Balinese Hindu Research Articles

Eksplorasi STEAM Pada Sarana Upakara Tumpeng Kering

Dried tumpeng is one of the traditional ceremonies used by Hindus in Bali. This study aims to examine the elements of STEAM contained in dried tumpeng. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with an ethnographic design. The subject of this research is the community of entrepreneurs of dried tumpeng in Guwang Village, Sukawati District, Gianyar. The data in this study were obtained through interviews, observation, and documentation. The data was then analyzed in three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and data conclusion. To get valid and objective data, triangulation method is used. The results showed that there were STEAM elements in the process of making dried tumpeng, namely the scientific element can be seen from the coloring process, adhesives and drying techniques used, the technological element can be seen from the dried tumpeng printing equipment, the machine element can be seen from the design of the printing equipment used, the art element can be seen from the various colors of the dried tumpeng, and the mathematical element can be seen from the raw production costs, income, sales, losses, and the comparison of the materials used. These STEAM elements can be used in social arithmetic learning. Students can be asked to make a project of making dried tumpeng from the beginning of manufacture, packaging to even the sales stage so that learning can be more meaningful. Keywords: Dried tumpeng, STEAM

How Balinese Culture Thrive on European Continent

The Balinese workforce is one of the best workers with expertise in tourism, recognized by various companies engaged in hospitality services in different parts of the world. Along with the times, a few Balinese people migrated out of their homeland to pursue careers overseas. They spread to various corners of the world, especially to well-developed countries, for a better chance of living. Art and its strategic position in the Balinese Hindu community is the people’s expression of gratitude to the Higher being. As part of the religious activities of the Hindu community, a Ceremony or religious ritual held at the temple (holy place) always showcases performing arts. The customs are strongly associated with identity; for instance, despite being far away from Bali, the Balinese diaspora in Belgium commemorated Balinese Hindu holy days festively. In Pura Agung Santi Bhuana, Belgium, the Balinese Hindu Diaspora of Europe attended the temple ceremony in the early morning. The members of the social group Banjar performed their service by staging a dance and gamelan orchestra to accompany the holy day ceremony. The talented Balinese Diaspora on dance and play gamelan instruments constitute a significant part of the total population. They support the Government’s tourism promotion programs of the Republic of Indonesia through their traditional religious activities. Subsequently, they enlivened the existence of temples in Europe, such as in Belgium, Hamburg, and Berlin, with their stunning performing dance and percussion art service. Balinese Hindu community who lives in Europe could maintain steadfastness by respecting their own culture amidst the onslaught of a global culture. He admitted that global influence penetrated all practical activities and influenced all aspects of life. Albeit the unevaded facts, thousands of the Balinese diaspora and the local citizens respectfully attended the religious movement.

Identity politics of Hindu society in Bali

Balinese researchers such as Nordholt and Picard have extensively explored the discourse of identity formation in Balinese society from the colonial era to modern Bali. Picard, for example, considers Balinese identity to be formed through dialogic construction, namely the contact of Balinese people with their interlocutors (foreigners). But in its development, the Balinese try to construct their own identity according to the references given by the orientalists. In this study, it was found that there was a continuity of discourses with nuances of identity politics in Balinese society such as the emergence of discourse, kebalian, Ajeg Bali, efforts to legitimize Balinese language, script and traditional clothing in public spaces, and there was even a Balinese family planning movement as a counter movement against population control efforts through the national Family Planning (KB) program. The latest is the emergence of the Dresta Bali Hindu movement which seeks to restore the local Balinese variant of Hinduism. The novelty of this research is the argument that identity political discourse and movements in Balinese society are part of positioning, namely as a way for society or social groups to position or define themselves among external challenges.

Visual Representation of Hell from Balinese Hindu Beliefs in the Video Game “Escape from Naraka”

The purpose of this study is to describe, explain and validate the visual representation of hell from Balinese Hindu beliefs in the video game “Escape From Naraka”. The video game “Escape From Naraka” is a game with the platform adventure genre and is played solo that tells the journey of a man who enters the hell portal of the Balinese Hindu beliefs to save a woman who is sucked in by the portal. This video game is developed by the origin of Yogyakarta - Indonesia, namely XeloGames and published by Headup Games company from Germany. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research with library data method. The research was conducted by examining the visual representation of hell from Balinese Hindu beliefs in the video game “Escape From Naraka”, then linking it with writings related to the theme. In this study, the description uses facts from the data obtained as they are. The results of this study indicate that there are representations of hell that are not in accordance with Balinese Hindu teachings and display some visual representation objects from teachings or cultures outside Balinese Hinduism so that there are errors in visual representation. There are many things that may be wrong in the visual representation of Tamrisra/Tamisra Naraka in the video game "Escape From Naraka" such as Thai Statue and other objects that are not in accordance with Balinese culture. This research has an impact on the development of visualization designs in video games that can encourage players to have a misperception of culture. So that the results of this study can be a criticism and help game developers to be more careful in visualizing video games, especially those based on belief and culture.

PENGGUNAAN KREMATORIUM BAGI UMAT HINDU: SEBUAH IDENTIFIKASI KUANTITATIF

A crematorium is a special place for cremation of dead. In recent years, the Hindu community in Bali has become accustomed to use crematorium for doing ngaben rituals. This study aims to know the determinant of Balinese to do ngaben at crematorium. The population was all Hindu communities in Bali, with a sample of 120 Hindu families who have doing ngaben at the crematorium. These respondents were chosen by applying snow-ball sampling. To find the underlying determinant(s), explanatory factor analysis was used. Data for this study is collected by surveying the respondents using self-administered questionaire on January to March 2022. The results justify there are four factors determine Hindu community in Bali has become accustomed to use crematorium for ngaben. These factors are (a) the quality of the crematorium service as the organizer of ngaben ceremony, (b) conformity of cremation ceremony with conventional cremation, (c) the family's trust and the absence of objections from the traditional village; (d) and consideration of the economic dimension. These factors able to explain the determinant of Hindu balinese people conducted ngaben at crematorium as much as 63 percent.

MAKNA TEOLOGI HINDU DALAM TRADISI TAMPIOG DI DESA PAKRAMAN MANUKAYA LET, KECAMATAN TAMPAKSIRING, KABUPATEN GIANYAR

Hindus in Bali cannot be separated from beliefs and traditions that are considered to have religious and ethical values. Tradition in Hindu society in Bali has many forms, all of which become the breath in the implementation of religious ceremonies carried out through the Panca Yadnya. One of them is the Tampiog Tradition in the village of Pakraman Manukaya Let which is held in a series of piodalan at Bale Agung Temple. The Tampiog tradition is the tradition of kicking a mound of embers. This tradition has been accepted from generation to generation by the people of Pakraman Manukaya Let Village. The Tampiog tradition is a symbol of harmony between Bhuana Agung and Bhuana Alit. This paper describes how the form of implementation and Hindu theology in the Tampiog Tradition in Pakraman Manukaya Let Village, Tampaksiring District, Gianyar Regency. The technique used by the author in collecting data is observation technique. The Tampiog tradition contains many theological meanings of Hinduism which is very important for the development of Hindu rituals. This is what motivated the author to conduct research.

CULTURAL ADAPTATION STRATEGIES OF THE BALI HINDU COMMUNITY WITHIN THE MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY IN PATOMAN, BANYUWANGI

This study aims to reveal the underlying values, forms, and implications of the cultural adaptation strategies of the Bali Hindu community within the multicultural society in Patoman, Banyuwangi. The research was conducted qualitatively with an ethnographic approach based on the theory of cultural adaptation and social harmony. This study finds that the values that underlie the cultural adaptation strategy of the Bali Hindu community within the multicultural society in Patoman include Tri Hita Karana, Tat Tvam Asi, Manyama Braya, and Bhinneka Tunggal Ika. Forms of cultural adaptation strategy include strengthening socio-cultural and religious identities internally and developing external consolidation by mediating seven universal categories of culture in their social interactions. The implications of the cultural adaptation strategy include the formation of a “Bali Patoman Village” with a distinctive cultural and religious identity, the maintenance of social harmony in a pluralistic society, and the affirmation of a multicultural society structure marked by the coronation of Patoman Village as a “Kampung Pancasila”.

Pelinggih Merajan Alit Building As Inspiration For The Creation Of Painting

Merajan Alit is a place of worship in every Balinese Hindu family house. Visual beauty and its close relationship with self-identity and family make the creator interested in visualizing it into painting works. The foundation used was the Alma M. Hawkins method, Exploration, Improvisation, and Forming. Each of these methods contains methods and stages of creation that are applied by MBKM partners. From these methods and successes, six works were produced, entitled; 1) “Kemulan”, 2) “Taksu”, 3) “Aku Ingin Pulang”, 4) “Punggel”, 5) “Mencari Kedalam Diri”, 6) “Happy Family”. In these six works, the creators combine the transfer of technology, skills and knowledge obtained from campuses and partners, so as to create works that are expected to become the characteristics of the creators. With this work, it can be said, Merajan Alit can be a personal trigger because it is very closely related to personal and family identity. The feelings that arise can be very unique and varied so it is very suitable to be visualized as a work of painting. In addition, the use of traditional painting tools is also important because of the ancestral heritage so that it does not become extinct.

Patuh dan Acuh Tak Acuh: Respons Masyarakat terhadap Komunikasi Kebijakan Penanganan Covid-19 Pemerintah Provinsi Bali

Effective communication strategies are needed in handling Covid-19. The Bali Provincial Government uses a ritual-based communication strategy in its Covid-19 handling policies. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the communication strategy on the level of community compliance. The conducted qualitative research was from April 2020 to August 2021. In-depth interviews with council of the Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia (PHDI) Bali, Traditional Village Assembly (MDA) Bali, and the community. Observation of public response and study of mass media and social media literature. The data were analyzed using a critical approach to cultural studies emphasizing ritual-based communication strategies and community responses. The results showed a change in the community's comeback from a high level of compliance to indifference. This article offers a message that the priest must convey ritual-based communication as a referent of power, not otherwise taken over by structural strength so that the community still obeys the directive.

EFFORTS OF A MINORITY MOSLEM DIASPORA TO BUILD A SOCIAL IDENTITY IN BALI

The Pegayaman Muslim diaspora historically originated from Java. Pegayaman, the village they live in, is one of the largest Islamic villages in Buleleng Bali. For them, Islam is a religion that not only contains a belief system that has abstract values, but also becomes a cultural attribute that distinguishes them from the Balinese Hindu community in its environment. In this context, they must have a social identity to show. The question that can be asked is how this diaspora that resides amidst the majority of the Balinese Hindus build their social identity? The objective of this research is to find out and discuss the efforts done by this community to build their identity. The method used is a sociolinguistic study utilizing a qualitative method. The data collected were in the form of authentic verbal linguistic data, which consist of conversations in five language domains. The data were collected using the (non-)participatory observation method and interviews. Both the participatory and the non-participatory observation took 6 months. Three interviews in five different language domains which involved seven interviewees were carried out. To obtain the data in question, a number of five families and their social networks were taken purposively as research subjects. To ensure data saturation, snowballing technique was also used. A number of important informants such as penglingsir ’adat elderly’, religious and traditional leaders (Guru), penghulu, and mekel or village heads were also involved as data sources. The study found the followings. The most obvious phenomenon is that they use Bahasa Bali in informal language domains by adapting some of its dialectal features. They are also adaptive, accommodative, and assimilable to the Balinese culture and traditions. The accommodation was shown in the implementation of the systems of Subak ‘the Balinese traditional irrigation system’ and Banjar ‘part of a hamlet’. The adaptation was in a number of tradition-related activities: Muludan Base, Muludan Taluh, Penapean, Penyajaan, Penampahan, Ngemanisin, and Ngejot. The assimilation was also seen in the Terms of Address and Terms of Reference used. Through these accommodative and adaptive efforts, they manage to build their social identity with the hope that their existence could be recognized and accepted, and thus they can practice their beliefs and faith, and practice and pass on their culture well

THE DEVELOPMENT OF OGOH-OGOH MAKING WITH KINETIC ART’S TECHNOLOGY IN DENPASAR CITY

Ogoh-Ogoh is a three-dimensional kind of sculpture made at the time of pengrupukan in Bali, which is very closely related to the celebration of the Nyepi day of the Hindus in Bali as the new year, which comes once a year. In welcoming this celebration, there is something called tawur sange or the pecaruan ceremony, which means purifying the earth, carried out the day before the Nyepi celebration. The purpose of this celebration is to neutralize the forces of power of the negative that often interfere with human life, known as Bhuta Kala. It is what in Somia (neutralize) to be a good force (positive) and become the power of God.
 During this celebration, ogoh-ogoh are made that resemble the shape of Bhuta Kala or negative power whose shape is made very scary according to the imagination of the artists/young people who make it. The shape and appearance of the ogoh-ogoh today have progressed very rapidly. The development of making ogoh-ogoh today is very rapid and has experienced a very amazing increase, and it is because young people (yuwana) are developing creativity and innovation in making ogoh - ogoh. The innovation made is by incorporating elements of technology, namely Kinetic Art technology, into the manufacture of ogoh-ogoh, so that the ogoh-ogoh seem alive because they move.
 This research was conducted in Denpasar City with qualitative methods in data collection and has the purpose and benefit of knowing in depth about the development of ogoh-ogoh in the present.
 Keywords : Development, Ogoh - Ogoh, Kinetik Art

MENGENAL PADEWASAN : KEYAKINAN, PILIHAN DAN HARAPAN

Padewasan is one of the teachings that comes from the veda smrti; jyotisha. The question of the existence of padewasan for the life of the Hindu community in Bali can certainly be categorized as two interrelated things. The difficulty in separating the life of the Balinese people from the implementation of Padewasan teachings can be seen from how the specifics of these teachings are used in almost every line of life of the Hindu community in Bali; from birth to death. Balinese people fully believe that every election day should be based on careful calculations. Not just any day can be used to carry out certain activities, such as farming, making weapons, to other religious rituals. From this description, of course, it can be seen how “time” for the Balinese has a very important role; valuable. Thus, the first step to getting to know padwasan for Balinese people's life is not only related to understanding it as a hereditary habit. More than that, padwasan seems to talk about the beliefs, choices and hopes of the Balinese Hindu community in living all lines of life. Sacredness in the selection of good or bad days is interpreted as an expectation of the values ​​of goodness, safety, luck and the success of an activity that is being carried out. The following are some of the process of selecting the good and bad days in terms of the teachings of Padewasan, including: Tenung Mitra Satruning Dina, Tenung Jatu Karma and Tenung Pakeraban.

The Significance of the Caste System of Balinese in the Modern Era: A Discourse of Cultural Communication

Bali is an island and a province with a beautiful culture. Most Balinese are Hinduism. Like in any other country, Balinese Hinduism also adopts the caste system. The caste system in Hinduism means that people are classified based on their social status. Balinese people live in a complex caste system relationship that has continued to exist since the days of the kingdom in Indonesia. This research aims to know the perception of the Balinese local people against the caste system in the modern era. The method used in this research is by interviewing one local Balinese person from each caste who might be related and an expert from each caste, analyzed uy using the perspective of Arjun Appadurai. This research finds that the caste system is no longer a determinant of success in the modern era. However, the caste system still affects the way of communication among the people of Bali, and the imprints can still be found in the daily life of the locals.

Importance of Integrating Local Culture- Based Human Values into Elementary School Curriculum

This study discusses why it is important and how to integrate some human values with the local Balinese Hindu teachings into an elementary school curriculum. The study suggests that when taught properly the values could enable collective awareness in the educational level that may impact the development of the generation quality. This qualitative research was carried out at Sathya Sai Elementary School in Denpasar-Bali, a private school that in addition to adopting some universally essential values also features Balinese Hindu teaching. The data were analyzed after long observation on the teaching learning activities as well as through conducting a FGD (focus group discussion) involving the teachers, headmaster, the foundation, and the representative parents of the students. The study shows that integrating such values could be an effective character education needed by the recent generation.

Sinkretisasi Siwa-Buddha di Pura Yeh Gangga Desa Perean Tengah Kecamatan Baturiti Kabupaten Tabanan

This research was conducted based on the author's interest in harmony in Bali. Harmony between religious communities in the middle of the island of Bali, is not only influenced by national conventions on politics and social, but also because of local wisdom about syncretization in religious aspects. The teachings of Shiva, which dominate and are recognized as the main stream and even animate most Hindus in Bali, do not forget to also accommodate and harmonize themselves in other teachings, one of which is Buddhism. from this, the existence of Buddhism is still growing today. One of the reflections on the unification of the values ​​of Shiva-Buddhist teachings can be found in the Yeh Gangga Temple, Central Perean Village. This research is a descriptive qualitative field research. The primary data sources in this study were the Yeh Gangga Temple and Hindus and Buddhists as the worshipers. Data collection was carried out using the snow ball technique. The results of this study have occurred Syncretization of Shiva-Buddhist Teachings at Yeh Gangga Temple including (1) the history of the unification of Shiva-Buddha, (2) the arrival of Shiva-Buddha in Perean Tengah Village, (3) The Syncretization Process of Shiva-Buddhist Teachings, and (4) Meru Tumpang Pitu as a form of syncretization. The driving factors for syncretization include (1) Religious System Factors, (2) Social Factors. The implications of the syncretization of Shiva-Buddhist teachings at Yeh Gangga Temple include (1) Social implications and (2) Theological implications.

Strategi Pendidikan Agama Hindu Berbasis Sad Dharma

The teachings of Sad Dharma become an important basis that can be used by educators in creating learning strategies that are able to direct students to apply the theories of religious education that they get. The values ​​of Sad Dharma's teachings are also very relevant to be applied at the level of education, both from Kindergarten (TK) and even college. The implementation of the Sad Dharma-based strategy is also part of the preservation of Balinese Hindu culture such as the dharma gita and dharam discourse which are rarely touched by the younger generation. What Sad Dharma are 6 dharma goals that must be carried out by Hindus indirectly through the implementation of Sad Dharma-based Hindu Religious Education strategies, educators are able to deliver their students to achieve these goals. The purpose of this study was to find out about the Sad Dharma-based Hindu education strategy. The research method is qualitative using secondary data sources, data collection techniques in this study use study documentation plus library techniques and when the data has been obtained and compiled in the form of scientific work, the author will perform data analysis. Overall, this sad dharma-based Hindu education strategy can provide maximum results in the quality of student education because its implementation is not only found in theory but also in action in implementing its teachings in line with the concept of learning that is currently being promoted by the government.

The Existence of Imported Fruit in Contemporary Rituals in Pandemic

Purpose: This paper aims to describe the existence of imported fruit used by the Balinese Hindu community as a ritual tool during the pandemic. There is an assumption that imported fruit is more expensive, meaning that everyone who uses these fruits in their offerings (banten) is a person who is at a certain economic level and social status. Although the government recommends using local fruit, because it has an impact on the welfare of local farmers, this does not make people switch to consuming local fruit. Even during the pandemic, this phenomenon can still be seen in various ritual activities, in cities and villages. With the argument that imported fruit is easier to find than local fruit, imported fruit is the people's choice. In addition, many Hindu religious ceremonial activities in Bali from small to large scale require the community to buy fruit in a certain amount and at a certain time. Thus, it can be understood that the high consumption of imported fruit is due to the high demand for fruit and the lifestyle of the people who want to look classy. Methodology: This research was conducted using an ethnographic approach as a variant of the qualitative approach. Data collection is done through observation and interviews with the perpetrators, namely people who carry out ritual activities. Respondents were met randomly at the location of the ceremony. The results of data analysis are presented informally in descriptive – narrative form. Findings: Religious ceremonies in Bali are carried out in contemplative life, manifested by the totality of their people in giving offerings to God. The spiritual totality of the Balinese Hindu community not only has an impact on the preservation of tradition, but also on the economy of the Balinese people. The high demand of imported fruit for offerings, in addition to having an impact on the occurrence of contestation, also provides economic benefits for the Balinese people who work as fruit sellers, both in the market and in supermarkets. Originality/Value: By this research, an understanding of the making of ceremonial facilities is still often found to fulfill desires rather than spiritual needs, namely to show socioeconomic status. One can be shown by the use of ceremonial facilities that look classy.

UNDERSTANDING THE IDEOLOGY OF CULTURAL DUALISM IN THE CAR-SHAPE SHRINE ARCHITECTURE AT PALUANG TEMPLE, NUSA PENIDA, BALI

This study focuses on the ideology of cultural dualism in the VW Beetle and Jeep Jimny as two car-shape shrines at Pura Paluang Nusa Penida, Bali. These two worship altars are to worship Ida Ratu Gede Ngurah Sakti and Hyang Mami or called Shiva-Durga in the pantheon of the gods of Hinduism. The architectural design of the two car-shape shrines are unique and different from most mainstream Balinese Hinduism. This shows the existence of a collective view that has ideological nuances. This qualitative study with descriptive analysis, obtained data through observation, interviews, library research and documentary techniques. The informants were determined using the purposive and snowball technique. All the data were analyzed in order to draw conclusions. The result of the study shows that the dualism of cultural ideology has inspired the development of worship altars in the form of the car-shape shrine. Primarily representing the two poles of culture. East-traditional culture is the most intense-sacred, with the profane on the side of modern-western culture. The mimicry strategy and the hybrid mechanism are very dominant in shaping the ultimate architectural identity. Socially, it legitimizes the dominant political power, identity, belief, orientation of the collective action of the people of Nusa Penida.
 Keywords: ideology of cultural dualism, car-shape shrine, Paluang Temple Nusa Penida Bali

Implementation Of Tree Model In The Development Of E-Mantram Android Application

Hindu Mantram is chants of speech with supernatural powers, which should not be done carelessly. The Balinese Hindu Mantram is a modified form of the Hindu Mantram that adapts to the local wisdom of the Balinese Hindu Community. The problem is that there is no digital education platform regarding the Balinese Hindu Mantram. Based on these problems, a mobile-based information system was built that integrates the Balinese Hindu Mantram and Yadnya Ceremony with its ceremonial procession. This information system applied Model Tree and UAT with PSSUQ Method. This research aimed to develop an application that can be a platform to provide education about the Balinese Hindu Mantram and its relationships. The results obtained from this research were the E-Mantram Android mobile application that implemented the Tree Model and UAT results with a System Usefulness value of 1.94, Information Quality of 2.06, Interface Quality of 2.06, and Overall of 2.01.

Komunikasi Cultural Resource Management Perang Topat Di Pura dan Kemaliq Lingsar

This study aims to conduct a study of the Communication Cultural Resource Management of Topat War at Lingsar Temple Park. This phenomenon is closely related to the public's contribution as a party that plays a role in socio-cultural interaction in an area. Therefore, intercultural communication can be a means used to achieve common goals. There are three problems in this study, namely the form of communication, communication strategies, and the impact of intercultural communication on the implementation of the Topat War Cultural Resource Management in Lingsar.
 This study uses an interpretive qualitative design of a case study model in order to analyze the communicative events that occurred in the practice of the Topat War holistically as well as to attach the meaning contained in these events.
 The results of this study found three findings that became the answer to the formulation of the problem, namely, 1) The form of intercultural communication in the application of the Topat War Cultural Resource Management in Lingsar, namely inter-ethnic communication and sub-cultural communication because it includes Balinese Hindu community groups and Sasak Islam Wetu Telu as well as the local government. 2) The communication strategy is carried out by maintaining coordination and communication and trying to increase awareness of the preservation of cultural heritage. 3) The impact of intercultural communication can increase government and public awareness to maintain and manage the site.