Balanced Time Perspective Research Articles

Modeling the Effect of Psycho-Socio-Economic Consequences of COVID-19 on Life Satisfaction: The Role of Deviation from a Balanced Time Perspective

Abstract This paper aims to study the role of deviation from a balanced time perspective in the broader context of COVID-19-related variables. We examined a structural model that depicted how the difficulty with adhering to COVID-19 restrictions and their psycho-socio-economic consequences were related to life satisfaction in a sample of 1,423 participants. The results suggest that the difficulty with adhering to the anti-pandemic measures was associated with increased loneliness, decreased contentment with the authorities’ management of the pandemic situation and a worsened personal economic situation. These factors were related to higher levels of COVID-19-related stress and anxiety and lower levels of life satisfaction. Importantly, deviation from the balanced time perspective was one of the strongest predictors of overall life satisfaction within the model.

Embodying Consciousness through Interoception and a Balanced Time Perspective.

This review presents current research and scientific knowledge in body mind sciences through the lens of interoception, as a representative of the body; and time perspective, as the representative of the mind. This intertwining dichotomy has been a subject of discourse in many fields, all having the common denominator of consciousness. Our aim is to expand on the congruities of these seemingly deconstructed worlds-of science and philosophy, of the body and the mind, to show that the place of consciousness lies in the zone between these two. Being aware of the body in the present moment. We introduce interoception and time perspective, focusing on how interoceptive signals are depicted in autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation, and how this relates to the concept of a balanced time perspective (BTP), a highly adaptive psychological characteristic. Time perspective and interoception are also reviewed in the case of clinical conditions. We assess findings on interoceptive pathways in the body, finding convergence with balanced time perspective through the neuroanatomical lens. We conclude with findings that both dysregulated interoceptive states and a time perspective disbalance are recognized as defining features of mental disorders, proposing prospective practical therapeutic approaches, as well as implications for further research in the field.

Time perspective and self-stigma in schizophrenia

Background Time perspective (TP) offers a new understanding of human personality, postulating that there are individual differences in how our mind assigns our experiences to different time categories. This concept may shed new light on the role of personality traits in shaping vulnerability to the internalized stigma. Aim In this paper we propose a novel approach to clarifying the underpinning of self-stigma by empirically exploring its links with TP. Method We conducted a cross-sectional study among 86 patients with ICD-10 diagnoses of paranoid schizophrenia to validate the predictive role of TP for self-stigma. We used the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness scale (ISMI) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Results We found significant positive correlations of self-stigma with Past-Negative, Future-Negative and Present-Fatalistic TP categories and negative correlation with the Future-Positive category. The hierarchical regression analyses revealed that two TP categories and Deviation from the Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP) are significant predictors of self-stigma over and above sociodemographic and clinical control variables. Conclusion. The results of the study confirm the hypothesis that TP opens new possibilities to understand proneness or resistance to self-stigmatization, and this may provide a basis for novel approaches to anti-self-stigma interventions.

The Relationship Between Co-Rumination on Social Media and Internalized Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Moderating Role of Balanced Time Perspective

Faced with the COVID-19 pandemic, countries have implemented stringent preventative measures. Individuals impacted by quarantine policies have become more reliant on cell phones to interact with others. It is still uncertain whether recurrent internet talks of one's struggle aggravate anxiety and despair in individuals. This study investigated the effects of social media-based co-rumination on mental health. In this study, 352 Chinese participants were recruited online, took the online test, and returned 309 valid surveys. There were 127 men and 182 women among them. The researchers looked into the relationship between respondents' co-rumination, balanced time perspective, anxiety, and depression. The study discovered that persons under quarantine had higher levels of co-rumination, but this did not result in more acute anxiety or despair. The unbalanced time perspective negatively moderated the association between the two variables, but the balanced time perspective had no moderating impact. The cognitive style of co-rumination predicted psychological disorders negatively.

A Time to Get Vaccinated? The Role of Time Perspective, Consideration of Future Consequences, Conspiracy Beliefs, Religious Faith, Gender, and Race on Intention to Vaccinate for COVID-19 in the United States.

The present study examined the predictability of Time Perspective (TP) tendencies (i.e., Past Positive, Past Negative, Present Hedonistic, Present Fatalistic, and Future), the Balanced Time Perspective (BTP) profile, the Consideration of Future Consequences-Immediate (CFC-I) factor, the Consideration of Future Consequences-Future (CFC-F) factor, conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 being a hoax, religious faith, gender, and race on COVID-19 vaccination intention as a dependent variable. Participants were recruited in the United States through the online platforms Prolific and Google Forms. The final sample was n = 232 (n = 99 male, n = 129 female, and n = 2 other, Mage = 31). Outcome measures included sociodemographic questions, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-short version, the Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) ultra-short scale, the COVID-19 Conspiracy Beliefs questionnaire, and the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire-brief version. Regression analyses revealed that vaccination intention was reduced by gender identification as woman, identification as multiracial or from mixed origin, Past Positive, Deviation from a BTP profile, belief in COVID-19 as hoax, and religious faith. Conversely, intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 was increased by Past Negative, CFC-I, and CFC-F. These findings could be beneficial for knowledge transfer to behavioral interventions aimed to promote vaccination against COVID-19, health promotion campaigns, and the public health field.

Time perspective affects daily time use and daily functioning in individuals with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Results from the multicentric DiAPAson study

Time perspective (TP) influences various aspects of human life. We aimed to explore the associations between TP, daily time use, and levels of functioning among 620 patients (313 residential patients and 307 outpatients) with a diagnosis of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSD) recruited from 37 different centres in Italy. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Specific Levels of Functioning (SLOF) were used to assess psychiatric symptoms severity and levels of functioning. Daily time use was assessed using an ad hoc paper and pencil Time Use Survey. The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) was used to assess TP. Deviation from Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP-r) was used as an indicator of temporal imbalance. Results showed that the amount of time spent on non-productive activities (NPA) was positively predicted by DBTP-r (Exp(β): 1.36; p .003), and negatively predicted by the Past-Positive (Exp(β): 0.80; p .022), Present-Hedonistic (Exp(β): 0.77; p .008), and Future (Exp(β): 0.78; p .012) subscales. DBTP-r significantly negatively predicted SLOF outcomes (p .002), and daily time use, in particular the amount of time spent in NPA and Productive Activities (PA), mediated their association. Results suggested that rehabilitative programs for individuals with SSD should consider fostering a balanced time perspective to reduce inactivity, increase physical activity, and promote healthy daily functioning and autonomy.

Working in Argan cooperatives is associated with the time perspectives of Amazigh women in the Moroccan region of Souss-Massa

Only a few studies have examined time perspectives (TPs) in the domain of the workplace. The current study investigated how TP’s differ between working and non-working Amazigh women in Argan cooperatives in Morocco. We hypothesized that the occupational status of working women will be associated with their TPs in a favorable way. The self-report questionnaire was administered orally (N = 100) with a Tachelhit language version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). We observed higher Future, higher Past-Positive, lower Fatalistic-Present and lower Deviation from a Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP) in working women. We were able to rule out the alternative association, that a specific TP-profile increases the probability of getting access into cooperatives or that age could be another alternative association that explain the results. The different TP-profiles reflect a more favorable personality and an improved socio-psychological situation of those women working in the cooperatives compared to non-working women.

Psychometric Validation of the German Adaptation of the Temporal Metacognition Scale

Abstract Temporal metacognition (TMC) is defined as the ability to consciously self-regulate cognitive focus on the past, the present, and the future by utilizing metacognitive skills, emotions, knowledge, and experience. TMC stems conceptually from the idea of a balanced time perspective — the ability to switch between time horizons — and it builds upon the major theories of metacognition. We validated the German version of the Temporal Metacognition Scale (TMCS) translated from the Polish original with n = 226 native German speakers. Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported the three-factor model obtained in the original Polish version with the following subscales: Metacognitive Temporal Control, Cognitive Reconstruction of the Past, and Goal-Oriented Metatemporal Interconnectedness. All three scales yielded acceptable internal consistency. Their correlations with the subscales of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Deviation from the Balanced Time Perspective, and other conceptually related psychological constructs, such as personality traits, well-being, experiencing emotions, and other features of metacognition, provide evidence for the validity of the German version of the TMCS.

Balanced time perspective and its relationship with clinical and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia

The adaptive function of balanced time perspective is widely acknowledged within positive psychology, yet little is known regarding the expression of time perspective in clinical populations and its relation to clinical features. The current study aimed to examine the nature of time perspective in schizophrenia and to determine whether alterations in balanced time perspective is associated with maladaptive outcomes in terms of clinical and cognitive symptoms. A total of 104 patients with schizophrenia and 93 matched healthy controls participated in this study. Time perspective, negative symptoms, working memory and response inhibition was measured. Results showed that patients with schizophrenia manifested lower balanced time perspective with marginal significance in the context of impaired working memory but intact response inhibition. Correlation analyses revealed that deviation from balanced time perspective in schizophrenia was negatively associated with working memory capacity, as well as positively associated with negative symptoms such as affective blunting and anhedonia. Our findings point to working memory impairments as a candidate cognitive mechanism underpinning the deviation from balanced time perspective in schizophrenia. We further demonstrate a link between deviation from balanced time perspective and clinical symptomatology in schizophrenia, offering potential avenues for remediation strategies.

The role of balanced time perspective mediating the relationship between mindfulness as a trait and life satisfaction in Catalan University students

The objective of the present study was to replicate previous studies by examining the potential connections between mindfulness as a trait, life satisfaction and time perspectives (TP) and to analyze if balanced time perspective (BTP) could act as a possible mediator between mindfulness and life satisfaction in students from the University of Girona (Catalonia, Spain). Data was collected from 341 Catalan university students aged 18–52 (77.1% women; mean age = 23.62) who completed Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), the Mindfulness Awareness Scale (MAAS) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) to assess their Temporal Perspective, Mindfulness as a trait and Life Satisfaction respectively. Balanced time perspective (BTP) was calculated using the deviation index of BTP (DBTP). Results showed significant relationships between the various temporal dimensions, life satisfaction, and mindfulness as a trait, being the most significant associations with balanced temporal perspective. On the other hand, results also suggested that BTP may act as a mediator between mindfulness as a psychological trait and life satisfaction, confirming previous studies conducted in different countries. In conclusion, findings could highlight the importance of regulating one’s attention in order to balance time perspectives, which in turn would translate into improved life satisfaction.

A Balanced Time Perspective and Burnout Syndrome in the Corporate World.

Burnout syndrome is officially classified in the International Classification of Diseases as an occupational phenomenon resulting from chronic workplace stress. Each year it is having an increasingly negative impact on the mental and physical health of employees, as well as on health costs and business performance. With this study, we aim at verifying whether there is a greater propensity for burnout depending on an individual's time perspective, based on the framework of Christina Maslach's burnout syndrome theory (consisting of three burnout dimensions), and Phillip Zimbardo's Time Perspective (consisting of five distinct temporal profiles). Within the time perspective construct, we focused on an indicator of temporal adaptation, referred to as a Balanced Time Perspective (BTP). We used the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory on a sample of 129 Polish corporate employees. We found that two dimensions of burnout (emotional exhaustion and feelings of personal achievement) were significantly correlated to a balanced time perspective, while the third (depersonalization) did not pose a significant correlation. This underlines the interrelationships between personality and burnout, which gives way to one possible solution towards the danger of burnout syndrome-balancing an individuals' time perspective through measures such as Time Perspective Therapy. We believe that the awareness of one's temporal profile gives way to supplement gaps in one time perspective, while deterring the excessive effects of another, resulting in a more balanced time perspective, greater mental health and protection from burnout syndrome.

직, 간접적 외상 후, 성장 경험이 있는 운동선수들의 포커싱적 태도가 균형적 시간관 편차에 미치는 영향 : 회복탄력성의 매개효과

This study aims to verify that the focusing manners of athletes with post-traumatic growth experience through direct and indirect trauma events directly affect the balanced time perspective deviation, and whether resilience indirectly affects it. In the results of this study, it was found that the focusing manner of athletes with post-traumatic growth experience had a negative effect on the balanced time perspective deviation. In addition, it was found that resilience had a negative mediating effect on the effect of focusing manner on the balanced time perspective deviation. Through these results, it is necessary to develop a psychological training program that improves the level of focusing manner and resilience so that athletes can live a positive life through a balanced time perspective because the direct and indirect post-traumatic growth experiences of athletes affect the focusing manner and the balance time perspective deviation. In this study, athletes with post-traumatic growth experience were selected through the group classification method of Huseman et al.(1987), so there is a limitation in that the focusing manner of athletes with post-traumatic growth experience did not produce detailed results on resilience and the influence of balanced time perspective deviation. Therefore, in future studies, it is necessary to conduct a study that classifies the degree of post-traumatic growth experience in order to understand information to efficiently control the balanced time perspective deviation of athletes.

Functional Coupling between the Fronto-Parietal Network and Default Mode Network Is Associated with Balanced Time Perspective.

Balanced time perspective refers to the ability to flexibly switch between different temporal foci in an adaptive manner according to the current context. Functional connectivity within the default mode network (DMN) has been suggested to support balanced time perspective. The coupling between the DMN and fronto-parietal network (FPN) may drive many important expressions of internally directed cognition. However, it remains unclear whether balanced time perspective is supported by the interaction between the FPN and DMN. To examine these issues, we recruited 91 participants (52 males with mean age of 19.6, and 39 females with mean age of 20.0) to undergo resting-state brain imaging scan and to complete a questionnaire measuring balanced time perspective. Seed-based voxel-wise functional connectivity analyses implicated midline DMN regions including the anterior medial prefrontal cortex (amPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) along with the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), precuneus, and cerebellum in supporting a balanced time perspective. More importantly, functional connectivity between the right amPFC and right dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the FPN was found to associate with balanced time perspective. Our findings suggest the importance of coordinated brain activity in supporting a balanced time perspective.

Insomnia, Time Perspective, and Personality Traits: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Non-Clinical Population.

Insomnia disorder is considered a public health problem and additional studies should investigate predisposing and perpetuating factors. This study examined the relationship between Big Five personality traits, time perspective, and insomnia. In a cross-sectional study, 400 participants (227 women; age range 18–74 years) were administered the Big Five Inventory—10 items, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). A measure of chronotype was also included for control purposes. The results show that insomniacs reported lower scores for conscientiousness and extraversion, and for past-positive (PP) and future (F) perspectives, whereas they obtained higher scores for past-negative (PN) perspectives and deviation from a balanced time perspective. The correlations confirmed these findings, but negative correlations between present-hedonistic (PH) perspective and ISI score, and between emotional stability and ISI score, were also found. The mediation analyses showed that F played an indirect role in the relationship between consciousness and ISI score, PN had an indirect effect on the relationship between emotional stability and ISI or between extraversion and insomnia, and PH had an indirect effect on the relationship between extraversion and ISI score. The current outcomes shed light on the mechanisms which serve to mediate the relationship between insomnia and personality traits.

The Association between Balanced Time Perspective, Personality Traits, Subjective Well-Being, and Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract The present study examines whether time perspectives (i.e., Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Hedonistic, Present Fatalistic and Future), Deviation from the Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP), and personality traits (i.e., extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience) are good candidates to explain subjective well-being and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using an online survey, we recruited 1483 participants during the Italian mandatory lockdown. Multiple regressions analysis showed that time perspectives strongly predicted subjective well-being, depression, and stress. Participants highly oriented on Past Positive and Future had higher subjective well-being, while participants highly oriented on Past Negative and Present Fatalistic had lower subjective well-being. Regarding DBTP, participants who greatly deviated from the optimal temporal balance reported lower well-being and were more distressed. Regarding the impact of personality traits, extraversion and neuroticism were the factors that better explained subjective well-being, level of stress, and depression, whereas higher levels of openness were associated with lower levels of depression. Finally, DBTP was a significant moderator in the relationships of extraversion and neuroticism with subjective well-being. Implications for time-perspective theory and practical contributions of the study are discussed.

Features of the Time Perspective of Students with Disabilities

The article presents the results of a study of the features of the time perspective of students with disabilities. It is revealed that the majority of the students with disabilities who were studied are dominated by the hedonistic profile of the time perspective – orientation to fleeting pleasures from the present “here and now”; avoidance of thoughts, meaningfulness of the consequences of their own actions and activities in the future. It is established that the Balanced time perspective of students with disabilities is represented by moderately high indicators of time orientation to the future, low negative past, high hedonistic present. In the profile of an unbalanced time perspective, high indicators of orientation to the negative past, fatalistic and hedonistic present, and low indicators of orientation to the future are expressed. The relationship of a balanced time perspective with the personal qualities of self-determination, self-understanding, self-acceptance, autonomy, self-efficacy and life satisfaction is revealed. Predictors of the time perspective of students with disabilities are: self-acceptance, as a conscious acceptance of the diversity of their own selves; the attitude of others as a resource for developing their own effectiveness and personal autonomy, which allows them to adequately assess their own capabilities, make their own decisions independently and take life responsibly.

The role of time perspective and acculturative stress on adaptive and maladaptive stress coping strategies of Puerto Ricans living in the island of Puerto Rico and the state of Connecticut in mainland United States.

We assessed the role of Time Perspective (TP) and acculturative stress on adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies, across healthy and treatment-seeking Puerto Ricans living in the island of Puerto Rico (PR), as well as at the state of Connecticut in mainland United States (US). Participants were comprised of 197 adults from the island of PR, as well as 138 adults from Connecticut. TP was measured through five categories assessed by the Zimbardo TP Inventory (Past Positive, Past Negative, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future), the Deviation from a Balanced Time Perspective-revisited (DBTPr) coefficient, and the Deviation from the Negative Time Perspective (DNTP) coefficient. Acculturative stress was measured with the Acculturative Distress Scale. Adaptive and maladaptive stress-coping were measured through the Brief COPE Inventory. DNTP predicted adaptive coping, whereas acculturative stress, Present Hedonistic, and DBTPr predicted maladaptive coping. Puerto Ricans living in Connecticut engaged more often in maladaptive coping than those in PR. Acculturative stress partially mediated the influence of DBTPr on maladaptive coping. DNTP mediated the influence of state on adaptive coping. DBTPr and acculturative stress totally mediated the influence of state on maladaptive coping. These findings suggest that assessing TP, levels of acculturative stress, and coping strategies could assist in tailoring evidence-based interventions to the specific needs of Puerto Rican populations. Doing so could be effective in promoting a Balanced Time Perspective, reducing acculturative stress, increasing adaptive coping, and improving mental as well as physical health, on Puerto Ricans living in PR or mainland US.

The neural substrates of sex differences in balanced time perspective: A unique role for the precuneus.

Sex differences in various aspects of behaviour and cognition have been widely observed. Few studies, however, have explored potential sex differences in maintaining a balanced time perspective or their underlying neural correlates. To address these questions, two studies were conducted. In Study 1, time perspective was assessed in 1913 college students (796 males and 1117 females), revealing that females had a significantly more balanced time perspective relative to males. In Study 2, 58 males and 47 females underwent an assessment of time perspective and structural brain imaging. Voxel-based morphometry analysis and cortical thickness analysis were conducted to explore associations between the structural imaging data and balanced time perspective. Compared with males, females demonstrated a more balanced time perspective in the context of lower grey matter volume in the bilateral precuneus, right cerebellum, right putamen and left supplementary motor area. Analysis of cortical thickness failed to reveal any significant sex differences. Furthermore, lower grey matter volume of bilateral precuneus was associated with more balanced time perspective among all participants. Our findings point to a critical role for the precuneus in modulating a balanced time perspective, and extend our understanding of sex differences in human cognition. Future studies are required to determine whether sex differences in balanced time perspective are predictive of functional outcomes in daily life.

Deviation from balanced time perspective and psychological distress: The mediating roles of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance

Deviation from balanced time perspective and psychological distress: The mediating roles of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance

I need some answers, now!: Present time perspective is associated with holding conspiracy beliefs

Because conspiracy theories have many negative consequences, understanding the psychological factors underlying their endorsement is an important task for researchers. We examined whether people's time perspective (TP) – the tendency to focus on the certain aspects of the past, present, or future – is associated with conspiracy beliefs. In two studies we investigated general (Study 1; N = 263) and COVID-19 related (Study 2; N = 570) conspiracy theories. The most consistent finding was the positive correlation between two present TPs: hedonism and fatalism and the endorsement of conspiracy ideations. Moreover, we found that hostility and a tendency toward irrational thinking mediated these associations. Additionally, but only in Study 2, conspiracy beliefs were associated with higher levels of the Past Negative TP and less balanced TP. We conclude that conspiracy theories provide simple and immediate answers of important events and that is why they are attractive to present oriented people who look for immediate explanations of complex and difficult situations.