Bald-on Record Research Articles

From Impoliteness to Aggression: Examining Cyberbullying Patterns on Sina Weibo Using the “Discourse-Cognition-Society” Model

This study applies Culpeper’s Impoliteness Strategy and van Dijk’s “Discourse-Cognition-Society” Model to analyze 664 comments from nine cyberbullying incidents on Sina Weibo, examining these within their social contexts. Ten sub-strategies were identified, belonging to two main categories: bald-on record and off-record impoliteness strategies, finding a dominant use of bald-on record strategies. Our analysis underscores that with the use of impoliteness strategies, cyberbullying language mirrors the cognition and ideologies of speakers, such as traditional attitudes towards “good students” and the prejudice against non-mainstream appearances, reflecting the trends in public opinion, influencing societal cognition and dynamics. Extending van Dijk’s framework, our study offers new insights into the complex interplay between online communication, societal realities, and cognitive processes. Furthermore, this study proposes recommendations for managing online communication, conducive to fostering a sound online communication environment.

Bald On-Record Politeness Strategy in Parliamentary Debates of the Parliament of Ghana

Bald On-Record Politeness Strategy in Parliamentary Debates of the Parliament of Ghana

LANGUAGE POLITENESS STRATEGY IN DRAMA "HARUT AND MARUT" BY ALI AHMAD BAKATSIR

Language is the primary communication tool that people always use. In increasingly modern developments, language is often used without considering the politeness established in communication. This is what makes researchers want to research language politeness strategies in drama. This research aims to examine the application of language strategies and politeness in the drama text "Harut and Marut" by Ali Ahmad Bakatsir. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection through the method of reading, taking notes, and then analyzing it. The results of this research reveal various strategies and principles of language politeness applied in the drama Harut and Marut. As for the results of research on language politeness strategies, according to Brown and Levinson in the drama Harut and Marut by Ali Ahmad Bakatsir, there are 12 types of Bald-on record strategies, eight negative politeness strategies, five positive politeness strategies, and 6 Bald-off record strategies. The implications of this research include the importance of language development in society and how to speak well to create an environment that pays attention to effective language politeness. The results of this research provide practical guidance for the community in improving quality and harmonious language communication..

Depicting the politeness strategy of Tower of God’s author

Politeness strategy does not merely connect to reality between several persons but in imagination of one person as well like depicted in webtoons. This research contributes to give insight how to elaborate the politeness strategy expressed by one person, as author, in form of utterances. By using qualitative approach, the data were analyzed descriptively and concluded to get the line of politeness strategy. The results of the analysis in this study will be briefly describing 4 types of politeness strategy found in the conversations between the characters of the Tower of God season 1. Firstly, Bald on-record which consist of giving orders, making requests, giving warnings, and giving statements. Secondly, positive politeness which consist of seeking agreement and avoiding disagreements, making offers, promises, optimism, giving gifts (understanding and cooperation), showing flock loyalty, etc. Thirdly, negative politeness which consist of apologize for coercion, be indirect, pessimistic, minimize imposing, use questions, pay respects. Fourthly, off record which consist of ironic, vague and ambiguous, incomplete. Meanwhile, there are 4 functions found in Tower of God season 1.

Politeness strategies employed by teachers in making requests to eleventh-grade students

This study aims to find the types of politeness strategies used and the implications of using politeness strategies in the teaching and learning process by using the theory of Brown and Levinson (1987). This study used qualitative research with descriptive analysis with eleventh-grade students as the participants. As a result, there were four types of politeness strategies that occurred when the teacher made a request: bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off record. .According to the statistics, the most prevalent politeness method utilised by teachers in making requests was the bald-on-record strategy. A bald-on record technique was employed since the idea presented became clearer and unequivocal, and it did not take long for pupils to understand.. While the least was off record because the utterances with this strategy were considered to be unclear and ambiguous, and not all students could interpret the meaning of the utterance,. This study also found out the implications of using politeness strategies, which were effective communication, cooperative interaction, and less imposition. Besides, the result can be used as evaluation material for teachers and schools in using politeness strategies to persuade the students to fulfil the request. Keywords : Politeness strategies; requesting; teaching learning process

Politeness strategies of Manobo students in a classroom in Kidapawan City, Philippines

Awareness of the students in the pragmatics attached to language is crucial to communication success within classroom settings. Therefore, students might devise strategies to mitigate threats that can affect interlocutors’ engagement in communication. However, cultural and social factors can also influence how people communicate; hence, students from different backgrounds have nuances in the language used. This study is aimed at determining the politeness strategies utilized by Manobo students in their interaction in a classroom in a public school in Kidapawan City, Philippines. Using Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness strategy framework, the findings reveal that the politeness strategies used by Manobo students in the classroom with their Manobo and non-Manobo teachers were positive politeness, negative politeness, bald on-record, and off record. On the other hand, the politeness strategies among Manobo students were positive politeness, negative politeness, and bald-on record. Hence, the Manobo students have different politeness strategies depending on their relationship with the interlocutors in the classroom interaction. Politeness is relevant and essential in education, such as classroom teaching and learning practice. With a deeper understanding of its role in the academe, there could be more significant ways of improving the learning atmosphere.

Impoliteness on Twitter by Malaysians

This study investigates impoliteness on Twitter in the context of Malaysian users. The objectives of the study are to examine the impoliteness strategies and triggers of impoliteness found in tweet replies on tweets on issues related to COVID-19. The data consist of 440 tweet replies on COVID-19, posted from May 2020 to May 2021 which contain elements of impoliteness. The study uses Culpeper’s (2005) impoliteness model and Culpeper’s (2011) framework for examining impoliteness triggers. The study is motivated by the dearth of studies on impoliteness on Twitter focusing on Malaysian users. The findings show that four types of impoliteness strategies are used in the tweet replies: bald-on record impoliteness, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, and sarcasm or mock impoliteness. The most dominant type of impoliteness strategy is positive impoliteness, while bald-on record impoliteness is the least employed impoliteness strategy. Pointed criticism is found to be the most often occurring impoliteness trigger in the study, followed by insult, negative expressive, and challenging or unpalatable question and/or presupposition. The findings suggest culture and the communication platform may play a role in the use of impoliteness strategies and impoliteness triggers in the tweets.
 
 

Sociopragmatic Analysis of Filipino Celebrities’ Posts and Fans’ Comments

The phenomenon of hate speech occurring in one's nation and the relationship between social media celebrities and their audience is very interesting to draw. Social media has changed how people interact, comprehend, and respond to online discourse. This paper looks at the topics posted by celebrities as sources of information through the lens of the dimensions of online persona and hostile fan comments through impoliteness theory and Crystal's theory of language and technology, respectively. The data were collected from the leading social media platforms in the Philippines, namely, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. The study shows that toxic online discourse was pervasive during the entire election period. Most celebrities use the public dimension (41%) and social media fans frequently on graphology (88%), bald-on record (33%), and sarcasm or mock politeness strategy (33%). The study also found two primary trigger mechanisms: the surrounding context of the social media celebrity's post and the social media fans' behavior in their use of language.

An Analysis of Politeness Strategies used by Non-Native Saudi English Speakers in Family Gatherings

In social interaction, people need to be polite and aware of others' self-image, feelings and wants to maintain and build good relationships. For this goal, people use various politeness strategies to save the hearer's face when face-threatening acts are inevitable. This paper aims to examine the types of politeness strategies used by six Saudi family members, three girls and two boys, in their interactions based on Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness strategies (1987) and to find out the most frequent politeness strategies used by them. The data were collected by recording the participants on different occasions in family gatherings and using a qualitative approach. Based on the analysis, there were 33 utterances containing all four types of politeness strategies. The most frequent politeness strategy used was the positive politeness strategy (33.33%) and followed by negative politeness (30.30%), bald-on record (21.21%), and off-record (15.15%). This study could lead to further research on politeness strategy in other conversational settings with regard to the effect of power and gender.

Gender and Politeness of Request Expression on Whatsapp

The research discussed about politeness strategy used by male and female students in requesting on WhatsApp message. The aims of this study were: to find out the types of politeness strategy used by male and female students by using Brown and Levinson (1987) politeness theory, to find out the differences and reason of politeness strategy used by male and female students in requesting on WhatsApp. The descriptive qualitative method were used in this research, and the data were derived from the WhatsApp message script. The findings of the study showed that male students applied 3 politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987): bald-on record (21 sentences), positive politeness (8 sentences), negative politeness (3 sentences). The researcher also found that female students applied 4 politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987): bald-on record strategy (5 sentences), positive politeness (7 sentences), negative politeness (17 sentences), and off record (5 sentences). The significant difference in politeness strategies used by male and female students are that there is no off record strategy used by male students, they apply the bald-on record strategy more often, while female students are more varied in using of politeness strategies and mostly applied the negative politeness. The difference of male and female students politeness strategy in requesting on WhatsApp because each gender has own way in conveying their want. Male students were more direct when requesting to others, while female students were more indirect when requesting to others.

Politeness in the EFL Classroom Interaction: Strategies in Avoiding Face Threatening Act (FTA)

The purpose of this study is to look into how lecturers from Methodist University's Letters Faculty express politeness in their words and actions during the learning process in classroom interaction. Observing lecturers and students of various ethnicities, religions, and cultures, one must be understanding and well-managed in order to avoid the face threatening act and retain the diversity among them. The study was conducted at the Letters Faculty's classes at The Methodist University of Indonesia. The researchers took a qualitative approach to the study, monitoring lecturers’ activities with students in classroom interaction and recording their communication during the process of learning. The lecturers used the three types of politeness strategies to respond to the context of avoiding conflict and maintaining harmony, as evidenced by the results. Bald On-record politeness strategy, positive politeness strategy, and negative politeness strategy are the three types of the strategies. The bald on record strategy is the most commonly employed of the three types of politeness strategies used by the lecturers. It's because the lecturers are having more power in the class. Lecturers have right to ask students without asking the students first. Surprisingly, lecturers are not shy to say sorry and thank you even they have more power in the class. In short, lecturers try to avoid the face threatening acts by this way of communication. Unluckly, the result of the study also presents the act of some lecturers who were sitting in student’s table during the learning process. Thus, it creates discomfort for students.

AN ANALYSIS OF POLITENESS PRINCIPLES IN THE SMALLFOOT MOVIE

This research is a descriptive study on the use of politeness principle in the Smallfoot movie. The researcher employed descriptive qualitative method by collecting the utterances of the movie. This research aimed to identify the types of politeness principles used by the main character in the Smallfoot movie . This research analyze the politeness principles by using Brown and Levinson (1978) politeness theory. The result show that Smallfoot movie consists four types of politeness principles. They are 7 bald-on record, 8 positive politeness, 4 negative politeness and 2 off-record. In the types of politeness principles used by the main character consist 70 utterances they are 34 (48,5%) utterances of bald-on record, 25 (35,7%) utterances of positive politeness, 8 (11,5%) utterances of negative politeness and 3 (4,3%) utterances of off-record. Based on the result of this study, the researcher expects this study gives contributions to the researcher herself and the readers and for further researcher who interseted in analyzing movie

STUDENTS’ POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN ONLINE LEARNING CLASSROOM

In recent years, online learning platforms have grown rapidly and become one of the most common choices in the world. This study aims to reveal the politeness strategies chosen by students in the international online classroom with multicultural students in different countries. The interaction mostly happens on teacher-student discussion, peer-to-student feedback, and individual and class discussions in which the communication is based on writing format. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method and uses the theory of politeness from Brown and Levinson. The research results revealed that the most widely used strategies were positive politeness strategies (49%), negative politeness strategies (35%), off record strategies (8%), and bald-on record strategies (8%). The major factors that influence the use of these strategies are training and learning contracts that begin before class.

Stylistic Analysis on Selected Literary works of Alicia Tan-Gonzales

This study looked into the stylistic analysis of the selected literary works of Alicia Tan-Gonzales. Specifically, this study analyzed three of her Hiligaynon literary works using frameworks for stylistic analysis. Using descriptive research design, this study examined phonetic structures and figures of replacement in the poem, Sentensya (Sentence); semantic structures and stylistic deviations in the short story, Mga Luha Para Kay Tatay Jose (Tears for Papa Jose); and turn-taking patterns and topic control that determined power and politeness strategies in the play, Pinustahan Nga Gugma (Betting Love). The stylistic analysis of the poem reveals that (1) for phonetic structures, the rhythmical description and effect of the syllables depended on the divisions of the word structure and grammatical structure; (2) for metrical structures in the poem, unstressed syllables were predominantly used rather than stressed syllables; and (3) for figures of replacement, the significant use of metonymy gave the poem an exaggerated impact. The stylistic analysis of the short story shows that (1) semantic structures based on emotive meaning disclosed the inner mind of the characters; (2) expressive meanings exposed the negative emotional state of the characters; (3) evaluative meanings depicted the characteristics and choices of a strong family woman in society; and (4) as to the reduction on sentence constructions, nominative sentences and ellipsis were evident in the short story, while simple repetition was present, indicating redundancy of sentence construction. The stylistic analysis of the play indicates that (1) the characterizations of different strong women made intuitive descriptions of power based on turn-taking patterns and topic control, although they may not be true in all circumstances in the conversations; and (2) politeness strategies were evident in the play, with positive politeness strategies as the most frequently used, followed by bald on-record, negative politeness, and off-record. Based on the overall results of the study, an instructional module in teaching Stylistics was designed to help students understand the literary style of Alicia Tan-Gonzales in fashioning her selected literary pieces, as well as styles of other literary writers.

An Analysis of Politeness Strategies Used in Yes Day (2021) Movie

This research aimed to find out the politeness strategies used in Yes Day (2021) movie. The research used descriptive qualitative method. The source of data was the Yes Day movie that focused on the script of movie. The data were all of the requesting utterances that uttered by all of the characters of Yes Day movie. The data were analysed using Brown and Levinson (1987) politeness theory. The researcher found four types of politeness strategies; they are bald on-record, positive politeness, negative politeness, off record strategy, and no don’t do the FTA. The result of the research showed that bald on-record was the most appeared strategy in Yes Day movie. Meanwhile, off record strategy was the least used strategy in Yes Day movie.

Politeness Strategies Analysis in "Two Distant Strangers"

The effort to satisfy someone else’s face wants is referred to as a politeness strategy in linguistics. These strategies are used in everyday communication. Aside from using politeness strategies in daily life dialogues, politeness strategies can also be seen in films. The object of this study is the script of a short film on Netflix entitled Two Distant Strangers. There are three key characters which are Carter, Merk, and Perri. This research aims to discover the types of politeness strategies utilized by the characters in Two Distant Strangers and the sociological factors that influence the usage of politeness strategies in the short film. This research employs the pragmatic approach and qualitative methodology. From the analysis, the researchers found that all characters in Two Distant Strangers implemented four types of politeness strategies. The researchers also discovered that the characters’ utterances demonstrated a relationship between politeness strategies and related sociological factors. Bald on-record is the most frequently used strategy because Merk, the character who acts as a police officer, believes he is more powerful than the other characters. The sociological factor of high to low power plays a part in why Merk is not hesitant to ignore other characters’ faces and command them as he likes.

Face Threatening Acts of the Main Character in “The Half of it” Movie

This study analyzed face threatening acts (FTAs) used by the main character in the movie titled The Half of It, focusing on (i) the types of the FTAs and (ii) how the FTAs are used by the main character. The data came from all utterances (words, phrases, clauses, sentences) produced by the main character. A pragmatic theory of FTAs from Brown and Levinson was applied to analyze the data qualitatively. Four types of FTAs are found in this study. The first type is “threatening the hearer’s negative face”, which was embedded in specific acts used by the main character, namely Suggestion, Threat, Reminding, Order, Warning, and Compliment. The second type is, “threatening the speaker’s negative face”, which is followed by such acts as Response to the hearer’s faux pas, Excuses, and Acceptance of offers. The third type is, “threatening the hearer’s positive face” with the acts of Criticism, Insults, Disagreement, Ridicule, Reprimand, Disapproval, Irreverence, Complaints, and Accusations. The last type of the FTAs is “threatening the speaker’s positive face” by using Confession, Emotion leakage, Physical control over the body, Apology, and Acting stupid. Finally, the FTAs enacted in the utterances of the main character are minimized by means of applying the politeness strategies. It has been discovered that the main character used the four types of politeness strategy that were positive politeness, negative politeness, bald on-record, and off-record strategy.

Teachers’ Linguistic Politeness in Classroom Interaction: A Pragmatic Analysis

This study aimed to uncover the different structures of linguistic politeness used in the utterances of the teachers in classroom interaction. More specifically, the analysis made use of House and Kasper’s (1981) Politeness Linguistic Expressions, Brown and Levinson’s (1987) Politeness Strategies, and Leech’s (1983) Politeness Maxims. Using observation and interview, several structures of linguistic politeness were unearthed. Firstly, the politeness linguistic expressions involved politeness markers, consultative devices, downtoners, committers, forewarning, hesitators, and agent avoider. Secondly, the politeness strategies involved positive politeness, negative politeness, off-record strategy, and bald-on record strategy. Lastly, the politeness maxims involved tact, approbation, modesty, and agreement maxim. Politeness is a non-value-laden linguistic phenomenon where it does not always mean what people in the here-and-now take it to mean, but there can always be a conventional ways of expressing so in a particular social interaction. The structures of linguistic politenesss do not always lead to conflict-avoidance, but they only contribute to the success of the effect of the expressions used. Hence, whatever may seem to have been considered as conventionally conventionalized or non-conventionalized politeness in a context, several factors must need to be considered for an expression to be a form of politeness strategy that performs supportive facework.

Pragmatic Approach: A Study of Politeness Strategies in Pakistani Morning Shows

The purpose of this study was to explore the use of different politeness strategies in Pakistani Morning shows and to find out the highly frequently used politeness strategies. It further explored the factors affecting the use of different politeness strategies. The data was collected from two Pakistani morning shows “The Morning Show” and “Ek Nayee Subah with Farah”. Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness strategies were explored in the utterances of speakers. The frequency of using these strategies was counted and the factors influencing the speakers to choose these strategies were analysed. The findings revealed that the hosts and guests employed all of the fifteen sub-strategies of positive politeness frequently to maintain close relationship. However, the hosts, as the higher level power participants, also apply bald-on strategy to be authoritative with their assistants and the audience. Negative politeness and its ten sub-strategies were less frequently used by the speakers. Different power ranks also affected the choice of politeness strategies because participants having high power used bald-on record strategy but same power ranks showed the application of negative and positive politeness.

Politeness Strategies of the Main Characters of Pride and Prejudice Movie

In conversations, people tend to speak politely to keep their interlocutors’ feelings so the conversation can be maintained in harmony. They follow several rules and principles that already exist in society. They apply politeness strategies so that the communication can run effectively. This study aims to discover the politeness strategies performed by the main characters of Pride and Prejudice movie and explain the pattern of different types of strategies used in the movie. The data were taken from the movie’s transcript as the primary source. A descriptive qualitative method was used to analyze politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson. Based on the analysis, the politeness strategies were used by the main characters of Pride and Prejudice movie. The types of politeness strategies employed are bald-on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record strategy. The most frequent strategy was positive politeness which occurred 98 times from 149 data. The patterns of politeness strategies applied are in declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences. All types of sentences contain bald-on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record strategies. By using politeness strategies, people appreciate their interlocutors so that the conversation will be well-maintained. Besides, this study contributes to English language teaching in comprehending cross-cultural understanding (CCU) through the movie, especially in western culture.