Balanced Gender Representation Research Articles

UKRAINIAN POST-WAR MIRACLE: FROM PLAN TO IMPLEMENTATION

The article is devoted to the study of the experience of post-war reconstruction of Germany, South Korea, Israel, Spain, Italy, Japan in order to analytically select the most convenient tools for post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. Relevance of the problem. This is a great chance to turn to the development strategy of Ukraine. A mercy in your cherga will be brought to the point of arousal of the most important partners, to the fall of the spirit of the all-red, that, yak naslidok, to total stagnation. In addition, the relevance of this article is based on the idea that security, security strategy, and then other issues of state building and development should be primary. The economic sector must answer the question: what strategy of rebuilding Ukraine meets the national economic security interests? What is more important for Ukraine: restoration, reconstruction or reconstruction? What subjective new role should Ukraine begin to develop: niche, blockless, boutique economy or world deep specialization and integration? What competitive advantages should Ukraine increase and what gaps should be closed independently or in cooperation with the world? Mankind, unfortunately, has accumulated some experience of post-war development. Some countries, like North Korea, have done this very effectively, but not quickly and not on the first attempt. Some, like Germany, have discovered the “German economic postwar miracle” to the world, although it has lost for a time subjectivity in many areas in favor of the United States. Some countries, such as Israel and Japan, have also created an “economic miracle”, each country in its own way, but with unconditional help from the United States. The task for searching is to study and select the best experience and tools for restoring the state of Ukraine based on the experience of different countries that have passed this path. Research methods. The methodological and informational basis of the work are scientific works, materials of periodicals, Internet resources, normative legal acts.При проведенні дослідження використано методи структурно-логічного аналізу, порівняння та узагальнення. Own survey among 100 people of different professions, aged from 20 to 70 and balanced gender representation. The novelty lies in the very relevance of the study: after all, only martial law requires doing research and looking for a solution for the postwar period. The conclusions presented by this study cannot be over-innovative, but must be conservative, balanced and justified. Practical significance 10 deterministic conclusions-proposals that can be used by Ukraine in the post-war period are proposed.

Gender (dis)balance in local government: how does it affect budget transparency?

Balanced gender representation in local political life has been a subject of increasing interest to researchers. This paper, based on a unique database, analyses the representation of women in local representative and executive bodies and its impact on budget transparency (BT) in Croatian local governments. The panel analysis shows that a greater representation of women in local councils has a positive effect on the level of local government digital budgetary reporting. This is in line with gender literature settings and theories that explain BT, suggesting that the greater representation of women helps reduce information asymmetry, increase transparency, and promote government legitimacy. We do not find significant results in regard to women’s representation in local executive functions. A particularly indicative policy implication suggests the aim of increasing the gender balance in local political spheres, especially when deciding on good governance practices and fiscal disclosure requirements.

Gender Differences in Burnout Syndrome and Perceptions of Gender Equality in Research Organisations

We present the results of a survey which was distributed to six research performing organisations in Albania, France, Germany, Italy, Serbia, and Spain. We found that both academic and non-academic women perceive 1) a greater degree of work pressure than men; and, 2) a greater degree of gender inequality than men. These results are consistent across countries. The fact that women occupy a lower percentage of senior positions than men and do not share the same perception of inequality, may be critical to the resolution of the leaky pipeline phenomenon. These results have provided incentives to the six organisations to implement measures that address gender biases to ensure a balanced gender representation at decision-making levels, and that improve work-life balance to reduce burnout syndrome and positively affect career satisfaction.

Women on a Corporate Board of Directors and Consumer Satisfaction

Consumer satisfaction is a widespread measure of company success, and it shows positive interdependence with several key performance indicators of an enterprise. Although many researchers emphasize that women directors have a positive influence on the economic success of a firm, little research has focused on the impact that females on a board of directors have on customer satisfaction. This paper resumes previous insights on determinants of customer satisfaction and shows that a more balanced gender representation in corporate governance bodies can positively affect customer satisfaction with a company.

‘Did He Freeze?’: Afrofuturism, Africana Womanism, and Black Panther’s Portrayal of the Women of Wakanda

ABSTRACT Some have viewed the internationally acclaimed blockbuster hit, the Black Panther film, as feminist; meanwhile, others have highlighted its aspects of African culture focusing on its traditional elements and Afrofuturistic aspects. One of the main characters, Actress Lupita Nyong’o, who played Nakia said that Black Panther signifies a balanced representation of women and men, and she later alluded to feminism as she explained the balanced idyllic gender representation between the sexes. This study found that the roles of the leading women characters in this Afrofuturistic film—the top characters were derived from the IMDB’s list—represented Africana womanism. The women at the heart of this study are warriors including Nakia, a War Dog of Wakanda; Okoye, the first lieutenant of the Dora Milaje and Ayo, a member; Princess Shuri, the head of Wakanda’s technological division; the Queen Mother of Wakanda, Ramonda, who was King T’Challa and Princess Shuri’s mother; and the Merchant Tribe Elder and the Mining Tribe Elder of the Wakandan Tribal Council. The egalitarian relationship between the women and the men in the film, and the representation of the women, showed a revisioning of African history in the recreation of an Afrofuturistic present. Thereby, the women’s portrayal emerged from the wider egalitanian Wakandan society, which depicted a mythological African utopian nation, and yet, simultaneoulsy reignited an African historical reality.

A Quantitative Analysis Investigating the Prevalence of “Manels” in Major Urology Meetings

BackgroundFemale representation in urological meetings is important for gender equity. ObjectiveOur objective was to examine the prevalence of “manels” or all-male speaking panels at urological meetings. Design, setting, and participantsUrology meetings organized by major urological associations/societies from December 2019 to November 2020 were reviewed. Meeting information and details of the faculty were retrieved. Outcome measurements and statistical analysisPrimary outcomes were: (1) the percentage of male faculty in all included sessions and (2) the overall proportion of manels. We made further comparisons between manel and multigender sessions. Male and female faculty were stratified by quartiles of publications, citations, and H-index, and their mean numbers of sessions were compared. Results and limitationsAmong 285 meeting sessions, 181 (63.5%) were manels. The mean percentage of male faculty was 86.9%. Male representation was very high in urology meetings for most disciplines and urological associations/societies, except for female urology meeting sessions and those organized by the International Continence Society. Nonmanel sessions had higher numbers of chairs/moderators (p = 0.027), speakers (p < 0.001), and faculty (p < 0.001) than manel sessions. A total of 1037 faculty members were included, and 900 of them (86.8%) were male. Male faculty had longer mean years of practice (23.8 vs 17.7 yr, p < 0.001) and was more likely to include professors (43.2% vs 17.5%, p < 0.001) than female faculty. Male faculty within the first quartile (ie, lower quartile) of publications and H-index had a significantly higher number of sessions than female faculty within the same quartile. ConclusionsOur study showed that manels are prevalent in urology meetings. There is evidence showing that males received more opportunities than females. A huge gender imbalance exists in urology meetings; urological associations and societies should actively strive for greater gender parity. Patient summaryWomen are under-represented in urology meetings. Urological associations and societies should play an active role to ensure a more balanced gender representation.

GENDER REPRESENTATION IN THE NATIONAL ASSESSMENTS OF MATHEMATICAL ACHIEVEMENTS

Balanced gender representation allows stereotype threat effect to be avoided so it is important in any type of educational materials, but it is even more so in national assessments as in some cases their outcome determines opportunities for young people. This study is centered on gender representation in the country-wide [Lithuanian] assessments of students' mathematical knowledge and skills, particularly, on the national assessments and exams level. The research data was analyzed using the authors' evaluation matrix. There were seven categories of topics found in contextual problems: free time and socialization, housework, movement, sagacity, shopping, skillfulness and sports. Study shows that some types of assessments represent genders in a more balanced way than others. When compared to other educational or entertainment sources of written information, national assessments of mathematical achievements seems to represent gender in a more balanced way.

Redressing Gender Imbalance in Leadership in Academic Medicine.

To the Editor: We write in response to “Seeking Parity for Women in Academic Medicine: A Historical Perspective,” 1 a commentary by Kenneth Ludmerer. We write in our own capacity and on behalf of the Medical Women’s Federation (MWF), the largest body of women doctors in the United Kingdom, and Women Speakers in Healthcare (WSH), the United Kingdom’s largest database of women speakers across health and social care. In his commentary, Ludmerer observes that women remain “highly underrepresented in leadership positions in academic medicine,” such as professorships, department chairs, and medical deans. He attributes this to many complex reasons, including “microinequities” and an academic culture that promotes a single-minded mentality. For example, there is extensive evidence suggesting that women are underrepresented as academic authors in many areas, in both the sciences and humanities, and especially in senior authorship positions. 2 Preexisting gender disparities in research and authorship have been particularly exposed and amplified during the COVID-19 pandemic, in part due to increased caring responsibilities undertaken by women during this time. A case in point: We suggest that Academic Medicine’s editors could have invited a female historian to write a commentary on the issues discussed by Ludmerer. There is no shortage of qualified female historians of health care and of women in academic medicine who are well placed to offer their expertise. The fact that one of them was not invited to write about the issues of women’s leadership in academic medicine means that a prime opportunity to foster authorship by women on this important topic has been missed. Having a female author would have been a way to amplify the voices of women in academia. Addressing the “fundamental paradox” of the continued underrepresentation of women in academic leadership requires disruption of the status quo. To correct established gender disparity, aspiring women leaders and academics need to be actively encouraged and supported to achieve their potential. There are many actions both men and women can take to support women in health care leadership. To that end, WSH was founded in 2019 to ensure balanced gender representation at all U.K. health care conferences and events, with parity of opportunity for all (for more information, see wsih.co.uk). Since its inception, WSH has invited men to join as allies and to nominate women colleagues and has requested that organizers ensure their events are gender-balanced. In addition, in 2019, men were invited as honorary MWF members for the first time. We believe that affirmative action is vital to redress existing gender imbalances and to increase diversity of views, opinions, and experiences. We eagerly await your response to our suggestion above, as we believe an opportunity has been missed to promote gender equity in academia, as Ludmerer advocates.

Stereotyping Ourselves: Gendered Language Use in Management and Instruction Library Job Advertisements

Are librarians perpetuating their own stereotypes? This study analyzed 460 job advertisements of instruction librarian and management positions in academic libraries for the use of gendered language. Most (88%) of the collected advertisements used more feminine-themed language in their position descriptions, meaning there are more feminine-themed words than masculine-themed or no masculine words at all. Within the instruction positions, 95% were feminine-themed while 13% of the management positions were masculine-themed. This study found the largest use of masculine-themed language appeared in management positions. Hiring organizations can work toward balanced gender representation in library leadership by identifying the current use of gendered language in their own job advertisements.

Analysis of Gender Bias in Two Arabic Language Textbooks - Grade 1

The purpose of this study is to examine the presence/absence of gender bias in the first-grade Arabic language school textbooks used at public schools in the Sultanate of Oman. Content analysis is used to analyze the following four categories: gender illustrations, gender roles, gender firstness, gender nouns, and gender names. In general, the study results have shown that gender bias against females is still ingrained in the first-grade Arabic language textbooks. The results have indicated that first-grade school textbook did not exhibit a balanced representation of gender in terms of gender illustrations, gender roles, gender firstness, and gender nouns. In addition, male gender roles were traditional and varied whereas female gender roles were traditional. The only category that exhibited a balanced gender representation of males and females was gender nouns. In the light of these results, some recommendations have been made.

Women speakers in healthcare: taking steps towards balanced gender representation

International evidence suggests that although the proportion of women speakers at medical conferences has increased during the last decade, women continue to be significantly underrepresented.1 Women comprise the majority of the health and social care workforce in the UK, yet occupy approximately 41% of seats on NHS organisational boards and remain underrepresented in senior leadership positions across the sector.2 Conferences offer unrivalled opportunities: to showcase diversity and inclusivity, for networking and as a lever for cultural and organisational change. Female representation at healthcare events is important in …

Women speakers in healthcare: speaking up for balanced gender representation

Women comprise the majority of the UK's health and social care workforce, yet remain underrepresented in senior leadership positions. This is reflected in the balance of speakers, chairs and panels convened for healthcare conferences, with disproportionate gender balance. Accumulating evidence suggests that greater diversity across multiple characteristics, including gender, improves staff experience, organisational performance and patient outcomes. Conferences provide opportunities for inclusivity and new ideas only when attendees feel empowered to speak up. If we are to increase diversity of our current leadership, aspiring leaders need to see relatable role models. This article explores the issue of 'manels' and male-dominated speaker lineups, offering practical suggestions for conference organisers, women speakers and male allies to address the issue. We also outline the background to 'Women Speakers in Healthcare': a grassroots initiative founded by a team of aspiring leaders, which aims to achieve balanced gender representation at all healthcare conferences and events.

A Global Survey on the Perceptions and Impacts of Gender Inequality in the Earth and Space Sciences

The leaky pipeline phenomenon refers to the disproportionate decline of female scientists at higher academic career levels and is a major problem in the natural sciences. Identifying the underlying causes is challenging, and thus, solving the problem remains difficult. To better understand the reasons for the leaky pipeline, we assess the perceptions and impacts of gender bias and imbalance—two major drivers of the leakage—at different academic career levels with an anonymous survey in geoscience academia (n=1,220). The survey results show that both genders view male geoscientists as substantially more gender biased than female scientists. Moreover, female geoscientists are more than twice as likely to experience negative gender bias at their workplaces and scientific organizations compared to male geoscientists. There are also pronounced gender differences regarding (i) the relevance of role models, (ii) family‐friendly working conditions, and (iii) the approval of gender quotas for academic positions. Given the male dominance in senior career levels, our results emphasize that those feeling less impacted by the negative consequences of gender bias and imbalance are the ones in position to tackle the problem. We thus call for actions to better address gender biases and to ensure a balanced gender representation at decision‐making levels to ultimately retain more women in geoscience academia.

Teaching, Gender and Labour Market Incentives

The concentration of women in the teaching profession is widely noted and generally attributed to gender differences in preferences and social roles. Further, gender segregation exists within this profession – women make up almost all of the primary and pre-primary teaching cohorts, while men who choose to become teachers tend to specialise in secondary schooling and administrative roles. To what extent is this gender structure in teaching a response to economic incentives from the labour market? Our research addresses this question by studying the effects of wage structure on the decision to become a teacher. In particular, we ask what the most attractive choice is for a graduate given the wage structure of the previous graduate cohort. We show that the labour market, especially the relative returns to education across occupations for men and women, can explain these vocational choices in the Australian context. Women with bachelor qualifications receive higher returns as teachers, while men with bachelor qualifications receive higher returns in other occupations. In contrast, while both men and women with postgraduate qualifications earn higher returns in other occupations, the difference is consistently smaller for women than men. Women face a lower opportunity cost for becoming a teacher compared to men. A more balanced gender representation among teachers seems unlikely given the existing structure of returns to education, by gender, across professions.

From housekeeper to status-oriented consumer and hyper-sexual imagery: images of alcohol targeted to Italian women from the 1960s to the 2000s

Advertisements not only mirror ideals of masculinity and femininity that prevail in a specific place and time, but also contribute to influencing them. This article analyses alcohol-related advertisements published in women’s magazines from 1967 to 2008 in Italy. The main aim is to understand cultural processes that underlie gender differences in drinking and more generally in Italian society. The sample consists of 376 direct and indirect advertisements collected from well-established women’s magazines. The study identifies continuities and changes in women’s subject positions in alcohol-related advertisements. Italian advertisements of the 1960s and 1970s still reflect a female condition that entails no recognition of women’s own desires and tastes. Advertisements from the 1980s and 1990s reflect a more complex representation of female consumers, associating them with their own desires and pleasures. In the 2000s, the focus on women’s physical appearance and social image has become the prevailing feature. In conclusion, the study shows that changes in female representations in advertisements in the last 50 years do not represent a shift toward a more balanced gender representation. The insistence on women’s appearance, with a correlated predominance of bodily pleasures and attractiveness, reproduces old stereotypes about drinking women.

P.4.010 - The potential of nitrous oxide to weaken maladaptive alcohol memories in hazardous drinkers via reconsolidation

Female representation in urological meetings is important for gender equity.Our objective was to examine the prevalence of “manels” or all-male speaking panels at urological meetings.Urology meetings organized by major urological associations/societies from December 2019 to November 2020 were reviewed. Meeting information and details of the faculty were retrieved.Primary outcomes were: (1) the percentage of male faculty in all included sessions and (2) the overall proportion of manels. We made further comparisons between manel and multigender sessions. Male and female faculty were stratified by quartiles of publications, citations, and H-index, and their mean numbers of sessions were compared.Among 285 meeting sessions, 181 (63.5%) were manels. The mean percentage of male faculty was 86.9%. Male representation was very high in urology meetings for most disciplines and urological associations/societies, except for female urology meeting sessions and those organized by the International Continence Society. Nonmanel sessions had higher numbers of chairs/moderators (p = 0.027), speakers (p < 0.001), and faculty (p < 0.001) than manel sessions. A total of 1037 faculty members were included, and 900 of them (86.8%) were male. Male faculty had longer mean years of practice (23.8 vs 17.7 yr, p < 0.001) and was more likely to include professors (43.2% vs 17.5%, p < 0.001) than female faculty. Male faculty within the first quartile (ie, lower quartile) of publications and H-index had a significantly higher number of sessions than female faculty within the same quartile.Our study showed that manels are prevalent in urology meetings. There is evidence showing that males received more opportunities than females. A huge gender imbalance exists in urology meetings; urological associations and societies should actively strive for greater gender parity.Women are under-represented in urology meetings. Urological associations and societies should play an active role to ensure a more balanced gender representation.

Proceedings B 2015: the year in review

<i>Proceedings B</i> 2015: the year in review

Looking back and moving forward: A closer look at the Dutch gender quota

The Dutch Civil Code stipulates that, for balanced gender representation, 30% of seats on the boards of large corporations should be occupied by women. If a company does not meet this requirement, the company is compelled to be transparent in its annual report by means of the ‘comply or explain’ principle. This article analyses the application of this rule through content analysis of the annual reports of 52 listed companies in 2012 and 49 in 2013. The article discusses whether this rule has the desired effect of creating transparency on the gender quota. The conclusion is that ‘the comply or explain’ mechanism is inadequate without further measures, including sanctions. For 2012, 21% of the companies researched made no mention in their annual report of the application of the gender quota. In 2013, 18% of the companies made no mention of it. The companies that did indicate that they did not meet the quota failed to provide the required transparency. The reasons cited for not meeting the quota are nothing more than clichéd phrases, lacking any specificity. If the Netherlands wants to achieve the European and Dutch targets with the aid of the ’comply or explain’ mechanism, the government will have to introduce additional mechanisms, including sanctions - or, alternatively, steer an entirely different course.

Gender differences in personal values of national and local Italian politicians, activists and voters.

Theorists of politics of presence postulate that women elected to political office would still hold values similar to ordinary women and therefore represent them better than male politicians. Gender differences in personal values, which underline and give coherence to core political values, have been found among voters: males score higher on self-enhancement values (power and achievement) and females higher on self-transcendence values (universalism and benevolence). Our study aims to explore if gender differences in personal values are still present among activists, local and national politicians. We administer a shortened version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire to 233 Italian national politicians (46% females), 425 local politicians (56% females), 626 political activists (44% females), and 3249 ordinary citizens (49% females). Our results confirm only partially politics of presence theory: females at all levels of political involvement score higher in self-transcendent values that emphasise concern for the welfare of others, but no significant gender differences emerge for self-enhancement, which favour the pursuit of self-interest. Our findings support ethical struggles for more balanced gender representation: a higher proportion of women in politics could strengthen the political representation of self-transcendence values.

Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among urban elderlies: Lucknow elderly study.

Background:Paucity of systematic studies in elderly mental health in an aging population is an urgent need, which is required to address services and planning issues for health.Aim:The present study aims to investigate the distribution of physical, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive disorders of a community sample of elderlies with certain socioeconomic data.Materials and Methods:A door-to-door household survey was conducted to identify houses with elderlies (≥55 years) in two urban localities of Lucknow. Mini mental state examination (MMSE), Survey Psychiatric Assessment Schedule (SPAS)/Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) and physical and neurological examination were used for screening all consenting elderlies. MMSE positive participants were assessed on Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination-Revised for diagnosis of cognitive disorders; SPAS/MDQ positives were assessed on Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry based clinical interview for diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders other than cognitive disorders (using ICD-10 criteria). Routine and indicated laboratory/radiological investigations on all and on MMSE/SPAS (organic section) positive/physically ill participants respectively were done to confirm organic and/or physical illness. Only percentages were calculated to find the distribution of morbidity.Results:The sample had proportionate age structure as that of the surveyed population and had balanced gender representation in each age deciles. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders (with/without comorbidities) was 11.8% in the elderlies (60 years and above) highest being in the 60-69 years age group. Being women and of lower socioeconomic status was more commonly associated with a neuropsychiatric diagnosis. 7.6% of the elderlies had cognitive impairment. Overall findings suggest a prevalence rate of 17.34% of total psychiatric morbidity among elderlies. A significant number had comorbid physical illness diagnoses.Conclusion:More than half the elderlies had some diagnosable physical or mental ailment. The study familiarizes us to the significant amount of physical and psychiatric comorbidity in the particular age group. About one-fifth was found to suffer from psychiatric morbidity, which any health services for the elderly should be oriented towards.