Bald Head Research Articles

Uacaries, new world monkeys of the genus Cacajao(Cebidae, Platyrrhini): A preliminary taxonomic review with the description of a new subspecies.

The two known species of uacaries, inhabitants of the upper Amazonian region, are the black head Cacajao melanocephalus with subspecies C. m. melanocephalus Humboldt and C. m. ouakary Spix, and the larger bald head uacari C. calvus with subspecies C. c. ucayalii Thomas, C. c. rubicundus I. Geoffroy and Deville, C. c. calvus I. Geoffroy, and C. c. novaesi described as new. The diagnostic generic characters described are the external, cranial, dental, some postcranial, and cytogenetic. The species are described and compared and their geographic distribution plotted with those of their subspecies delimited. Sexual differences are outlined. Apart from size-related characters, the species and subspecies are distinguished by pelage pattern of head and coloration in general. It is shown that both species could have diverged from a hairy-headed melanistic ancestral form. Pelage divergence in the descendants was expressed by the more pilose head of C. melanocephalus, and less pilose of C. calvus. Coloration differentiation was geographic and followed metachromic lines with mutation from eumelanism to partial pheomelanism (reddish or golden) in C. melanocephalus and to virtually complete pheomelanism in C. calvus. The subspecies of each species are distinguished by color patterns resulting from selective bleaching or dilution of the pheomelanin fields. The most saturate pheomelanic subspecies of C. calvus is C. c. ucayalii and the most dilute is the albinotic C. c. calvus. Correlation between coloration and environment is not evident. A gazetteer identifies all locality records plotted by numbers on the geographic distribution maps.

A Physical Description of Paul

When Paul is placed in his Greek context, it is generally his thought, vocabulary, and literary style that receive attention. This is to a degree at least also true when attention is given to the early church's interpretation of his letters. Greek influence can also be perceived in early Christian reflections on the physical appearance of Paul. Less well known to most students of early Christianity than the literary evidence are the artistic representations of Paul, but the curious literary portrait of Paul in theActs of Paul and Thecla, which in some respects agrees with early Christian paintings, is well known. There, Onesiphorus sees Paul as “a man small of stature, with a bald head and crooked legs, in a good state of body, with eyebrows meeting and nose somewhat hooked, full of friendliness; for now he appeared like a man, and now he had the face of an angel.”

Alfred H. Isham: A Gilded Age Entrepreneur In San Diego County

In 1892, Alfred Huntington Isham, a San Diego businessman, began to market Isham's California Waters of Life.1 He guaranteed the miraculous spring waters to grow hair on bald heads and cure a variety of terrible ailments. Isham's product represented but one of thousands of fraudulent patent medicines on the market that claimed to work impossible cures. In promoting their worthless products, patent medicine vendors typified the lack of ethics or concern for the consumer, common among a large segment of the business community during the late nineteenth century.

New Words for Old

New Words for Old Lu I. Johnson We like things as they are, the hotel business, our errands. At the footbridge, my brother scans for possible customers. Mannie turns left, into the music. Know we'll pass the new shop again. From the fresh sign I find two new words for Papa at supper. Before supper, Papa first goes off with Mannie and teaches him something on the guitar. At the table he tells us about the hotel guests and his business with them. He asks me for new words in English and tells me words the elders used to use, that you'd never just hear. I pick up a fine scrap of drawing paper to give Mannie. He draws on all the paper I find, but he only picks wild fruit for his sack. We pass a man weeping on a stoop. Through the window of the new shop we see the manager. Tight pink dress. Face light as Mama's lighter than mine. Into the long glass counter she puts a glass dog, silver goods, tiny electric lamp, colored music boxes. The last box, orange with black Chinese writing, she sets on the counter, winds it and presses the lever. The music makes me jump. Mannie is surprised, too. He steps to the open door. "Hey you kids, stop your staring there." Kids? We're thirteen, in business, run everyone's errands in the whole hotel. "Here's your hand prints on my window, nose prints. Hick prints. You want me to call the police?" The words: hick. From the sign: rewindable. A woman stops Mannie. "Do you speak English?" He turns to me. I say that I speak most words and read a lot. She gets her instructions on paper and gives us a note. "Take note to heavy man with beard and bald head near beach café. Green swimming trunks. Bring back written answer to me at bench across street." While the bald man writes an answer, we catch sight of the new hotel guest. Papa lets us know if anyone's new. It's a writer staying over at the hotel. I think he must have a book full of lines that aren't yet finished out to the end of the page. Maybe I could get a close look. 56ROCKY MOUNTAIN REVIEW Madeline on the street says she will explain the new words to me later. She's home from boarding school, saving for college. Mannie opens his whole face wide to gape into the new shop. He wants to show them real true staring. "Don't, Mannie, they might have errands some time." "Ame Ne, if we buy one music box, can we hear them all first?" "No, go by real slow and we'll hear them for free." We are all saving except usually Mannie. Papa catches fish for hotel guests who didn't catch any. Then he goes in and cuts hair for them. At night he plays the lounge. Nobody could be more in the hotel business than our family. Papa talks about his dreams. "I have shops for selling fish, cutting hair, for music, all on the street." Mama says, "He takes time away from fishing to walk to your grandparents Sunday. Now we'll go every other week, take turns." Madeline told me the grandparents didn't like Mama. Papa says, "Ame Ne can go to night school, then with her reading and writing be a big help in the hotel business." I tell Mannie to go now. He comes back and dumps the money in a big pile next to Papa. "We're in business too. Take this money for the first shop." Papa can see that we really are in business for ourselves, but he doesn't want to take the money. He tells Mannie if he wants his own guitar, he will soon give him the money. Mama says, "He must play well on your guitar first." At night, I get back the memories from that day under the sounding tree. The leaves specially give them back. The weeping man, the orange box with the music. From the doorway I keep track of the...

The Description of Paul in the Acts of Paul and Thecla

In Acts of Paul and Thecla (3, p. 237, 6-9 Lipsius) there is description of Paul that seems to have no parallel in early Christian literature. Literally translated, it runs thus: a man small in size, with bald head and crooked legs; in good health; with eyebrows that met and rather prominent nose; full of grace, for sometimes he looked like man and sometimes he had face of an angel. The words from 'full to angel need not concern us. They are borrowed from book of Acts, where they describe martyr Stephen (Acts 6:8, 15). As for rest, scholars used to suppose that vestiges of oral tradition persisted and gave reliable pictures, at least in part, of what Paul really looked like. W. Michaelis, cited in Hennecke-Schneemelcher-Wilson, offers variant: the typical portrait of Jew, admittedly adapted to eminence of Apostle.' We shall show that it has nothing to do with either apostle or Jew, much with poetical and rhetorical ideas of way leaders ought to look. First we should indicate, following B. Pick, how description managed to live on or, at any rate, to be received in later Times. Malalas used it in sixth century, author of Philopatris ascribed to Lucian, in tenth, and historian Nicephorus Callistus, in fourteenth.2 It is thus not possible to say that the AP through their reception by Manichees fell completely into disrepute in Church.3 As for description itself, we should expect, following guidance of Elizabeth Evans, to find it based on physiognomic considerations.4 This foundation, it appears, does not lie in physiognomic manual of kind edited by R. Foerster in his Scriptores physiognomonici (Leipzig 1893), even in Sylloge locorum physiognomonicorum in second volume. Instead, it lies in fairly popular passage from poet Archilochus (frag. 58 Bergk4), quoted by several second-century writers and paraphrased in third from one in second.'

The Mugwump Reputation, 1870 to the Present

In her memoir, Education by Uncles, Abigail Adams Homans recalled with wry wit the burden of being niece to Henry Adams, Brooks Adams, and Charles Francis Adams all at the same time. These grandsons of John Quincy Adams were the generation of Adamses for whom service to their country became an unsolved problem. The Gilded Age was very hard on them. In keeping with family tradition, they left a massive record of their confrontation with the United States-letters, diaries, essays, histories, and autobiographies. Yet no passage in their writings quite captures their taut relation to the American environment vividly Mrs. Homans's recollection of her Uncle Charles's daily nude swims off the Scituate rocks south of Quincy, Massachusetts . I can still see him, she wrote, as he used to stand on a cold September morning gazing out at a gray sea while pensively rubbing his bald head and happily murmuring, 'My God, how dreary!' '1' The solitary figure of Charles Francis Adams, mugwump-stout, naked, chilled, and grimly exhilarated by the leaden bleakness around him-is a fitting image with which to begin a fresh look at his generation of reformers and their place in history. The Adamses had grown accustomed to hostile surroundings and had fashioned an austere family style out of their response. In an earlier, more deferential era, the style had been useful in governing the terms on which an Adams could mix service to a majority with personal self-respect. That era was over now. In the post-Civil War years the Adams style no longer interested the American majority. But the Adamses were reluctant to end their public connection. They kept trying to assert themselves in ways that brought both the satisfactions of self-respect and those of national influence. And this effort grouped them constantly with other gentlemen who also found the outlook dreary and who also liked to stand alone.

Acupuncture for Baldness

To the Editor.— I would like to share with my colleagues an important observation made after reading Treatment of Baldness With Acupunture (Am J Acupuncture1:23-26, 1973). I was convinced by author Ryszard Kobos, MD, of Warsaw, Poland, that acupuncture is the only hope for bald men who whistle in futility at young girls. I did a lot of thinking about the whole problem, especially about my wife's attitude toward me. How many times has she stuck pins into my bald head supposedly mistaking it for a pincushion and how many times have I thought it to be her way of working out her hidden hostilities? Suddenly I realized that she was trying to help me, in true Freudian style. Subconsciously, she always knew that the only hope of a cure for my baldness was the acupuncture needle. She was giving me the message. This deep scientific observation proves that

Skotakollr

A by-name skotakollr is found in Hungrvaka and a few other places in Old Norse literature. It has apparently been dífficult to explain; the translations Scothead, Coll o'Scots and Scot-Coll have been offered, and it has been suggested that the by-name meant ruffian (Finnur Jónsson and Joh. Steenstrup) or »Schottenkopf« (B. Kahle). In the present paper -kollr is explained as 'bald head' or specifically 'tonsure', and when it is remembered that the word skotar may be used both about the Scots andche Irish, skotakollr would seem to mean 'celtic tonsure'. Anyone in the Norse-Celtic world who was familiar with this tonsure could have used the by-name skotakollr to denote a man's special hair-style or lack of hair.

WHEN IS A BABY?

How precise, how meaningful are medicine's definitions? A baby, Eugene Field once announced, "... is composed of a bald head and a pair of lungs." Although this definition may suffice for literature, science demands more precision. And our previous definitions, Sinclair¹claims, no longer are adequate, if indeed they ever were. The minimal and maximal criteria which bracket those youngsters we call "babies" are too widely separated. If we define a newborn infant as one weighing between 1,500 and 4,500 gm, for example, we have established a range almost equivalent to that separating the child and the adult. "It would seem as inappropriate [Sinclair suggests] for the small and large neonate to be included together in experimental studies under the label 'baby,' as for the baby, child, and adolescent to be grouped with the adult under the heading 'people.' " This kind of grouping may occasionally result in administration of inappropriate

A New Species of Glenanthe Haliday (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the North American Interior

One of the most unusual results of intensive collecting in southern Manitoba in. 1958 was the discovery of this striking representative of a dominantly coastal genus of Ephydridae. It ivas collected at several times but in only the one locality, the Bald Head Hills, a region of active sand dunes in the largely stabilized, spruce-covered area representing the shores of the Pleistocene Lake Agassiz. The species is strikingly different from other species of the genus in its thoracic and wing pattern, hut in structural characters it is fairly typical.

Role of heredity in etiology and treatment of strabismus.

ALTHOUGH it may seem a far-fetched endeavor to use the ponderous tool of genetics in the interpretation of everyday problems in strabismus, the hereditary approach, nevertheless, yields many clues in the etiology and management of strabismus. The aim of the present study was to analyze the multiple factors in the pathogenesis and etiology of strabismus and their transmissions. Genetics was used only as a tool for this purpose. Special attention was devoted to similar types of squint in the same family, with the hope that they may show similar patterns of response to surgical and orthoptic treatment. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Although it has been observed since the time of Hippocrates that, among other physiognomic traits, strabismus may be transmitted from parent to offspring, there have been relatively few studies analyzing the hereditary factors. Hippocrates 1 stated: If then children with bald heads are born to parents with bald heads; and

Birds in Aeschylus

§ I. AuguryThe legend that Aeschylus met his death when a bird of prey, possibly a lammergeyer, dropped a tortoise upon his bald head is apocryphal, but is at least as old as Sotades. It suggests that he was assoiciated with augry in popular belief. This view is supported by another statement in the Aìσχλoν βìоς, as well as by references in the extant plays and fragments.According to the former the poet, while in Sicily, produced a play entitled αì Aìτναi or αi to mark the occasion of the foundation of Aìτνη by Hiero—oiωνi∊óμ∊νoς βìoν ἐγαθòν τoiς σu;νoiκí∊oνσi τὴν Πóλiν. It is very probable that oiωνi∊óμ∊νoς is employed here in a loose, non-technical sense, but it is also possible that the play included a description of the omens which were observed at the spot where the city was founded.

The Classical Technique: Virgil, Dante, and Pope

MR. GEOFFREY TILLOTSON, in his book on Pope, after quoting the description of Timon's Villa that ends swallows roost in Nilus' dusty urn, remarks: Pope's sense of beauty was practical than that of Wordsworth. Not that Wordsworth's was impractical-a sunrise could certainly minister a mind diseased or a mind unclean. But there are few whom life allows the opportunities for such a catharsis: There is chance of the day's salvation if the cleansing comes from a stone urn in a garden .... .2 To this passage in one of the copies of the book in our University Library a marginalist has added the following pencilled comment: Screaming absurdity-who in h[sic] can't look at a sunrise? and much painlessly than at a stone urn-ye Gods! I beg differ. Through no real wish of my own, I have spent a great deal of my life looking at sunrises, and also at what Pope would indubitably have called urns and I, in moments of exasperation, called more dpots, and I have found the former occupation very much painful than the latter. I have seen the sun rise in the Sahara and in Northern Ontario, in the Alps over what Coleridge so surprisingly calls thy bald awful head, O sovran Blanc, and Where burning Sappho loved and sung, and I can recall only two that made me forget my bed, my beard, and my breakfast:-once on entering New York harbour, and once on approaching Constantinople from Prinkipo. Sunsets are far superior, especially when seen after a long day's work from the vantage point of an easy chair and through the refracting medium of a glass. Our Toronto scholiast must belong either that very rare body of supermen that actually enjoys early rising, or probably that far extensive group of readers and critics, that holds that there must be a complete separation between true poetry and ordinary common sense, between Sense and Sensibility. Ultimately, this is the romantic position in the conflict between the classic and the romantic, a conflict far older than Madame de Stael. We might, indeed, argue that such a conflict is a mere quibble, that much of Homer is as romantic as Keats and much of Wordsworth as classic as Pope, but there is a fundamental difference in aim. The romantic poet seeks to extend the bounds of his reader's experience,3 communicate him some rare adventure, emotion, or sensation of his own. The average person, desirous of escaping from his own humdrum existence, enjoys this vicarious catharsis, which he would

Exhibitions in New York

IF THE “theme exhibition” based on the representational content of works of art did not occasionally, through some fortunate surface association, bring into public view a picture which might not otherwise be seen there would be no alternative to a universal condemnation of the approach. “The Bald Head in Sculpture,” “The Geranium in Modern Landscape” has a commercial value in its attendance-appeal. It offers something for every taste, lumped under a specious unification which is misleading, since it has no relationship to the fundamentals of plastic expression.

The Importance of Scientific Method in Advertising

FEW WORDS in the English language have drifted farther from their academic moorings than the word science. So indiscriminate has been its application to denote some indefinite and indefinable quality, some idea of super-excellence, some concept of exact fitness for a purpose, or some mysterious but beneficent gift to the world, that one may well paraphrase the old saying about liberty-Oh, Science, what crimes are committed in thy name ! It is greatly to be regretted that in committing such crimes, the advertising profession has not been entirely guiltless. One is constantly reading in advertising about cigarette companies which have developed scientific methods of toasting cigarettes, tooth pastes which preserve the teeth scientifically, scientific preparations which will make hair grow on bald heads. Yet those who have tried these socalled scientific products know from their own experiences that many of them are neither scientific nor effective. In short, the word by its continued and injudicious use has been perverted from its real meaning into a convenient selling term. It would.almost seem as though any product which has nothing better to recommend it, may use the word science on its label and thus secure an enviable popularity. To those, however, who are devoting their time to the disinterested study of modern problems, the word science has a meaning far more exacting and at the same time far more definite. No criticism is quite so devastating in the academic field as the one that a writer is unscientific. Let us recall just what means to the scientist. According to Sir Arthur Thompson, .the great English biologist, Science is verifiable, communicable, impersonal, unemotional knowledge. It implies an intellectual attitude or mood, and a certain method of attack. The chief requisite for the proper mood for scientific work is an unbiased point of view-an absolute disinterestedness in the generalizations which are to be evolved from the facts-an attitude of detachment from the problem itself. This together with a thorough-going intellectual honesty, and a background broad enough to allow the investigator to comprehend all the implications and interrelations involved in the problem, comprise the essential attitude for the scientific worker. It might be well to stop here to point out the difficulty of securing this type of scientific attitude in most business organizations. The very life of such organizations depends upon profits. Research men are often employed in advertising not so much to find facts and principles as to secure a sales argument which will convert a successful manufacturer into a remunerative client. The frequent requirement that research men must produce revenue for their firms is almost bound to prejudice their results. There is an axe to be ground, and too often the advertising executive understands so little about scientific method that he uses pressure to secure results which will be profitable regardless of their scientific accuracy. The fact that so-called research is often conducted primarily for the purpose of rationalizing a sales campaign is one of the great obstacles in the way of developing real scientific work in advertising. Some years ago an effort was made to find what pub-

Ability Grouping of Junior High-School Pupils in Cleveland: Some Practical Aspects of the Problem

Recently, in Lincoln, Nebraska, pupils in the same class, at the same time, and under exactly the same conditions, read the same story, and attempted to answer the same questions about the story. The first pupil, eight years old, read 404 words per minute and answered 15 questions correctly; the second pupil, nine years old, read only 74 words per minute and answered only one question correctly. The other pupils in the class ranged in performance between the two extremes. This example of varia tion in performance is not an exception. Such is the rule in classes not grouped according to ability. Spread in performance is, without doubt, matched by spread in native ability. We have discovered in the same classroom the feeble-minded child and the brilliant, even sometimes, the preco cious child, but the great mass of pupils fall between these ex treme types. Of this everyday crowd Francis Hackett says : It is the crowd that wears the Cluett-Peabody collars, that reads the Ladies' Home Journal and the Saturday Evening Post. It is the crowd for whom the nickel was especially coined?the nickel that pays the car fare, that fits the telephone slot?that made Woolworth a million aire. In that crowd are men and women of every sect and color from the pink of the factory superintendent's bald head to the ebony of the discreetly dressed negro laundress. The general tone is simple, common sense, ordinary, practical America as we meet her most commonly.