Balanced Fertilization Research Articles

Fertilizing the Flame: Effects of AB Fertilizer Concentration on Vegetative Growth, Fruit Yield, and Capsaicin Biosynthesis in Capsicum frutescens

The Capsicum crops, known for their diverse phytochemical composition and pungency, are significantly influenced by agricultural practices. This study presents research on the 'cili padi' variety of Capsicum frutescens, a relatively unexplored species, grown hydroponically on a cocopeat medium using a high-quality AB fertilizer with varied nutrient concentrations. The research focused on analysing plant growth patterns, fruit yield, and capsaicinoid levels throughout the growth cycle. This involved detailed morphological measurements, productivity assessments, and the use of cyclic voltammetry for capsaicinoid quantification. The findings revealed that vegetation growth, yield, and metabolite parameters were closely linked to fertilizer concentration. Notably, an increase in nutrient availability led to improvements in plant growth metrics, fruit yield, and capsaicin levels. However, these benefits peaked within a specific fertilizer concentration range (1.5-2.1 E.C.-mS/cm) before declining, indicating the existence of toxicity thresholds. The study highlights the critical importance of balanced fertilization in hydroponic cultivation of C. frutescens, as it simultaneously enhances productivity and pungency quality. Interestingly, the research uncovered a threshold in nutrient concentration that optimizes nitrate conversion into capsaicin, beyond which overall plant growth continues to increase with higher fertilizer quantities. This finding necessitates further investigation into the metabolic and transport pathways that limit phytochemical production in these plants. Additionally, the capsaicinoid concentrations achieved in this study resulted in only moderately pungent Scoville ratings, suggesting a variance in biosynthetic capacity between this specific local species and more commonly studied pepper types. In summary, this research underscores the importance of a well-calibrated fertilization strategy to effectively boost both yield and pungency quality in C.frutescens . The insights gained from this study contribute significantly to our understanding of optimal hydroponic cultivation practices for enhancing the desirable traits of this unique chili variety.

Teff ( Eragrostis tef ) dry matter yield, nutrient uptake partitioning, and nitrogen use efficiency indices affected by nitrogen rate under balanced fertilization

Teff ( <i>Eragrostis tef</i> ) dry matter yield, nutrient uptake partitioning, and nitrogen use efficiency indices affected by nitrogen rate under balanced fertilization

Improving sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid complex) growth, yield and quality through balanced fertilization: an overview

Improving sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid complex) growth, yield and quality through balanced fertilization: an overview

AGRONOMIC AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LOWLAND RICE CULTIVATION USING THE INTEGRATED CROP AND LAND MANAGEMENT APPROACH

The research investigated the implementation of Integrated Crops and Land Management (ICLM) model, a holistic farming approach combining various technological elements to enhance productivity. Conducted from April to September 2022 in Bhuana Jaya Village, Tenggarong Seberang Sub-District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province, on an 8-hectare site, the research focused on key components: utilization of superior rice varieties (Mekongga, Cakrabuana Agritan, and Ciherang Janger), spaced planting methodology (Jajar Legowo), and a balanced fertilization approach encompassing chemical, organic, soil conditioner, and biological fertilizers (50 kg Urea, 300 kg NPK Phonska, 400 kg Petroganik, 10 kg Antazam, and 10 kg Petrobio ha-1, respectively). Liquid Organic Biofertilizer (LOB) were introduced at a rate of 10-20 liters ha-1. The research assessed vital parameters such as plant height, tiller count, panicle length, branch number per panicle, panicle weight, and rice productivity. Statistical analyses included t-tests for plant response and F-tests to evaluate the model's impact on productivity. Economic viability was gauged using the Benefit-Cost (B/C) ratio. The findings revealed substantial productivity gains: 4.13-6.03 t MDG ha-1 (Mekongga), 7.02 t MDG ha-1 (Cakrabuana Agritan), and 7.85 t MDG ha-1 (Ciherang Janger). Moreover, the economic analysis resulted in a favorable ratio of 2.15, indicating the model's financial viability or increased by 69-73%.

Integrated Nutrient Management in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): An Overview

Wheat is one of the major staple crops in the country in terms of both production and consumption. It is the nation's second-most significant food, after maize, in terms of calories consumed. Nutritious characteristics of wheat farming have been extensively researched and extensively recorded. Research being conducted in several parts of Ethiopia has shown that applying chemical fertilisers to achieve all the necessary nutrients has a detrimental effect on soil health, resulting in yields that are not sustainable. Therefore; there is a need to improve nutrient supply system in terms of integrated nutrient management involving the use of chemical fertilizers in conjunction with organic manures coupled with input through biological processes. However, the impact of important nutrients on crop physiology and their function on growth, quality, yield, and yield components of cereal crops—particularly wheat—are hardly in this level. Above all, the administration of essential nutrients to plants in the right amount and light ratio for a particular soil crop condition plays a crucial role in balanced fertilizer's ability to improve wheat production's yield, quality, and other characteristics. In association with this, research on integrated nutrient management in wheat and its effect on growth, yield, yield components and quality parameters are significance.

Rubber tree mini clonal garden: electric conductivity of the nutritional solution in the production of propagules

The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is an important forest species that yields natural rubber. Traditionally, rubber tree grafts are cultivated in clonal gardens on soil, which necessitates enormous acreage. However, this approach is not only inefficient in terms of productivity, but it also has nutritional and water control constraints. A tiny clonal garden with a balanced fertilizer treatment is an approach that has previously been employed for other species. To apply this same system to the rubber tree, the goal was to investigate the effects of applying macro and micronutrients via fertigation on the productivity of a mini rubber tree clonal garden, as well as to assess the efficacy of using green stems produced under these conditions in three grafting techniques. Five dosages of macro and micronutrients were administered to grafted rubber tree seedlings (clone ‘RRIM 600’ on ‘GT1’) before transplanting them into plastic pots. A totally randomized design was adopted, with five treatments and ten replications, each with two plants per pot, for a total of twenty plants per treatment. The shoot apex was cut after 105 days, and the green stems measuring more than 20 cm were harvested throughout the course of a year. The number of stems was highest in the months of January to March 2014, after 135 days, reaching 3 green stems per plant-1 per month-1, and productivity increased up to an estimated electrical conductivity of 1.64 mS cm-1. Nutrition was found to boost the output of the rubber tree clonal mini garden as well as the survival of grafts after grafting. The tiny clonal garden is a potential method for getting more vegetative rubber tree propagules.

Response of the Endophytic Microbial Composition in Amaranthus Roots to Different Fertilization Treatments

To explore how endophytic microbial compositions in amaranth roots are influenced by various fertilization methods and to determine whether these microbes are associated with amaranthin formation, we conducted an analysis of the endophytic microbial community structure. The roots of amaranth plants subjected to different fertilization treatments—conventional fertilization without potassium (NP), conventional fertilization without phosphorus (NK), conventional fertilization without nitrogen (PK), and balanced fertilization (NPK)—were examined. The results showed that the proportions of Streptomyces, Actinospica, and Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia in the amaranth roots under the balanced fertilization (NPK) treatment were all greater than those in the amaranth roots under the nitrogen (PK), phosphorus (NK), and potassium (NP) deficiency fertilization treatments. In contrast, the proportions of Phenylobacterium, Acrocalymma, Neocosmospora, Fusarium, Acidovorax, Gibellulopsis, Cladosporium, Dactylonectria, and Gibberella in the amaranth roots under the nutrient deficiency fertilization (NP, NK, and PK) treatments were higher than those in the amaranth roots under the balanced fertilization treatment. Additionally, a significantly positive correlation was found between Streptomyces and the amaranthin content. Furthermore, Acrocalymma, Neocosmospora, and Fusarium exhibited significantly negative correlations with the amaranthin content. The above results suggested that endophytes could easily colonize in amaranth roots as beneficial microorganisms under balanced fertilization conditions. In other words, the balanced fertilization (N, P and K fertilizers are 188.0, 53.0 and 50.0 kg·hm−2, respectively) could recruit more beneficial endogenous microorganisms in amaranth roots for improving their growth and quality.

Garlic-specific Fertilizer Improves Economic and Environmental Outcomes in China

Traditional methods of garlic fertilization involve large amounts of balanced fertilizer with equal proportions of N, P, and K, leading to nutrient imbalances, reduced yield and nutritional quality, and elevated risk of environmental pollution. This study for the first time measured garlic nutrient absorption and mineral elements status in garlic fields. In addition, a garlic-specific fertilizer formula and recommended rate were designed and applied in multiple garlic fields during the 2019–21 growing season. We assessed the performance of garlic-specific fertilizer in terms of yield, quality, and nutrient utilization efficiency. We showed that garlic prefers to absorb N and K, and its absorption of P was much lower. Deficiencies in Cl, Mn, S, and Fe are found in 98.7%, 56.1%, 22.8%, and 11.9% of garlic fields. Compared with farmer fertilization, the garlic-specific fertilizers increased sprout yield by 12.9% to 30.5%, bulb yield by 11.0% to 33.5%, and net income by 18.2% to 45.6%. Furthermore, it improved the nutritional quality [vitamin C (Vc), soluble sugar (SS), and soluble protein] of the garlic and reduced the accumulation of nitrate. The formula of special fertilizer was more in line with the law of garlic nutrient absorption, increasing the nutrient utilization effect, reducing the environmental risks. Application of specific fertilizer increased N, P, and K partial productivity by 26.6% to 50.1%, 82.6% to 116.5%, and 54.6% to 83.3%, respectively. These results suggest that replacing balanced fertilizers in the garlic market with garlic-specific fertilizers can improve garlic farmers' incomes and soil health.

Citrus nutrition research in northeast India: An overview

History of citrus growing in northeast India is as old as the tradition of citrus as its natural home of citrus hots-spots. Unfortunately, citrus of late is being tagged highly uncomfortable in its natural homeyard in northeast India, with some exceptions in Garo hills of Meghalaya and Pasighat of Arunachal Pradesh. Multiple nutrient deficiencies backed up by staggering nutrient mining have made citrus suffer from both production as well as quality issues, besides other issues of early onset of citrus decline and reduced post -harvest shelf life. Such depleted production incentives have put citrus growing on back-foot. Distinct absence of nutrient diagnostics coupled with lack of balanced fertilization have further hiked the miseries of citrus growers in the region. Citrus -based Soil health Card is another missing link putting citrus growers always managing their citrus orchards with complete guess-work, a complete sorry-state-of-affair, unless something too early and too quickly is done in this direction before it becomes too late and too little. Research need a complete reorientation in their objectivity of citrus nutrition with an eye on organic citrus integrating agroecological considerations using strictly adopted on-farm citrus module coupled with contingency irrigation planning by holding surplus rainwater.

Sustainability concern in Indian agriculture: needs science-led innovation and structural reforms

Agriculture in India is facing several challenges which together are manifested into the sustainability issues. The broad contours of the agricultural production system in the country have been defined by the need to achieve food security which calls for close attention to rice–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system of the Indo Gangetic Plains (IGP) whose sustainability is under threat. Degradation of natural resources, severe biotic and abi otic stresses specially drought, floods, pest infestations with accompanying impacts on biodiversity and agricultural productivity are the major constraints to agricultural development. Further, climate change has gained significant global attention over the past decade due to concerns of deleterious long-term impacts on agriculture, water sup ply, human welfare, regional and political stability. All the related issues need to be addressed on priority, with par ticular emphasis on soil-carbon through a holistic approach. As the strategy brings focus on income of farmers, the agricultural technology needs to move from “Production oriented-Green Revolution” to “Farmer’s Income oriented Revolution” and environmentally sustainable farming. Therefore, for long-term sustainability in agriculture, 4 pil lars/ components (good agricultural practices, climate-change mitigation and adaptation, diversification of high value crops and biodiversity management) needs to be addressed properly, more importantly good agricultural practices (GAP). The GAPs are based on the principles of risk prevention, risk analysis, sustainable agriculture, and integrated crop management (ICM), which are of utmost importance in present time. The GAPs for agricultural sustainability are reduced tillage, conservation agriculture, resource-conservation technologies (RCTs), erosion control measures, diversified cropping system, micro-irrigation, balanced fertilization, manuring, watershed man agement, organic farming, and integrated farming systems etc. Now that the vision is to impart income security to the farmers of the country, diversification of the system across all the sub-sectors of agriculture assumes impor tance which is, indeed a de-risking mechanism capable of negotiating both endogenous and exogenous risks as sociated with the system. The effective and efficient management of agro-biodiversity is also essential through management of genebanks, science-led innovations; livelihood, food and nutrition security though crop diversifica tion, use of lesser-known crops and wild relatives in crop improvement; dealing appropriately with quarantine, bio safety and bio-security.

Harmonizing Agriculture: Nurturing Soil through Micronutrients Management and Texture Dynamics

The present review delves into the essential aspect of micronutrient management and soil texture dynamics in agriculture thus emphasizing their pivotal roles in sustaining soil health and optimizing crop productivity. Micronutrients, though required in trace amounts are critical for various physiological and biochemical processes in plants. Micronutrient deficiencies can profoundly impact plant growth and yield, necessitating effective management strategies such as soil amendments, foliar applications, and balanced fertilization practices. Additionally, the paper explores the potential of soil microbes to enhance micronutrient availability. Soil testing emerges as a crucial tool for monitoring nutrient levels and guiding nutrient application decisions. Furthermore, soil texture dynamics significantly influence nutrient availability, highlighting the importance of soil composition and structure. Conservation tillage practices, crop rotation, and the use of micronutrient fertilizers are discussed as means to promote soil health and optimize nutrient profiles. Overall, the paper underscores the importance of integrating micronutrient management and texture dynamics for harmonizing agriculture, ensuring sustainable soil health, and fostering increased crop yields.

Comparative Assessment of Inorganic Fertilizer and Farm Yard Manure Application on Yield, Sustainable Yield Index and Soil Physico-Chemical Properties in Cauliflower-Capsicum Cropping Sequence in Northern- Western Himalayas

ABSTRACT Continuous addition of inorganic fertilizer and farm yard manure (FYM) alone or in combination is necessary to assess the changes in yield and soil properties. Therefore, a study was conducted for consecutive two years on nutrient management with nine treatments viz. T1- control, T2-100% FYM (N equivalent basis), T3-100% N, T4-NP, T5-NK, T6-PK, T7-NPK, T8-100% NPK+ FYM (recommended Practice) and T9- 150% NPK+ FYM to assess the influence of different treatments on yield, sustainable yield index, soil physic-chemical properties and soil carbon stock and sequestration rate in cauliflower and capsicum cropping sequence. Results showed that the addition of farm yard manure alone or in a combination with chemical fertilizers contributed to higher soil organic stock and soil carbon sequestration rate. Application of 150% NPK + FYM improved the SYI of system by 49.4% over a control. This treatment increases soil carbon stock by 12.5% from 25.9 Mg ha−1 to 29.6 Mg ha−1 and recorded with maximum soil carbon sequestration rate, i.e. 2.21 Mg C m−3 year−1 over the 2 years. Thus, balanced fertilization of NPK and FYM is beneficial for the maintenance of soil physical health, improving CEC and macro and micronutrient levels.

Innovative Fertiliser Based on Urea and Ammonium Nitrate Solution with Potassium Thiosulphate as a Crucial Factor in Shaping Plant Yield and Its Parameters

In the cultivation of crops in recent times, in addition to taking care of the balanced supply of nutrients to plants and the protection of soil resources, it is also important to take into account the non-productive factor by implementing production systems based on balanced fertilisation. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effect of soil kind and the application of a new fertiliser based on a urea and ammonium nitrate solution with potassium thiosulphate (UAN-KTS) on the yielding and biometric characteristics of spring wheat, spring rape, and maize to determine the optimal N:K:S ratio. An increase in the soil kind increased the weight of 1000 spring rape seeds, the yield of maize fresh matter, a reduction in the height of spring wheat and maize plants, a reduction in the yield of spring wheat grains and straw, and the yield of the fresh and dry matter of spring rape straw. A higher nitrogen dose promoted the growth of spring rape at the later growing stage and maize and had a positive effect on the yield of spring wheat grains and straw, spring rape seeds and straw, and the above-ground parts of maize. The application of potassium fertilisers caused a significant increase in the spring rape plant height, an increase in the yield of spring wheat grains and straw and spring rape seeds and straw, the above-ground parts of maize, a reduction in the plant height at the beginning of the spring wheat growing period, and a reduction in the weight of 1000 spring rape seeds (only on the soil with rich quality). The fertiliser with the N:K2:S2 ratio had a particularly favourable effect on the yielding of spring wheat. In the cultivation of maize, the same effect was most often obtained under the influence of fertiliser in the ratio of N:K1:S1 on the weaker soil fertilised at the same time as a higher dose of nitrogen (N 1) and N:K2:S2 (in other cases). In the case of spring rape, generally, fertiliser with N:K1:S1 was the strongest, although, in some objects, a higher yield was achieved under the influence of N:K2:S2. The existence of statistically confirmed correlations (expressed as the percentage of the variability observed) between the soil kind and the fertilisers applied and the yielding and biometric characteristics of the plants were observed.

Soil Health and Nutrient Management

Soil health and appropriate nutrient management are critical components of sustainable agriculture, influencing crop yield, environmental sustainability, and overall food security. The ability of soil to function as a living ecosystem is referred to as soil health. supports plant and animal life while protecting the environment. It refers to how physical, chemical, and biological activity interact in the soil. Mineral matter, organic matter, water, and air are all critical components of soil health, and each contributes to plant growth. Soil health indicators include physical, chemical, and biological factors that help assess the soil's state. For optimal soil health, these indicators must be balanced.&#x0D; However, there are significant issues to address, such as decreased soil organic matter, declining soil fertility due to nutrient deficits, physical soil degradation, and chemical soil degradation caused by excessive chemical use. Practices for sustainable soil management are critical for addressing these concerns. Balanced fertilization, organic matter incorporation, crop rotation, cover cropping, reduced tillage, and precision nutrient delivery are examples of these. Mitigating issues such as nutrient pollution, soil erosion, and soil deterioration is critical to maintaining agriculture's long-term viability.

Response of nutrient accumulation, remobilization and yield to combined application of nitrogen and potassium in waxy maize

Unbalanced fertilizers supply with highly intensity and excessive nitrogen (N) and less potassium (K), lead to the decrease of soil fertility year by year. Balanced fertilization is one of the most effective measures to reduce fertilizer use while improving maize yield and efficiency. Two N levels (180 and 225 kg N ha−1, abbreviated N12 and N15) and four K treatments (0, 75, 150, and 75+75 kg K2O ha−1, abbreviated K0, K5, K10, and K5+5) were set to study the effects of combined application of N and K on the biomass and nutrient accumulation and remobilization characteristics in waxy maize. The results demonstrated that grain yield increased when higher amounts of K were applied at constant N levels, showing an average increase of 1,254.8 kg ha−1 (2020) and 727.3 kg ha−1 (2021) compared with K0. Under same N and K application, K5+5 increased grain yield by increasing kernel weight. Under K5+5 treatment, the biomass and nutrient accumulation had no significant difference between N12 and N15. Compared with K10, K5+5 not only enhanced the average remobilization amount (RBA) of biomass, but also increased RBA of N, phosphorus (P) and K. In addition, the average remobilization efficiency (RBE) of biomass, N, P and K in K5+5 were increased 3.3, 4.6, 10.6 and 4.2%, respectively. Furthermore, topdressing K improved the apparent contribution to grain (AC) of biomass, N, P and K, which promoted more nutrient to grains, and significantly increased nutrient harvest index. Considering yield and fertilizer use efficiency, we recommend optimized K application (basal and topdressing 75 kg ha−1) and moderately reduced N application (from 225 to 180 kg ha−1) in the production of spring-sown waxy maize in southern China.

Impact Assessment and Upliftment of Poor and Marginal Tribal Farmers of Chhattisgarh State through Quality Seed Production in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The study was carried out in districts of Chhattisgarh plains and plateau by conducting front line demonstrations (FLD’s) and tribal Sub Plan (TSP) of chickpea at different locations of farmer’s field to promote the cultivation and adoption of improved package of practice from 2018-19 to 2022-23. The seeds of improved varieties and balanced fertilizers were the part of technological package supplied to the demonstration plot as against control. All the demonstrations were conducted by following participatory approach. Results revealed that improved varieties and balanced fertilization increased yield as compared to the farmer’s practice. In demonstration plots C: B ratio was also higher as compared to control ones. It can be concluded from the findings that use of improved technologies can reduce the technology gap to a considerable extent resulting in increased productivity of rapeseed in the district. It needs the efforts of both extension and farmers to enhance adoption level of location and crop specific technologies among farmers for bridging these gaps. Therefore, the farmers’ need to provide proper technical support and guidance through various improved agronomic practices for better production and productivity in the district.

Effect of Micronutrient Fertilization on Production and Soil Fertility in Maize

Balanced fertilization in both macro and micronutrients is one strategy in soil fertility management to prevent microelement deficiencies. This fertilization type could increase plant growth and production as well as maintain soil fertility. This research aimed to examine the role of micro fertilization on supporting plant productivity and soil fertility. Research that was conducted in Dau, Malang, East Java was designed using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 9 treatments, ie B0 (Control), B1 (100% standard fertilization), B2 (100% standard fertilization and 50% ZnCuB), B3 (100% standard fertilizer and 100% ZnCuB), B4 (100% standard fertilizer and 150% ZnCuB), B5 (75% standard fertilizer and 50% ZnCuB), B6 (75% standard fertilizer and 100% ZnCuB), B7 (75% basic fertilizer and 150% ZnCuB), and three replications of each. 100% of basic fertilization referred to 440 kg Urea/ha, 250 kg SP-36/ha, and 350 kg KCl/ha, while 100% micro fertilizer ZnCuB (4:6:6) was 19 kg/ha. Reducing 25% of basic fertilizer combined with 150% of micro fertilizer (28.5 kg/ha ZnCuB) resulted in a significant increase in plant growth and production by 54% to control. Furthermore, micronutrient fertilizers could maintain soil fertility as well as prevent soil acidification.

Opportunities and challenges organo-mineral fertiliser can play in enabling food security

Food security is a growing challenge related to an increasing global population. The agricultural sector is key for a secure supply of food but relies up to 50% on mineral fertilisers to meet crop nutrient demands. As mineral fertilisers production is energy intensive, causing close to 2% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, this poses greater challenge to meet net zero targets. Other challenges include extreme weather patterns, GHG during fertiliser applications and diffuse pollution, declining soil health, pest, disease, and loss of soil biodiversity. As mineral fertilisers’ price increases and the state of soil health decreases, innovative solutions are needed to meet crop nutrient demands while ensuring that sufficient organic matter is conserved in the soil. One solution to achieve net zero in agriculture can be in the form of organo-mineral fertilisers (OMF). OMFs are a new concept that take organic feedstock (such as biosolids, livestock manure, crop residues, food waste) and combines them with reduced amounts of mineral fertilisers resulting in a balanced fertiliser product. This Perspective piece discusses a Strength-Weakness-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analysis on OMF and summarizes how OMF applications can play a role to improve food security. This is further linked with short, medium and long terms policy interventions that can be deployed to achieve a more sustainable approach by balancing between protecting the wider environment and meeting food security.

Effects of N, P, K Nutrition Levels on the Growth, Flowering Attributes and Functional Components in Chrysanthemum morifolium

Fertilizer application is a decisive measure for the productivity of medicinal chrysanthemum plants. Therefore, determining the optimal doses of nutrients required for the growth and yield is crucial. In this study, we set out to investigate the effect of various nutrients on the growth, yield, and functional components of chrysanthemum under eight different fertilization levels at seedling, branching, and flowering growth periods. The results show that plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area under the balance fertilization treatment were the highest (82 cm, 0.78 cm, and 38.50 cm2, respectively), while the flower size and yield under the high potassium treatment were significantly increased compared to using balance fertilization. Chlorophyll content was also highest under the high potassium treatment. Moreover, plant defensive antioxidant peroxidase (POD) was responsive to low nitrogen treatment and low phosphorus treatment, while high potassium treatment enhanced the phenylalanine aminolase (PAL) activity and increased the content of flavonoids and chlorogenic acid in Chrysanthemum morifolium. In addition, low phosphorus treatment promoted the accumulation of flavonoids and chlorogenic acid content. Convincingly, the results show that growth, flowering, and functional indicators of chrysanthemum may thrive best under high potassium and balanced fertilization dosages, which will contribute to the development of a new economical chrysanthemum fertilizer ratio.

EFFECT OF NITROGEN-PHOSPHORUS AND IRRIGATION SCHEDULES ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF MUSTARD (BRASSICA JUNCEA L.)

To investigate the impact of Nitrogen and Phosphorus, as well as different irrigation schedules, on the growth and yield of the Mehran Raya variety of mustard, The results showed that the F3 = 120-60 kg/ha produced population plant( 31.78 m2), height of plant(181.09 cm), branch plant-1 (9.24),pods/plant(832.87) seeds pod-1 (15.26), seed index (1000 seeds wt. 17.11 g), and seed yield (2407.67 kg ha-1). while theF1(control) results showed minimum plant population of(8.11m2), height of plant (126.98cm), branch plant-1(4.92), pods plant-1(471.49) seeds pod-1 (5.07), seed index (1000seeds wt.14.44 g), and seed yield (1279.22kg ha-1). In case of irrigation maximum plant population (24.22 m2), height of plant (165.93 cm), branchesplant-1 (8.09), podsplant-1(565.22) seeds pod-1 (12.04), seed index (1000 seeds wt. 17.11 g), and seed yield (1955.11 kg ha-1). Whereas the minimum plant population(17.11 m2), height of plant (148.80 cm), branchesplant-1 (6.22), podsplant-1(637.04) seeds pod-1 (8.74), seed index (1000 seeds wt. 15.56 g), and seed yield (1579.67 kg ha-1) was recorded in one irrigation. On the basis of results found it can be able that the balanced fertilization and irrigation scheduling was higher than alone application of treatment due to synergetic effect of NP with irrigation by mustard in terms of growth and seed yield. It was determined that despite the consequences the variation in the values different growth yield traits of mustard crop, the mustard harvest was markedly higher (2407.6 kg ha-1) when the crop was given NP @ 120-60 kg ha-1.