Block Design Research Articles

Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) Using Metroglyph Analysis

Pulses like greengram are essential for sustainable agriculture and global food security due to their high protein, complex carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. However, their genetic diversity is underexplored, with existing studies mainly focusing on conventional methods. This study aims to estimate the variability parameters for 16 quantitative characters of greengram to classify the genotypes using Metroglyph analysis and assess genetic divergence to identify divergent parents for future hybridization programs using 45 greengram genotypes using Randomized Block Design replicated thrice. Among 45 genotypes of greengram on the basis of mean performance MGG-351(12.959) followed by MGG-347(43.16 q/ha), VBN -2 (41.12 q/ha), GM-3(40.8 q/ha) and MGG-385(39.8 q/ha) were found superior for grain yield. High GCV and PCV is recorded for Harvest Index and Number of primary branches. High heritability coupled with genetic advance as percent of mean are recorded for number of primary branches, harvest index (%), number of seeds per pod, biological yield per plant, seed index, number of pods per plant, number of clusters per plant. On the basis of Metroglyph analysis, the total index score was varied from 24 (SHAKTI) to 38 (SIKHA) with a mean of 31.84. Among the 45 germplasm lines, the genotypes GM-3, MGG-385, SML-1663 and MGG-371were observed as high yielder and identified for higher index score. Scatter diagram plotted with Plant Height and Harvest Index has revealed that 5 clusters could be distinguished on the basis of morphological variation. Cluster -1 was represented by 24 genotypes, Cluster -2 was represented by 10 genotypes, Cluster-3 was represented by 7 genotypes, Cluster-4 was represented by 3 genotype, Cluster -5 was represented by 1 genotype. From those complexes, the germplasm lines, SIKHA and MGG-371 recorded high index score and fell into different cluster, hence used as parents in hybridization for getting desirable transgressive segregants.

Effect of Spacing and Ratooning on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) Var. Lal Bhendi No. 533

The experiment was laid down in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with nine treatment combinations and four replications during year 2023. The experiment consists of two factors, factor A: Spacings (S1- 60 cm x 30 cm, S2- 90 cm x 30 cm and S3- 120 cm x 30 cm) and factor B: Stages of ratooning (R1- Ratooning at 90 DAS, R2- Ratooning at 105 DAS and R3- No ratooning). Among the three spacings, 120 cm x 30 cm (S3) revealed higher values for growth parameters such as number of leaves (33.96), nodes (17.25), branches (1.42), yield parameters like number of fruits (24.37), yield per plant (304.31 g). The highest yield per hectare (15.07 t/ha) was obtained under closer spacing S1 - 60 cm x 30 cm. Among various ratooning treatments, number of fruits (25.33), yield per plant (315.98 g) and total yield (12.51 t/ha) was significantly higher in control (R3-No ratooning), the number of fruits (22.93), yield per plant (277.54 g) and total yield (10.99 t/ha) was greater in R1 than R2. Among ratooning treatment, R1 was better than R2 in terms of growth and yield characters. In interaction, spacing of 120 cm x 30 cm without ratooning (S3R3) was found better with respect to growth and yield of okra, whereas overall yield per hectare (16.53 t/ha) was greater in (S1R3) spacing 60 cm x 30 cm without ratooning. The data recorded in present investigation revealed that spacing and ratooning influenced the growth and yield parameters of okra. Thus, considering the yield of okra, spacing of 60 cm x 30 cm without ratooning found to be beneficial for Konkan agro-climatic conditions.

Effect of Optimization Use of Nutrient on Yield and Productivity of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)

A field experiment was conducted at experimental farm, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Mewar University Gangrar, Chittorgarh (Rajasthan) during Rabi season of 2023-24 to effect of optimization use of nutrient on yield and productivity of mung bean, variety “SML-832‟ was used in this study. The required quantities of fertilizers as per treatments were applied. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications consisting of ten treatments. The data recorded maximum yield attributes such as number of pods per plant (13.35), number of seed per pod (8.52), grain yield (1170.55 kg/ha), stover yield (3260.47 kg/ha) and maximum net return (67329.45 Rs/ha) and B:C ratio (2.28) was recorded with T8-100% RDF (Refuse-Derived Fuel) + Vermicompost @ 1.0 t ha-1 + Rhizobium. The minimum yield and profitability obtained with control treatment. Therefore, conclude be application of 100% RDF + Vermicompost @ 1.0 t ha-1 + Rhizobium are indigenous sources of nutrient to enhance yield and productivity of mung bean.

Respon Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Microgreens Beberapa Varietas Tanaman Caisim (Brassica juncea L.) pada Berbagai Jarak Tanam

The diminishing amount of land available for agriculture and the growing demand for nutritious food have made it necessary to find alternative sources of fresh vegetables. Urban farming, especially the cultivation of microgreens, can help meet this demand. Microgreens offer several advantages, such as time and cost savings, and they require minimal space while growing quickly. However, the optimal spacing for different types of microgreens is not extensively documented, as research on microgreens is still limited in Indonesia. The Brassicaceae family is one of the most commonly cultivated families for microgreens. This study was carried out at Room A, Faculty of Agriculture, Singaperbangsa Karawang University, Campus 2. The experimental method used was a factorial randomized block design (RBD Factorials) with two treatments for varieties and three for spacing, repeated five times, resulting in 30 experimental units. Factor I, Varieties, consisted of v1 (Tosakan) and v2 (Shinta). Factor II, Spacing, consisted of j1 (1 cm x 1 cm), j2 (1 cm x 2 cm), and j3 (2 cm x 2 cm). The data were analyzed using an analysis of variance (Uji F) at a 5% level. If the results of the analysis of variance were significantly different, the study continued with a multiple range test (DMRT) at a 5% level to determine the best-performing treatment. There was an interaction between the treatments for microgreen varieties and spacing on parameters such as plant density, dry weight of the plant, and fresh weight. There was a significant effect of the variety on the parameter of chlorophyll content, and a significant effect of spacing on the parameters of plant growth rate and the age of leaf appearance. Additional types of plants are needed to determine significant differences related to spacing and their interactions.

Inter-row cover crops influencing the development of conilon coffee

The use of forage as a cover crop is an alternative for the sustainable management of conilon coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner) crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the herbage accumulation and nutritive value of forages used as cover crops and their effect on the productivity and physiology of conilon coffee plants. The inter-row management assessed were 1- Congo grass [Urochloa ruziziensis (R. Germ. & C.M. Evrard) Crins], 2- Mombaça guineagrass [Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs], 3- Marandu palisadegrass [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) R.D.Webster], 4- weeds, 5- weeding and herbicide application. The experiment was conducted in 2020 and 2021 using a randomized block design (split-plot) with four replications and a plot size of 24 m2. Herbage accumulation of Congo grass, Mombaça guineagrass and Marandu palisadegrass (1.12 to 3.81 t/ha) were higher than weeds (0.18 to 1.95 t/ha) in seven periods evaluated. Mombaça guineagrass had the highest average herbage accumulation (1.47 to 3.81 t/ha). The forage cover crops did not differ among themselves for dry matter concentration, crude protein and C:N ratio in three periods evaluated. The inter-rows management with cover crops did not reduce productivity, grain/fruit ratio, grain size, vegetative vigour and physiology of the coffee plants compared to the management with weeding and herbicide in 2021. In 2022, they stagnated or reduced productivity by up to 49%, with changes in plant physiology. Adjustments in the management of cover crops are needed for the development of competitive and sustainable coffee crops.

Optimizing Water Productivity through the Conjunctive Use of Borewell and Canal Water for Enhancing Sheep Productivity in Arid Climate of Western Rajasthan, India

In the arid regions of Rajasthan, water scarcity poses a significant challenge to both agriculture and livestock productivity. Sustainable practices in such climates require effective management of limited water resources. This study focuses on optimizing water productivity through the conjunctive use of canal water and borewell water to address the problem of water scarcity while maximizing output per unit of water. The experiment involved eighteen healthy lambs of aged 2-3 months which were managed intensively and divided into three groups of six lambs each based on a randomized block design. All groups were fed Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet) and Medicago sativa (lucerne) ad-libitum along with concentrates adjusted according to their body weights. The groups were offered three types of drinking water: canal water (G1), a combination of canal and borewell water (G2) and borewell water (G3) in a clean bucket twice a day. No significant effect on total feed intake and body weight of the lambs was found based on the drinking water source. However, G1 and G2 lambs, which were offered canal water, consumed significantly (p<0.05) less water (74.4 ± 1.84 liters) compared to the lambs in G3 (81.6 ± 1.91 liters). The virtual water requirement per kilogram of weight gain, calculated from both direct water intake and indirect intake through feed was lowest in G1 lambs (5771.34 liters) followed by G2 lambs (6129.00 liters) and G3 lambs (6312.00 liters) per kilogram of weight gain, respectively. These results indicate that water productivity was highest with canal water (G1) and lowest with borewell water (G3) per kilogram of weight gain. This study underscores the importance of efficient water management in maximizing productivity and resource use efficiency in water-limited arid regions.

Effect of Organic Manures and Biofertilizers on Yield Attributes, Yield and Economics of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata)

Background: Pulses are significant in India's agricultural economy not only for their worth as human food, but also for animals because of their high protein content. Pulses have unique ability of maintaining and restoring soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation as well as addition of ample amount of residues to the soil. Mung bean, also known as green gram (Vigna radiata) is a small green, and cylindrical-shaped legume that is widely cultivated in various parts of the world, including India, China, and Southeast Asia. Methods: The present study was carried out during the summer season of 2024 at Research Farm, School of Agriculture, OM Sterling Global University, Hisar. Seven treatment combinations comprising organic manures and biofertilizers were tested in randomized block design in three replications. Result: The results revealed that the yield and yield attributes viz., number of pods per plant (15.90), length of pod per plant (10.76 cm), number of seed per pod (11.05), 1000 grain weight per plant (37.00 g) and seed yield (1197 kg ha-1); Economics viz., gross returns (128212 ₹ ha-1), cultivation (43823 ₹ ha-1), net returns (86189 ₹ ha-1) and benefit-cost ratio (3.05) were maximum in the treatment of Jeevamrutha @ 3000 l ha-1 through three splits at sowing, 30 and 45 DAS + Rhizobium +PSB. Whereas, significantly minimum for all above parameters were recorded under control.

Unveiling the Spectacular Performance of Diverse Chrysanthemum Varieties in Flowering, Quality and Yield

A comprehensive research initiative conducted in Jhalawar 2019-20 focused on evaluating the genetic diversity and performance of various chrysanthemum varieties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability and assess the varietal performance of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) under the specific agro-climatic conditions of Jhalawar. The study sought to identify high-performing varieties and quantify key genetic traits relevant to yield and quality characteristics, with the goal of supporting selection efforts for enhanced chrysanthemum production in the region. This investigation was conducted at the Floriculture and Landscaping block of the College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalawar, Rajasthan. The experimental work was carried out during the winter season of the year 2019-20, capitalizing on the local climate to evaluate varietal responses under Jhalawar conditions. The experiment employed a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with multiple replications to ensure robust data. Different chrysanthemum varieties were planted in designated plots, and observations on traits such as flower yield, flower quality, and growth parameters were recorded periodically. Statistical analysis, including ANOVA, was performed to detect significant differences among the varieties. This analysis helped in identifying high-performing varieties suited for Jhalawar conditions and provided insights into genetic variability for potential selection and breeding programs. Ten different genotypes were carefully chosen for the study, including Marigold, Poornima Pink, Dall White, Calcutta Shantini, Karnool, Poornima Red, Dall Yellow, Poornima White, Poornima Yellow and Dundi for in-depth analysis.A randomised block design with three replications was used in the experiment. Cultivar 'Calcutta Shantini' exhibited the maximum days taken to first flower bud emergence of plant (51.50 days) and the maximum number of flowers per plant (269.90). Conversely, cv. 'Dall Yellow' showed the shortest duration to fifty percent flowering (67.64 days). Notably, cv. 'Dundi' displayed the maximum flower diameter (7.47 cm), while cv. 'Poornima Pink' had the longest flower stalk (13.09 cm). Remarkably, cv. 'Marigold' demonstrated the highest flower fresh weight (63.67 gm), dry weight (14.41 gm), and shelf life (4.67 day).

Respon Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Beberapa Tanaman Microgreens Famili Brassica terhadap Jenis Media Tanam

This research aims to determine the growth of Brassica plant species under various planting media. The study was conducted in a room at Building A, Faculty of Agriculture, Campus 2, Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang, in Margasari Village, East Karawang District, Karawang Regency, West Java. The experiment took place from April to May 2024. The research method employed a Randomized Block Design with a factorial pattern consisting of two factors. The first factor is the Brassica family (t), divided into three levels, while the second factor is the planting media (m), also divided into three levels. There were a total of nine treatments, each repeated three times, resulting in 27 experimental units. Each unit contained seven plant samples. The effects of treatments were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and if the F-test at the 5% significance level was significant, a post hoc Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was conducted. The experimental results showed an interaction between Brassica family and planting media on growth parameters, including plant height growth rate, leaf emergence age, fresh weight, and dry weight. Cabbage plants grown in soil yielded the best results in terms of fresh weight, while purple cabbage plants grown in cocopeat media performed best in terms of dry weight. Radish plants grown in peatmoss media exhibited the best growth rate, leaf emergence age, fresh weight, and dry weight. Broccoli plants grown in soil showed the best results in terms of leaf emergence age, while broccoli plants in cocopeat media excelled in fresh weight.

Low-oil corn distillers dried grains with solubles can be fed to pigs up to 16.5% without compromising growth and pork quality.

This study aimed to determine the maximum inclusion rate of low-oil corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in swine diets with a focus on growth performance and pork quality. A total of 160 crossbred pigs with an initial body weight of 25.5 kg (standard deviation = 2.5) were randomly assigned to one of 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW and sex as blocking factors to obtain 8 replicates and 4 pigs per pen. The low-oil corn DDGS contained 26.3% crude protein, 24.5% neutral detergent fiber, and 3.7% ether extract. Five experimental diets based on the corn, soybean meal, and wheat were formulated to contain 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% of the low-oil corn DDGS for each of 2 phases. During the overall period, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain-to-feed ratio linearly decreased (p<0.05) as the low-oil corn DDGS inclusion rate increased. A one-slope broken-line analysis showed that the maximum inclusion rate of low-oil corn DDGS in swine diets without compromising gain-to-feed ratio was 16.5% during the overall period. The carcass characteristics were not affected by the inclusion of low-oil corn DDGS up to 40%. The firmness of loin and belly linearly decreased (p<0.05) as the low-oil corn DDGS inclusion rate increased. As the inclusion rate of low-oil DDGS increased, the saturated fatty acid content in both loin and pork belly linearly decreased (p<0.001), whereas the unsaturated fatty acid content linearly increased (p<0.001). The iodine value of lard also showed a linear increase (p<0.001) with increasing the low-oil corn DDGS inclusion rate. The maximum inclusion rate of low-oil corn DDGS in growing-finishing swine diets without detrimental effects on growth performance and pork quality was 16.5%.

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PIGEON PEA [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] ACCESSIONS FOR AGRONOMIC TRAITS IN ASSOSA DISTRICT, NORTHWESTERN ETHIOPIA

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; Pigeon pea is a tropical grain legume being cultivated as important pulses for human food, feed and soil fertility improvement. Pigeon pea research in terms of crop improvement is still at a low level in Ethiopia. &lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;To estimate the Genetic variability of pigeon pea accessions with respect to important qualitative and quantitative traits and select high yielding grain and promising traits for variety development. &lt;strong&gt;Methodology&lt;/strong&gt;: Treatments consisted in twenty two pigeon pea accessions (MPG1, MPG2, MPG3, MPG4, MPG5, MPG6, MPG7, MPG8, MPG9, MPG10, MPG11, MPG12, MPG13, MPG14, MPG15, MPG16, MPG17, MPG18, MPG19, MPG20, MPG21 and MPG22) collected from Assosa area. Treatments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Qualitative characteristics recorded for accessions showed different modalities and frequencies at vegetative growth stage with the qualitative traits dominated were semi-spreading growth habit 65 %, leaflet shape with lanceolate 70 %, color about 44 % of the accessions exhibited yellow, seed size where 55 % accounted large sized, seed color pattern: 52% of accessions showed plain, pod color where 56 % genotypes had purple, seed with red dominated was 50 % and 71 % of accessions had totally pigmented pod. With respect to quantitative traits, genotypes accessions MPG11 and MPG15 had relatively higher grain yield (&amp;gt; 4000 kg/ ha) with the highest grain yield recorded for genotype MPG18. &lt;strong&gt;Implications:&lt;/strong&gt; The investigation of the present study for morphological evaluation of genotype Pigeon pea exhibited genetic variability among accession. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;: Agronomic traits such as plant height, branches per plant, pods per plant, seeds per pod, pod length, pod width, hundred seed weight and grain yield for accessions were exhibited significant differences which suggest high yielding accessions could be directly recommended for production while others could be utilized effectively to develop high yielding varieties through hybridization followed by selection. &lt;/p&gt;

The Effect of Border Crops and Physical Barriers on Incidence of Chilli Leaf Curl Complex and Associated Insect Populations

Chilli Leaf Curl (CLC) possesses a significant biotic threat leading to substantial yield losses in chilli cultivation. Various agents such as thrips, aphids, mites and the viruses transmitted by whiteflies have been identified as contributors to CLC. In order to mitigate this issue, three types of physical barriers were used: an insect-proof net (1 m high) surrounded by three rows of maize crops, an insect-proof net (1 m high) alone, and three rows of maize crops. A control was maintained without a physical barrier. The experiment was laid out as randomized complete block design with three replicates. Identification of pests and diseases, CLC disease incidence and yield attributes were assessed. Results revealed that the treatment with an insect-proof net combined with a maize border exhibited the lowest disease incidence (2±0.45, p=0.01) compared to chilli plants with a maize border only. The whitefly population varied across the treatments (p=0.03) and with the age of the crop (p&lt;0.0001). Among the treatments, the control and insect-proof net exhibited a significantly lower population of whiteflies. Thrips did not show a significant response to the treatments (p=0.54) indicating that the presence of physical barriers had no notable effect on thrips counts. Additionally, there was no significant difference in the number of pods per plant (p=0.74) and yield per plant across the treatments (p=0.54). In conclusion, the use of insect-proof net with a maize border surrounding the chilli cultivation would help to develop integrated pest management strategies to reduce chilli leaf curl incidence as well as whitefly population.

Zoysia spp. putting green tolerance to postemergence herbicides

AbstractSpecies of Zoysia Willd. are used on approximately 9550 ha of golf course surfaces throughout the United States, primarily fairways and tees in transitional climates. Recently, cultivars featuring dwarf canopy height and improved quality have been released for putting green use; however, tolerance of these cultivars to postemergence herbicides is unknown. Field research was conducted in 2021 and 2022 evaluating the tolerance of Prizm® [Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.] and Lazer® [Z. matrella (L.) Merr. × Zoysia minima (Colenso) Zotov] zoysiagrass to pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam (Aethon™), pyrimisulfan (Arkon™), flazasulfuron (Katana®), 2,4‐D + quinclorac + dicamba + sulfentrazone (Q4® Plus), 2,4‐D + MCPP + dicamba + carfentrazone (SpeedZone® EW), 2,4‐D + MCPP + dicamba + sulfentrazone (Surge®), and pyrimisulfan (formulated as a granule; Vexis®). A nontreated check was included for comparison. All of these herbicides have commercial labeling for use on zoysiagrass (Zoysia Willd.); however, none of these herbicides have labeling for use on zoysiagrass putting greens. Application rates in this study exceeded label maximums (for use on zoysiagrass) to ascertain the upper limits of Prizm® and Lazer® tolerance to these herbicides in Knoxville, TN and College Station, TX, respectively. Plots were arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications at both sites. Turfgrass injury was visually evaluated with data subjected to analysis of variance. Prizm® in Tennessee exhibited commercially acceptable tolerance to the applied herbicides, resulting in ≤8% injury either year. Lazer® in Texas sustained injury ranging from 21% to 61% and 10% to 31% in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Conditions of extreme heat and drought in Texas may have exacerbated differences in Lazer® tolerance to applied herbicides between years. Additional research across varying geographies and environmental conditions is needed to better understand tolerance of new zoysiagrass putting green lines, particularly within Z. minima.

Drought Stress Screening in Backcross Inbred Lines of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) at Germination and Seedling Stage

Drought is a key stress factor that limits rice production globally. The present study was carried out to identify drought tolerant rice lines at the germination and seedling stages using polyethylene glycol (PEG) induced stress. Twenty promising high yielding BC2F4 lines, stacked with drought yield QTLs qDTY₁⸳₁ and qDTY₁₂.₁, derived from the cross between Manu Ratna X Improved White Ponni, were subjected to drought stress. Drought was imposed during germination using three levels (0, 10 and 15%) of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) concentrations. The experiment was conducted in factorial completely randomized block design with three replications and the observations on number of seeds germinated, root length, shoot length, germination index, germination stress tolerance index, fresh weight stress tolerance index, dry weight stress tolerance index and seedling vigour index were evaluated after stress treatment. A significant difference was noted among lines for characters under drought stress. Among the lines, MIB-29-2-3-1, MIB-29-8-5-35, MIB-43-5-3-66 and MIB-119-5-7-33 were selected which showed higher germination percentage, root length, shoot length, germination stress tolerance index and and seeding vigour index. The selected lines can be further evaluated in the field to develop drought tolerant rice varieties.

Impact of Combining Bio-Inoculants along with Inorganic Fertilizers on Soil Biological Characteristics in Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Crop

A field experiment was carried out during the Kharif season in the year 2022 to assess the impact of inorganic fertilizers along with Bio-inoculants on soil biological properties in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment consists of seven treatments viz., T1 Control, T2 100% RDF (150, 60, 40 N2, P2O5, K2O kg ha-1), T3 80% RDF + 10 kg BGA ha-1 Soil application + PSB (Phosphate solubilizing bacteria) 3kg/ha, T4 60% RDF + 10kg BGA ha-1 Soil application + PSB, T5 80% RDF + 500kg Azolla ha-1 Soil application +PSB, T6 60% RDF + 500kg Azolla ha-1 Soil application +PSB and T7 10kg BGA ha-1 Soil application + 500kg Azolla ha-1 Soil application + PSB were comprised in Randomized Block Design with three replication. The incorporation of inorganics, Azolla PSB, and BGA (bio-inoculants) actively activated microbial activities, resulting in a greater increase in the populations of total bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi was observed throughout all growth stages, regardless of the treatments applied, when compared to their initial densities. This phenomenon supports the notion of a stronger rhizosphere effect. This trend aligns with the rise in organic carbon content. Moreover, soil dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase activities, along with microbial biomass carbon, displayed an upward trend in tandem with the progressive growth phases of the rice plant.

Growth and yield responses of maize to different tillage practices and straw incorporation under different levels of gypsum in a saline-sodic soil

Soil salinity is one of the significant issues in crop production and its adverse effects have been noticed at various stages of a crop life cycle therefore to assess the remedies for mitigation of soil salinity, the present study was conducted in Khipro district, Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan during 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), to evaluate the growth and yield responses of maize to different tillage practices and straw incorporation under different levels of gypsum in a saline-sodic soil. The factorial study was consisted of three factors including: Tillage practices (shallow tillage [ST] and deep tillage [DT], Wheat straw incorporation (3, 7, and 10 ton. ha-1) and gypsum rates (13.5, 9 and 4.5-ton ha-1). The comparative results showed that Deep Tillage DT with wheat straw incorporation at 10-ton ha-1 (DTWS10) had significantly higher result in term of growth and yield traits followed by shallow tillage ST at 10-ton ha-1 (STWS10). Moreover, the lowest results regard growth and yield attributes were observed in Shallow tillage ST with no wheat straw incorporation (STCK) Additionally, It was also observed that gypsum application did not have significant effect (P &gt; 0.05) on maize growth and yield, but it mitigated soil salinity and sodicity, contributing to improved crop growth and yield. Therefore, incorporating straw into saline-sodic soils can significantly (P &lt; 0.05) enhance maize yield and its attributes, with notable effects observed after two years of treatment.

Analyzing the Role of Different Molybdenum doses and Rhizobium Inoculation in Optimizing Nutrient Absorption and Yield in Vegetable Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cv. AVCP 1

Legumes, along with cereals, can be considered a main plant source of energy and quality proteins. A versatile legume crop, cowpeas offer economic, agronomic, environmental, and nutritional advantages. Cowpeas have a high total protein level and a relatively low fat content, making them nutritionally similar to other pulses. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of different rates of ammonium molybdate and Rhizobium inoculation on the yield and nutrient uptake of vegetable cowpea. There were 12 treatment combinations comprising six concentrations of molybdenum i.e. M0:control, M1: soil application of molybdenum @ 200 g ha-1, M2: soil application of molybdenum @ 300 g ha-1, M3: seed treatment of molybdenum 25 g ha-1 seeds, M4: seed treatment of molybdenum 50 g ha-1 seeds and M5: seed treatment of molybdenum 6 ml kg-1 seeds and two levels of Rhizobium i.e. R0: without Rhizobium seed treatment, R1: with Rhizobium (10 ml kg-1 seed) seed treatment in a Randomized Block Design (Factorial) with three replications. Results indicated that the application of ammonium molybdate and Rhizobium inoculation significantly improved total cowpea yield. The highest yield was observed with the treatment combination of 300 g ha⁻¹ ammonium molybdate (M₂) and Rhizobium inoculation (R₁). Nutrient analysis revealed that phosphorus, potassium and iron content in cowpea pods significantly increased with ammonium molybdate and Rhizobium treatments. The highest phosphorus and potassium contents were recorded with M₂ treatment, while the maximum iron content was found in M₃ treatment. Rhizobium treated seeds (R₁) also enhanced phosphorus, potassium and iron content in the pods. In terms of nutrient uptake, the highest nitrogen and phosphorus uptake were observed with the combined M₂R₁ treatment. Similarly, the highest potassium uptake in pods and total potassium uptake were recorded with M₂R₁ treatment, respectively. The interaction between ammonium molybdate and Rhizobium inoculation showed significant effects on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake, highlighting the importance of these treatments in enhancing cowpea nutrient absorption and yield. The use of biofertilizers can be highly successful in restoring agricultural soil, and this study highlights the possibility of combining Rhizobium inoculation with ammonium molybdate treatment to maximize nutrient uptake and enhance cowpea yield in sustainable agriculture production.

Effect of Level of Sulphur and Phosphorus on Yield and Quality of Soybean Grown in Inceptisol

The field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2017 at Post Graduate Research Farm, Rajarshee Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj, College of Agriculture Kolhapur, with the view to study the effect of levels of sulphur and phosphorus on yield and quality of soybean grown in inceptisol. The soil of the experimental site was slightly alkaline in reaction, very low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and medium in available potassium and deficient in available sulphur. The field experiment was carried out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications and sixteen treatments comprising four levels of sulphur (0, 20, 40, and 60 kg ha-1) through elemental sulphur and four levels of phosphorus (0, 75, 100, and 125 kg ha-1) through DAP. The result indicated that the significantly highest grain yield (27.20 q ha-1, 25.04 q ha-1 respectively) was recorded by application of sulphur and phosphorus at 60 kg ha-1 (S4) and 100 kg ha-1 (P3) than rest of the sulphur and the phosphorus levels. The application of (S4, P3) at 60 kg ha-1 and 100 kg P ha-1 showed significantly highest straw yield (38.85 q ha-1, 35.50 q ha-1 respectively) than rest of the combination of sulphur and Phosphorus levels. The quality parameter records highest percent of 1000 grain weight, oil content and oil yield were found in 60 kg S along with 100 kg P ha-1 while the lowest seed yield, 1000 grain weight and oil content were found in control. Therefore, application of 60 kg S with 100 kg P appeared as the promising practice for obtaining higher seed yield and better quality of Soybean.

Evaluation of Genetic Variability for Yield and Associated Traits in Breeding Lines Derived from the Cross RNR-15048 × Tunga

Aims: To evaluate the genetic variability of 45 rice breeding lines for 12 quantitative and 2 qualitative traits, aiming to identify and enhance traits that contribute to improved crop yield and nutritional quality in rice. Study Design: The experiment was carried out in Randomised Complete Block Design with two replications. Place and Duration of Study: During kharif 2023 at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Kathalagere, Davangere. Methodology: The research utilized 45 breeding lines resulting from the cross RNR15048 × Tunga, sourced from the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture Shimoga, along with 5 checks. Data was recorded and analyzed statistically using R software. Results: The significant differences among the breeding lines identified through the analysis of variance highlight the potential for selecting superior genotypes within the studied rice breeding lines. High to moderate values of the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) suggest that there is substantial genetic diversity for the traits evaluated, indicating a promising opportunity for genetic improvement through selective breeding. Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight the importance of focusing yield improvement programs on specific traits, including plant height, number of tillers per plant, productive tillers per plant, grains per panicle, filled grains per panicle, test weight, protein content, and overall grain yield. Emphasizing these traits is essential for enhancing the productivity and nutritional value of rice, ultimately supporting food security efforts.

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer and Earthing Up Practices in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia

To increase groundnut yields, integrated agronomic techniques must be implemented. The current study focuses on using starter nitrogen fertilizer in conjunction with earthing up for groundnut cultivation. Three replications and a factorial combination were used in the complete randomized block design of the experiment. Two types of earthing up (no earthing up and earthing up) and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 15, 30, and 45 kg ha-1) were used in the treatment combinations. For each of the Hamedo 1 and Hamedo 2 experimental sites, two undisturbed and two disturbed composite soil samples were collected at a depth of 20 cm before sowing. The data analysis showed that neither the combination application of N fertilizer and earthing up nor the individual independent applications of N fertilizer and earthing up had a significant effect on groundnut flowering and maturity. Groundnut plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, seed weight per plant, and haulm yields were not significantly affected by earthing up alone or by the co-application of nitrogen fertilizer and earthing up. On the other hand, the exclusive use of nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected groundnut plant height, the number of branches per plant, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per plant, seed weight per plant, and haulm yield. Applying 45 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer to the Hamedo 1 and Hamedo 2 trial sites enhanced the haulm yield by 70.53% and 78.76%, respectively, compared to the unfertilized plots. Individual applications of nitrogen fertilizer, earthing up, or a combination of both had a significant effect on groundnut pod and kernel yields. In comparison to plots that received a combined application of 45 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer and earthing up, the Hamedo 1 and Hamedo 2 trial sites exhibited increases in pod yields of 57.73% and 55.97%, respectively, when earthing up was combined with 15 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer. In the same way, applying 15 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer to the earthing-up soil in the Hamedo 1 and Hamedo 2 experimental sites boosted the kernel yields by 70.05% and 75.43%, respectively, in comparison to soil earthing-up plots that received 45 kg ha-1 nitrogen. The findings of the economic and agronomic analyses showed that applying nitrogen fertilizer and earthing up together greatly increases groundnut yields and revenues. Therefore, to increase groundnut yields and receive more financial advantages, farmers can consider the combined application of 15 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer and earthing-up.