Balance Detection Research Articles

Rapid and High-Sensitivity Measurements of O2 A-Band Absorption Spectra with Combination of a Current-Modulated Distributed-Feedback Diode Laser and Balance Detection

We modulate the driving current of a distributed-feedback diode laser for the laser-light frequency to scan over the oxygen A-band (P11Q10, ν= 392.3220 THz) at the scan repetition rate from 0.1 to 10 kHz. The scan range is over 40 GHz below 1 kHz, while it is 35.5 GHz at 10 kHz. Using a balanced photo-receiver, we measure the absorption spectra for an optical path length of 0.22 m in atmospheric air at 298 K. The minimum detectable absorbance is 3.6 ×10-5 at 10 kHz for a single scan measurement, which is about 2 times as large as the shot noise limit. We also demonstrate the absorption measurement for an optical path length of 0.03 m, the size of which is comparable to a small reaction chamber such as a combustion engine.

Rapid and High-Sensitivity Measurements of O2A-Band Absorption Spectra with Combination of a Current-Modulated Distributed-Feedback Diode Laser and Balance Detection

Rapid and High-Sensitivity Measurements of O₂A-Band Absorption Spectra with Combination of a Current-Modulated Distributed-Feedback Diode Laser and Balance Detection

Model Parameter Identification of Tire Dynamic Balance Detection System

Tire dynamic balance detection plays an important part in tire quality detection area. An accurate model structure and precise model parameters are the basis of the right test results. This paper builds a kinetic model based on engineering practice. To acquire parameters presents a method following identification theory. According to the need of actual production, a validation experiment is put forward. In the parameter identification process, data acquisition is completed by the PCI card. For data processing, this paper designs the fitting filter and then it also fetches the signal amplitude and phase with discrete Fourier transform. The results are proven to be right and practicable.

Performance Analysis on 16-Channels Wavelength Division Multiplexing in Free Space Optical Transmission under Tropical Regions Environment

Problem statement: Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing (WDM) is a promising technique for meeting the growing demand for increased bandwidth and various types of services in the optical access network. For wide area or metropolitan networks, fibers are deployed to provide huge bandwidth. In access networks, the fiber-to-the-home will partially solve the last mile problem. However, some environmentally sensitive area such as housing areas, tower buildings and national parks are not allowed to deploy fibers. Therefore, Radio Frequency (RF) is normally used to overcome this problem. The incompatibility of RF and optical channels is now widely believed to be the limiting factor in efforts to further increase transport capabilities. Free Space Optical (FSO) communication is the technology that can address any connectivity needed in optical networks, such as core, edge, or access networks. Approach: In this project, the simulation software namely Optical System version 7 is used to simulate the design of WDM in FSO transmission. The total losses that have been considered in this design are geometric loss, transmitter and receiver loss and atmospheric attenuation which focus on nonselective scattering during heavy rainfall condition in Malaysian environment. Malaysian weather data are used to reflect the conditions particularly in tropical regions. Results: We have presented the results of 16-channels WDM at 100-GHz channel spacing. The simulated results show that this system can support a higher bit rate up to 2.5 Gbps over 2.4 km distance. Conclusion: Simulation results showed that WDM FSO system may be a good candidate to solve the last mile problem and also it has capability to accommodate the channels more than 16. By introducing the error correction code or balance detection, the transmission distance might be increased further.

Performance analysis of spectral-amplitude-coding optical CDMA systems with new subtract exclusive OR detection (SED) using vectors combinatorial (VC) code

This paper investigates the performance of vector combinatorial (VC) code for spectral amplitude coding optical code-division multiple-access (SAC-OCDMA) system using a newly proposed subtract exclusive OR detection (SED) technique. VC code is constructed using Euclidean vector and algebraic ways. One of the important properties of this code is that the maximum cross correlation is one, which means that multi-user interference (MUI) and phase induced intensity noise (PIIN) are reduced. The weight for the VC code can be any positive integer number. The system performance was evaluated by comparing the theoretical studies using related equations and simulation results taken from the commercial optical systems, “VPI™ TransmissionMaker 7.1”. Significant improvement in system performances has been observed when the proposed SED technique employing VC code was applied compared to other codes that utilize conventional balance detection techniques for spectral amplitude coding.

RANCANG BANGUN ALAT PENDETEKSI KESEIMBANGAN TUBUH MANUSIA

The balance of the human body detector, which is intended to assist in the medical field, will generate information that can analyze the symptoms of a disease caused by a disturbance such as a sense of balance is not balanced, the head felt light, almost fainting and vertigo. The balance of the human body detector consists of a platform which has three sensors. The third sensor will produce a swing movement patterns of the human body. Keywords: Body Balance Detection Equipment

Modal Analysis of Connection Structure for the Giant Forging Hydraulic Press Synchronization Balance Test System

In this paper, the cycloid bearing type of connection structure for the giant die forging hydraulic press’s movable beam eccentric torque test system are put forward to compare the static comprehensive error with the original movable slider structure. Through the MAC finite-element model analysis, the mode and vibration of the simultaneous balance detection bracket are obtained. The results show that the proposed type is superior to the original one.

A reactive and protective character motion generation algorithm

By combining motion capture and dynamic simulation, character animation obtains realistic visual effect, and the character can respond to unexpected contact forces. To generate character animation in real-time, this paper introduces an artificial neural network to predict a subset of the return-to motion capture database. In the simulation phase, we propose an effective balance detection method and our controller can drive the characters taking protective actions when they fall onto the ground. Compared with other methods, our algorithm can run in real-time and can be used in interactive character applications.

Integrated dispersion slope equalizer of AWG-based optical CDMA for radio-over-fiber transmissions

Chromatic dispersion from optical fiber is the most important problem that produces temporal skews and destroys the rectangular structure of code patterns in the spectra-amplitude-coding optical code-division multiple-access (SAC-OCDMA) system. Thus, the balance detection does not work perfectly and the system performance will be degraded. In order to improve the distortion, we apply cascaded Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) to design a dispersion slope equalizer for the SAC-OCDMA system integrated with arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) router coder. The dispersion slopes of a cascaded MZI compensator could be adjusted by the arm length differences of MZIs and be complementary with the fiber links. In this study, we present a set of length differences for 10 km long single-mode fiber (SMF) and verify the compensation scheme by relative delay time slope and signal-to-interference ratio (SIR). The dispersion slope equalizer with perfect complementary slope successfully compensates the dispersion from SMF and the system performance with dispersion slope equalizer is highly improved.

基于透射式RSOD的平衡探测型OCT系统

基于透射式RSOD的平衡探测型OCT系统

Multiscan time-domain optical coherence tomography for retina imaging

A versatile time-domain optical coherence tomography system is presented that can generate cross-sectional images by using either transverse priority or depth priority scanning. This is made possible by using a transmissive scanning delay line compatible with balance detection operating at a speed similar to that of the transverse scanner used to scan the beam across the target. In vivo images from the retina are generated and shown using the same system switched to either transverse or depth priority scanning regime, by using the scanning delay line either in slow or fast scanning modes, respectively. A comparative analysis of different scanning regimes depending on image size to fit different areas to be imaged is presented. Safety thresholds due to the different continuous irradiation time per transverse pixel in different scanning regimes are also considered. We present the maximum exposure level for a variety of scanning procedures, employing either A scanning (depth priority) or T scanning (transverse priority) when generating cross-sectional images, en face images, or collecting 3D volumes.

On Use of a Nominal Internal Model to Detect a Loss of Balance in a Maximal Forward Reach

We hypothesize that the CNS detects a loss of balance by comparing outputs predicted by a nominal, forward internal model with actual sensory outputs. When the resulting control error signal reaches an anomalously large value, this control error anomaly (CEA) signals a loss of balance and precedes any observable compensatory response. To test this hypothesis, a multi-input, multi-output internal model of a standing forward reach task was developed that incorporated on-line model identification and a Gaussian failure detection algorithm. Eleven healthy young women were then asked to stand and reach forward to a target positioned from 95 to 125% of their maximum reach distance. Kinematic and kinetic data were recorded at 100 Hz unilaterally from the upper body, leg, and foot. Evidence of successful CEA detection was a compensatory step between 100 ms and 2 s later. The results show that use of a threshold, set at 3 SD from the mean, on error in the control of leg segment acceleration detected a CEA and correctly predicted a compensatory response in 92.6% of 108 trials. Leg acceleration control error was a better predictor than upper body or foot acceleration control error (P = 0.000). CEA detection performed more reliably than loss of balance detection algorithms based on kinematic thresholds (P = 0.000). The results support the hypothesis that a loss of balance may be identified via the use of a nominal forward internal model and probabilistic error monitoring.

Optical FSK transmission with group delay compensated balance detection

A novel balance detection scheme for high-speed optical frequency-shift-keying (FSK) transmission was proposed. Fiber dispersion can be compensated by a balanced photodetector with an optical delay. 10Gbit/s optical FSK transmission over a 130km single mode fiber was demonstrated, where the FSK signal was generated by using aLiNbO3 high-speed optical FSK modulator.

Vestibular dysgenesis in mice lacking Abr and Bcr Cdc42/RacGAPs.

The inner ear develops from a simple epithelium (otic placode) into the complex structures specialized for balance (vestibule) and sound (cochlea) detection. Abnormal vestibular and cochlear development is associated with many birth defects. During recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the molecular bases of these conditions. To determine the biological function of two closely related GTPase activating proteins for the Cdc42/Rac GTPases, Abr and Bcr, we generated a mouse strain deficient in both of these proteins. Double null mutant mice exhibit hyperactivity, persistent circling, and are unable to swim. These phenotypes are typically found in mice with vestibular defects. Indeed, adult double null mutants display abnormal dysmorphic structures of both the saccule and utricle. Moreover, a total loss of otoconia can be seen in the utricle, whereas in the saccule, otoconia are either missing or their number is drastically decreased and they are abnormally large. Interestingly, both the cochlea and semicircular canals are normal and the double null mutant mice are not deaf. These data demonstrate that Abr and Bcr play important complementary roles during vestibular morphogenesis and that a function of Cdc42/RacGAPs and, therefore, that of the small Rho-related GTPases is critically important for balance and motor coordination.

The infundibular balance organ in amphioxus larvae and related aspects of cerebral vesicle organization

Serial EM reconstructions were used to examine the organization and constituent cell types of the infundibular region of the cerebral vesicle (c.v.) in a 12.5‐day larva ofBranchiostoma floridae. The balance organ lies just in front of the infundibular cells and consists of 10 electron‐dense cells with long, bulbous cilia, each surrounded by a ring of accessory cells. The ciliary bulb cells have axons that terminate in vesicle‐filled swellings that lack identifiable synapses. The accessory cells have short basal processes that are minor contributors to the adjacent neuropile. Based on morphology, we suggest a mechanosensory function for the ciliary bulb cells, possibly related to balance or motion detection. Scattered cells of similar type are found elsewhere in the cerebral vesicle, along with a variety of other neurones with caudally projecting axons and varicosities, but few synapses. Instead, nonsynaptic, paracrine secretion appears to be the predominant mode of transmitter release in the neuropile and ventral tracts of the cerebral vesicle. The closest vertebrate homologue of this part of the amphioxus brain is arguably the limbic core of the caudal diencephalon and mesencephalon, including the homeostatic control centres of the hypothalamus. We postulate that this limbic core is an ancient structure traceable at least as far back in evolution as the common ancestor of amphioxus and vertebrates.

Delta1 expression during avian hair cell regeneration.

Postembryonic production of hair cells, the highly specialized receptors for hearing, balance and motion detection, occurs in a precisely controlled manner in select species, including avians. Notch1, Delta1 and Serrate1 mediate cell specification in several tissues and species. We examined expression of the chicken homologs of these genes in the normal and drug-damaged chick inner ear to determine if signaling through this pathway changes during hair cell regeneration. In untreated post-hatch chicks, Delta1 mRNA is abundant in a subpopulation of cells in the utricle, which undergoes continual postembryonic hair cell production, but it is absent from all cells in the basilar papilla, which is mitotically quiescent. By 3 days after drug-induced hair cell injury, Delta1 expression is highly upregulated in areas of cell proliferation in both the utricle and basilar papilla. Delta1 mRNA levels are elevated in progenitor cells during DNA synthesis and/or gap 2 phases of the cell cycle and expression is maintained in both daughter cells immediately after mitosis. Delta1 expression remains upregulated in cells that differentiate into hair cells and is downregulated in cells that do not acquire the hair cell fate. Delta1 mRNA levels return to normal by 10 days after hair cell injury. Serrate1 is expressed in both hair cells and support cells in the utricle and basilar papilla, and its expression does not change during the course of drug-induced hair cell regeneration. In contrast, Notch1 expression, which is limited to support cells in the quiescent epithelium, is increased in post-M-phase cell pairs during hair cell regeneration. This study provides initial evidence that Delta-Notch signaling may be involved in maintaining the correct cell types and patterns during postembryonic replacement of sensory epithelial cells in the chick inner ear.

The development of the vertebrate inner ear

The inner ear is a complex sensory organ responsible for balance and sound detection in vertebrates. It originates from a transient embryonic structure, the otic vesicle, that contains all of the information to develop autonomously into the mature inner ear. We review here the development of the otic vesicle, bringing together classical embryological experiments and recent genetic and molecular data. The specification of the prospective ectoderm and its commitment to the otic fate are very early events and can be related to the expression of genes with restricted expression domains. A combinatorial gene expression model for placode specification and diversification, based on classical embryological evidence and gene expression patterns, is discussed. The formation of the otic vesicle is dependent on inducing signals from endoderm, mesoderm and neuroectoderm. Ear induction consists of a sequence of discrete instructions from those tissues that confer its final identity on the otic field, rather than a single all-or-none process. The important role of the neural tube in otic development is highlighted by the abnormalities observed in mouse mutants for the Hoxa1, kreisler and fgf3 genes and those reported in retinoic acid-deficient quails. Still, the nature of the relation between the neural tube and otic development remains unclear. Gene targeting experiments in the mouse have provided evidence for genes potentially involved in regional and cell-fate specification in the inner ear. The disruption of the mouse Brn3.1 gene identifies the first mutation affecting sensory hair-cell specification, and mutants for Pax2 and Nkx5.1 genes show their requirement for the development of specific regions of the otic vesicle. Several growth-factors contribute to the patterned cell proliferation of the otic vesicle. Among these, IGF-I and FGF-2 are expressed in the otic vesicle and may act in an autocrine manner. Finally, little is known about early mechanisms involved in guiding ear innervation. However, targeted disruption of genes coding for neurotrophins and Trk receptors have shown that once synaptic contacts are established, they depend on specific trophic interactions that involve these two gene families. The accessibility of new cellular and molecular approaches are opening new perspectives in vertebrate development and are also starting to be applied to ear development. This will allow this classical and attractive model system to see a rapid progress in the near future.

Real-time Transient ModeM For Batch Tracking, Line Balance And Leak Detection

Project Summary The Cochin Pipeline System was drawn together by Dome Petroleum Limited as joint-venture project, with Dome assuming responsibilities for design and engineering and now as pipeline operator. This 1900-mile, 12-inch-diameter pipeline traverses Canada and the U. S.A. to transport light hydrocarbon liquids such as ethylene, ethane and propane, in a multi-batch mode of operation. The Cochin System operates as a common carrier pipeline system under the jurisdiction of the National Energy Board in Canada and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission in the United States of America. Ethane shipments were initiated in mid-1978. In October 1978, ethane and propane shipments commenced on an uninterrupted basis. Ethylene movements began with the first shipment to Dow"s facilities in Sarnia. Ontario in November 1979. The batched system, with its compressible products and long transit distance has unique operating requirements for control, surveillance and measurement. Asa prime outcome, a computer based pipeline "model" or simulator has been installed in the central control office in Calgary, Alberta, to meet some of the requirements for on-line, real-time surveillance of the line. The resulting model is capable of determining pressure, temperature, density and flow profiles for the entire line and, thus, establishes for Cochin the ability to batch-track and perform line balance and leak detection on a mass format. This system is supported in Calgary by a multi-level, computer-based telecontrol system which provides the data gathering and handoff, the display function and the capability for control. Measurement in the field is facilitated with mass metering, which eases the task of custody transfer. Currently, all systems are in operation and at various stages of final acceptance. Levels of monitoring and control are much improved over those achieved with previous systems similar to Cochin, and the potential for many future enhancements is quite evident. Description of the Cochin Pipeline System Figure 1 shows the geographic route of Cochin and the locations of the pump stations and laterals. The pipeline begins in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, traverses two provinces and seven states, and ends in Sarnia, Ontario, with several injection and delivery terminals along the route. The present pipeline network consists of thirty-three pumping/metering stations and nine injection/delivery points. The stations are at 51- to 65-mile spacings, depending on the hydraulic gradient required along the line, resulting in a total of thirteen stations being located m Canada and the remainder in the U.S.A. Currently, the liquid ethylene, ethane and propane being shipped are serially batched through the pipeline, with each batch moving at an average daily flow rate in the vicinity of 4 mph (72,000 BPD) or greater. The pipeline has a maximum operating pressure of 1440 psig, with minimum operating pressures dependent on the various vapour pressures of each product and allowances for maintaining safe margins above these values. A typical field installation consists of a centrifugal pump driven by a 2000-HP electric motor via a variable-speed fluid coupling. Pump speed is automatically adjusted by a programmable digital controller which directs a control signal on the variable-speed drive.