, significantly contributed to outcome and differentiated winners from losers with a cross-validation accuracy of 87.5%. Coaches can use this information to organise their defensive system to generate opposition turnovers and also incorporate sufficient flexibility to facilitate effective transitions to exploit their own offensive counterattacking opportunities.

The ball kicking speed: A new, efficient performance indicator in youth soccer.

Success in different soccer skills like kicking depends on motor abilities achieved. Kicking is a soccer fundamental, which depends on many different and complex factors (technique, foot-ball interaction, ball flight, etc.). Therefore, it is important to identify players that are able to perform faster kicks using both dominant and non-dominant leg. The current study investigated some basic variables of different soccer kicking speed and their relevance to success in youth soccer academy. 119 players from the first and the second division participated to this study. They were randomly divided into age groups (U-15, U-17, and U19) and team status (first team, reserves). The diagnostic ability of the different ball kicking speed tests in capturing differences between first team players and reserves among different age categories were computed using the receiver operating characteristics analysis. Results demonstrated that first team players achieved better results when comparing to reserves in each category. In addition, differences were greater in the U-15 and the U-17 than in the U-19 age group. In conclusion, ball kicking speed could be one of the possible identification tools to evaluate players' success in youth soccer.

Brazilian women elite futsal players’ career development: diversified experiences and late sport specialization

Abstract Aims: To investigate elite women sports career development can be a way to better understand how gender issues and specific women sport practice conditions have influenced athletes’ life and personal experiences, also subside reflections on policies and pedagogic intervention on the sport. The aims of this study were to investigate and describe the process of sports career development lived by Brazilian women elite futsal players, based on their own sport experiences and perspectives on futsal. Methods: Data of this qualitative study were produced by semi-structured retrospective interviews with 13 Brazilian elite women futsal players. Data gathering and data analysis were based on the Grounded Theory method. Results: This section is organized in four axes, with their main categories in parenthesis: 1.Diversified experiences in childhood and youth (enjoyment related to diversified sport practices); 2.Initiation on ‘kicking ball games’ practices (experiences with football and futsal informal practices and suffering of prejudice related to gender issues); 3.Systematic participation in futsal practices (experiences in systematic futsal practices within older age groups); 4.The investment on elite futsal career (moving from football to futsal career). Conclusion: Interviewed players had their first sports experiences on a variety of practices during sport initiation in childhood. The beginning on systematic practice of futsal occurred later than men athletes. The lack of competitions for young girls, and the fact that futsal and other ‘ball kicking games’ are considered as men preserve practices contributed to the late sport specialization process. The athletes’ career presented strong thresholds related to gender issues on futsal.

Motion optimization of human body for impulse-based applications

This paper presents the optimal motion generation of the kinematic redundant human body model for impulse-based applications. Inspired by effective and safe motion generation of the human body, we propose a motion generation algorithm considering the external and internal impulses. Firstly, the cost function is defined using the closed form model of external and internal impulses. Then, the self-motion is exploited by using the gradient projection method to generate the optimal motions. Furthermore, the proposed methodology is verified through simulations considering a 4-DOF planar human body model for landing on ground and ball kicking applications and a 3-DOF human arm model for sawing task. It is found that, considering the internal and external impulses for optimization, the optimized posture's results are well identical to the human body behavior in daily impulse-based motions.

Pengembangan Sistem Komunikasi Nirkabel Untuk Mengendalikan Robot Sepak Bola

Berdasarkan bagaimana mengendalikan gerak robot sepak bola, pendekatan dalam robot sepak bola dapat dibagi menjadi dua kategori, yaitu tersentralisasi dan terdesentralisasi. Pendekatan tersentralisasi merupakan contoh dari konsep control over network, dimana semua komponen dikendalikan melalui sebuah jaringan. Setiap robot mendapatkan informasi dari sistem visi di luar robot untuk mendeteksi bola, kemudian komputer sentral sebagai pengendali akan membuat keputusan untuk menentukan robot mana yang akan mendekat dan menendang bola. Komunikasi antara robot dan komputer sentral bersifat nirkabel dan diharapkan memiliki reliabilitas tinggi. Salah satu komponen penting pada robot sepak bola adalah rangkaian penendang bola. Rangkaian penendang bola diharapkan dapat merespon perintah untuk menendang bola dengan tepat dan akurat. Sistem komunikasi nirkabel untuk mengendalikan gerak robot sepak bola dirancang menggunakan mikrokontroler WeMos D1. Rangkaian penendang bola dirancang menggunakan rangkaian solenoid yang dikendalikan oleh mikrokontroler. Pengujian menunjukkan sistem komunikasi nirkabel memiliki reliabilitas 100% untuk jarak sampai dengan 300cm. Rangkaian penendang dapat merespon dengan baik terhadap perintah menendang bola, baik dari posisi robot tidak bergerak maupun posisi robot bergerak. Pada posisi robot tidak bergera, robot dapat menendang bola hingga mencapai jarak rata-rata 42.22cm dan kemiringan bola rata-rata 29.58°. Pada posisi robot bergerak, jarak rata-rata tendangan adalah 40.98cm dan kemiringan bola rata-rata 26.12°.

POSTURAL CONTROL ANALYSIS DURING A STANDARDIZED KICK TASK IN SOCCER ATHLETES

ABSTRACT Introduction: Postural control is a determining factor for functional performance and motor skills during sports activities. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate postural control during the controlled soccer ball kicking task through a biomechanical analysis system. Methods: The sample consisted of 11 professional male athletes recruited using convenience sampling, with a mean age of 22 years. The athletes performed twenty-five precision kicks at a target, with the ball in vertical motion released by means of a hand-held device synchronized with the computed biomechanical measurements. Marking of the lower limb segments involved in the kick and the ball were analyzed by accelerometry, while postural control measures were quantified by a force platform in three axes of movement. The support leg was investigated in single leg stance during all tests on the force platform. The main variables of postural control calculated by stabilographic analysis and computed during the 25 kicks were: center of pressure (COP) displacement area, velocity and frequency of COP oscillation in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions. The mean was used for final analysis to determine the differences in the three phases: pre-kick, kick, and post-kick. Results: The results revealed significant differences (p &lt;0.01) between the three phases, with the kick phase presenting higher values of postural COP oscillations than the other phases. The COP area and oscillation velocity were the variables with greatest sensitivity to changes in the kick phase, obtaining an effect size of d = 14 and d = 12, respectively. In clinical terms, the increase in COP values reached 557% between the pre-kick and kick phases; this difference was reduced to 241% when compared to post-kick (i.e., difference between kick and post-kick was 316%). Conclusion . These results have important implications for the perception of postural control responses during soccer ball kicks and consequently, for injury prevention when motor and sensory deficits are diagnosed in soccer players. Level of Evidence III; Study of nonconsecutive patients; without consistently applied reference ‘‘gold’’ standard.

Análisis De La Fuerza Explosiva En El Golpe De Balón Con El Pie En Los Futbolistas Categoría Senior De La Universidad Nacional De Chimborazo – Ecuador. Estudio De Caso: Test De Salto Horizontal

The objetive of this study is to research the incidence of explosive strength on the ball kick of senior category soccer players from the “Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo”. The study was carried out through the application of a comprehensive training program to improve explosive strength and ball kick for 8 weeks. In this study, 50 soccer players were also evaluated. The age, body weight (kg), height (cm), and body mass index were also evaluated. The pre – post ball kick horizontal jump test was applied as well. The soccer sketch 2.5.0 program was used for the preparation of the training sessions, while the SPSS statistical package was used for the results tabulation. The results obtained are as follows: average age of 21.82, average body mass index 26.72 (kg/m2 ). An average of 2.13cm was obtained in the pre-test horizontal jump while an average of 2.16 cm was obtained in the post-test whit a level of significance of 0.002. In conclusion, the application of training sessions based on comprehensive exercises of explosive strength and ball kick are very important in improving the sports performance of the soccer players.

Análisis De La Fuerza Explosiva En El Golpe De Balón Con El Pie En Futbolistas Categoría Senior.Estudio De Caso: Test De Potencia De Balón

The objective of the present study is to research the incidence of explosive strength on the ball kick in soccer players of senior category from the “Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo”, through the application of a comprehensive training program to improve explosive strength and ball kick for 8 weeks. In this study 50 soccer players were evaluated. The age, body weight (kg), height (cm) and body mass index were evaluated. The pre-post ball kick power test was applied as well. The soccer sketch 2.5.0 program was used for the preparation of the training sessions and the SPSS statistical package was used for the results tabulation. The results obtained are as follows: average age of 21.82, average body mass index 26.72 (kg/m2). An average of (55.92m) was obtained in the pre-test of ball strength, and an average of (62.88m) was obtained in the post test obtaining a level of significance of (0.002). In conclusion, the application of training sessions of comprehensive exercises of explosive strength and ball kick are very important to improve sports performance of the soccer players.

Análisis De La Fuerza Explosiva En El Golpe De Balón Con El Pie En Los Futbolistas Categoría Senior De La Universidad Nacional De Chimborazo – Ecuador. Estudio De Caso: Test De Precisión De Golpe De Balón

The objective of the present study is to research the incidence of explosive strength on the ball kick of senior category soccer players from the “Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo”. The study was carried out through the application of a comprehensive training program to improve explosive strenght and ball kick for 8 weeks. In this study, 50 soccer players were also evaluated. The age, body weight (kg), height (cm), and body mass index were also evaluated. The pre-post ball kick precision test was applied as well. The soccer sketch 2.5.0 program was used for the preparation of the training sessions, while the SPSS statistical package was used for the results tabulation. The results obtained are as follows: average age of 21.82, average body mass index 26.72 (kg/m2). An average of 2.38 goals was obtained in the pre-test of ball precision, while an average of 3.64 goals was obtained in the post-test whit a level of significance of 0.001. In conclusion, the application of training sessions based on comprehensive exercises of explosive strength and ball kick are very important in improving the sports performance of the soccer players.

Effects of ball kicking dual task training on gait performance and balance in individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke

Effects of ball kicking dual task training on gait performance and balance in individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke

Effects of Muscle Fatigue Induced by Countermovement Jumps on Efficacy Parameters of Instep Ball Kicking in Soccer.

The purpose was to study the effects of muscle fatigue induced by countermovement jumps (CMJ) on instep kick foot velocity in young male soccer players. Fifteen under-18 soccer players from a professional club performed maximal velocity instep kicks before and after a fatigue protocol that consisted of continuous CMJ. Foot velocity at impact without fatigue, foot velocity at impact with fatigue, CMJ height without fatigue, maximum jump height in fatigue test, and CMJ height change in fatigue test on a dynamometric platform were measured. There was a significant difference between jump height with and without fatigue (P = .00; ES = 0.8), but there were no significant differences between kicking with fatigue and without fatigue (P = .580, ES = 0.10). In conclusion, although the protocol was intense enough to generate fatigue in the muscles involved in CMJ, there were no significant differences in kicking velocity under fatigue conditions with respect to kicking without fatigue in the soccer players studied.

Physical fitness profile of competitive young soccer players: Determination of positional differences

The aim of this study was to compare the anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics of the different playing positions in adolescent soccer players. Furthermore, differences among playing ages (under 14, under 16, and under 18 years) were determined. One hundred and sixty-seven young male national level soccer players were tested on anthropometric characteristics and physical performance tests (30 m sprint, ball kicking, overhead medicine ball throw, and countermovement jump). The results demonstrated differences in anthropometric characteristics between positions ( p &lt; 0.05). Differences were also found in the physical performance tests; forwards performed better in the throwing, countermovement jump, and sprint tests than defenders. Midfielders demonstrated greater countermovement jump performances than right defenders. Our results highlight that there is an influence of playing position on the anthropometric and physical qualities in adolescent players. This emphasizes the importance of evaluating the physical profile of players and their development according to playing age and playing position.

High-speed three-dimensional shape measurement using GOBO projection

A projector which uses a rotating slide structure to project aperiodic sinusoidal fringe patterns at high frame rates and with high radiant flux is introduced. It is used in an optical three-dimensional (3D) sensor based on coded-light projection, thus allowing the analysis of fast processes. Measurements of an inflating airbag, a rope skipper, and a soccer ball kick at a 3D frame rate of more than 1300 independent point clouds per second are presented.