Baiting Technique Research Articles

The distribution of geophilic dermatophytes in Kenyan soils.

Two hundred and eighty one soil samples from different provinces of Kenya were examined for dermatophytes by the hair baiting technique. Dermatophytes were recovered from 84 samples. Microsporum gypseum constituted 75.8% of the total isolates while Keratinomyces ajelloi and M. cookei formed 21% and 3.2%, respectively. The distribution of the dermatophytes was influences by soil pH, being more prevalent in acidic than in alkaline soils.

A Method for Baiting Corticium rolfsii and of Estimating the Sclerotial Population in Soil

Abstract The use of tissue blocks of Xanthosoma sagittifolim for baiting Corticium rolfsii from soil is described. The baiting technique has been found efficient for gross estimation of the viable sclerotial content of air-dried soil. The results obtained by this method compare well with those determined by the sieving technique of Rodriguez-Kabana et al.

Methods of testing rodenticides in the field against rats

AbstractPoisons used in bait to control rats are of two kinds; single‐dose acute poisons and those with a slow or cumulative action lethal only if two or more daily doses are consumed. The two types require different baiting techniques and different methods must be used for testing them in the field. For acute poisons, the relative sizes of rat infestations have to be measured by baiting with unpoisoned bait both before and after poison baiting and the pre‐treatment sizes taken into account when analysing the results. When testing possible cumulative or multiple‐dose poisons, pre‐treatment baiting is unnecessary and the method used was that originally devised for field testing for anticoagulant resistance in rats. Examples of published results of field trials of both types of poison are discussed.

Fungal flora of rice field soils

Qualitative and quantitative assessment of the fungal flora of rice field soils yielded 102 species of fungi belonging to 44 genera, when dilution plate, soil plate, root-washing and baiting techniques were employed. The order of efficacy of the methods used was: root-washing > soil plate > dilution plate > baiting. Baiting method, used specifically to isolate aquatic and keratinophilic fungi from soils was studied in detail with reference to the former. Qualitatively, corn leaf bait was the most efficient one while pine pollens and hemp seeds were least efficient. A semi-quantitative method was employed to study the statistically significant differences among the different factors used. Among the keratinophilic baits,viz., human hair, fowl’s feather and wool, wool bait was least efficient. The results of this investigation are discussed.

Field Evaluation of Arthropod Repellent Netting as a Ground Cloth against Ticks *

Tick repellent, wide-mesh net ground cloths were tested against Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus) by the CO2 bait technique. Two repellents, N,N-diethyl-metatoluamide (deet) and 3 acetyl-2-(dimethyl-5-heptenyl)-oxazoladine, and two netting fabrics were compared. All combinations tested provided over 90% protection. The effectiveness of repellent ground cloths against chiggers is discussed.

A comparison of two techniques for determining abundance of subterranean termites in an Arizona desert Grassland

Densities of surface foraging subterranean termites were determined by bait and quadrat techniques. Only two species were found in the bait units whereas five were found in the quadrats.Heterotermes aureus (Snyder) andGnathamitermes perplexus (Banks) numbers were reasonably estimated by baiting. However,G. perplexus was severely underestimated by quadrats whileH. aureus, Paraneotermes simplicicornis (Banks),Amitermes wheeleri (Desneux), andA. minimus Light were apparently reasonably estimated. Material examined by any technique should consist of a suitable foraging substrate for the termite species being sampled.

Efficiency of Paraffin bait Technique in the isolation of Nocardia from Bronchopulmonary Disorders

Efficiency of Paraffin bait Technique in the isolation of Nocardia from Bronchopulmonary Disorders

Deep mycoses in India. A critical review.

Available published reports on deep mycoses in India have been critically and exhaustively reviewed. So far there seem to be only 9 cases of actinomycosis reported, mostly of thoracic type and diagnosed on the basis of the presence of “sulphur granules” in the lesions. Nocardiosis and its chief causal agentNocardia asteroides have received particular attention in recent studies. To-date there are 18 authentic cases reported from India and significantly 12 of these have been diagnosed by applying the paraffin bait technique to the isolation ofN. asteroides from sputa and other clinical specimens. In most of these 12 cases timely diagnosis allowed for the successful treatment of the disease with heavy doses of sulphadiazine. Case reports on cryptococcosis which include 26 adequately documented cases, have been published from various parts of the country. Occurrence ofCryptococcus neoformans in soil and its association with old pigeon excreta have also been confirmed by studies done in some northern and western regions of this country. The status of histoplasmosis in India still remains a debatable subject although there is a suggestive evidence that the disease may be endemic in the northeastern parts. There are 9 case reports in which diagnosis has been supported by histopathologic findings and in 3 cultures have also been positive. However, attempts to isolateHistoplasma capsulatum from soil or any other extra-human source have remained futile and the limited surveys have revealed only low skin sensitivity to histoplasmin and none to blastomycin and coccidioidin. As yet there is no authentic case of blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis or paracoccidioidomycosis reported from India. Two cases of invasive aspergillosis and 6 of bronchopulmonary aspergillomas have been published. In the latterAspergillus fumigatus, A. niger andA. flavus have been found to be the aetiologic agents. In addition, a recent report on a series of 8 patients recognises for the first time the occurrence of allergic aspergillosis in this country. Two cases of phycomycoses, involving the lungs in one and brain in the other case have been described. Diagnosis of bronchopulmonary candidiasis has been claimed in as many as 16 patients by several authors but in none the evidence is unequivocal. The isolation ofCandida viswanathii from the cerebrospinal fluid of two fatal cases is suggestive of the possible aetiologic role of this new yeast in human meningitis. Besides, there are 3 cases of brain mycoses described in Indian literature, two due toCladosporium trichoides while in the third caseUstilago maydis, the causal agent of maize smut, has been implicated.

Isolation of keratinophilic fungi from soil in the vicinity of Bogota, Colombia

Soil collected from 54 areas in and around Bogota, Colombia were examined for the presence of keratinophilic fungi by theVanbreuseghem's hair baiting technique. The organisms isolated and frequency are indicated:Trichophyton terrestre, 33;T. ajelloi, 32;Chrysosporium keratinophilum, 30;Microsporon gypseum, 14; andM. fulvum, 1. The perfect stage,Nannizzia gypsea, 1; andArthroderma quadrifidum, 2; were observed growing on hair in three plates. The following organisms apparently have been reported for the first time from soil samples in Colombia:M. fulvum, T. ajelloi, T. terrestre, C. keratinophilum, N. gypsea, andA. quadrifidum.

Use of paraffin bait technique in the isolation of Nocardia asteroides from sputum.

The use of paraffin bait technique in the isolation ofNocardia asteroides has been tested in 241 samples of sputa obtained from 235 cases of respiratory diseases.N. asteroides was recovered on 6 occasions from sputum of a patient using the paraffin bait technique. On the other hand cultures of sputa from the same patient on routine agar media such as Sabouraud's agar and Lowenstein Jensen medium yielded only one isolated of the pathogen.

Studies on soil fungi IV. A comparison of some techniques for isolating soil fungi

The fungal flora of four types of soil from Andhra Pradesh (India) were analysed by dilution plate, soil plate, root burial and hemp seed baiting methods. By all the methods a total of 101 species of fungi comprising 43 genera was isolated. Fungi which live in the bare soil and sporulate profusely could be isolated by dilution and soil plate methods. The fungi that colonized the root bits included cellulose decomposing and root infecting fungi likeMemnoniella echinata, Fusarium ssp.,Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseoli andSclerotium oryzae. Besides water molds andPythium spp., an Ascomycete could also be isolated by hemp seed baiting technique. For a comprehensive study of soil mycoflora, it is necessary that as many techniques as possible have to be employed.

The isolation of keratinophilic fungi from soil and wild animals in South Dakota.

Hairs and skin scrapings from 224 wild animals representing 30 species were examined for the presence of keratinophilic fungi. Commercial agars and sterile soil plates moistened with water containing cycloheximide were utilized for culturing specimens. Keratinophilic fungi of the generaTrichophyton andChrysosporium were isolated from 26.8% of the specimens. Using the hair baiting technique of Vanbreuseghem, 54 soil samples were screened for keratinophilic fungi. Eighteen (33.3%) of the samples were positive for the genusTrichophyton. Microsporon spp. were not recovered from the animal hairs or soil samples.

Occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae, heterorhabditidae) as potential biocontrol agents against Spodoptera frugiperda infesting Zea mays

Synthetic insecticides are used worldwide to manage invasive fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in cereals, in spite of the chemical’s prohibitive cost and threats to environmental health. In Ghana, little attention has been given to entomopathogenic nematodes as insect pest biocontrol agents, due to the existence of dismal expertise in the field. This study evaluated maize (Zea mays L.) farms for endemic entomopathogenic nematodes as potential biological control agents against fall armyworms infesting maize in Ghana. Entomopathogenic nematode juveniles were extracted using an insect baiting technique, White traps. These Rhabditid nematodes (Heterorhabditis; Steinernema) were found in 75% of 200 soil samples; and 92.5% of 40 districts targeted by this study. The Greater Accra region recorded the greatest population density (1,820 juveniles per 5 fall armyworm larvae cadavers); while; the Central region recorded the lowest density (81 juveniles per 5 fall armyworm larvae cadavers). There was high presence of entomopathogenic nematodes across the study areas. Therefore, entomopathogenic nematodes offer a promising alternative strategy for managing fall armyworm infestation of maize in Ghana to minimise over-reliance on synthetic insecticides.

Isolation of Keratinophilic Fungi from Soil in Khairpur City, Sindh, Pakistan

One hundred and twenty five soil samples were collected from five areas in the vicinity of Khairpur city, Sindh, Pakistan and screened for the presence of keratinophilic fungi by using hair bait technique. A total 253 isolates belonged to eight genera and eleven species of keratinophilic fungi were recovered. Maximum number (153/253, 60.5%) of keratinophilic fungi was recovered from farm land and poultry soils. Aspergillus niger was most prevalent species and represented 20.2% of the total number isolated. A. flavus and A. fumigatus were almost equal in their prevalence and represented 11.9 and 11.1%, respectively. Botrytis cinaria comes next constituting 9.9%; followed by Mucor spp. (9.1%) and Chochliobolus lunatus (8.3%). Other species isolated less frequently included Chrysosporum asperatum (5.9%), Fusarium spp. (5.1%), Penicillium spp. (3.1%) and A. wentii (2.4%). The distribution pattern of the different keratinophilic fungi and their significance are discussed.Keywords: Keratinophilic fungi, Prevalence, Keratinase, Hair bait techniqueDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v24i1.1246 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 24, Number 1, June 2007, pp 79

Application of paraffin bait technique to the isolation of Nocardia asteroides from clinical specimens.

The principal findings of a study for further evaluating paraffin baiting as a routine laboratory diagnostic procedure in the isolation of Nocardia asteroides, the etiological agent of nocardiosis, are reported.

Kerationophilic fungi isolated from soils by a modified hair bait technique.

Keratinophilic fungi were isolated from soils of southern California by means of the hair bait technique. Samples were moistened with sterile distilled water alone or with sterile distilled water containing penicillin, streptomycin and varying concentrations of Actidione. Recovery of fungi was approximately doubled when the soils were moistened with water containing the antibiotics.

Application of Paraffin Bait Technique to the Isolation of Nocardia asteroides from Clinical Specimens

The principal findings of a study for further evaluating paraffin baiting as a routine laboratory diagnostic procedure in the isolation of Nocardia asteroides, the etiological agent of nocardiosis, are reported.

The measurement of the concentration and distribution of Ceratocystis paradoxa (De Seynes) moreau in soil

A baiting technique making use of sugar-cane discs was used to estimate the concentration, and presence of aggregations, of spores of Ceratocystis paradoxa in the soil. The technique was based on the probability of infection from small samples of soil. A concentration of six spores per gram of soil was readily detected. A number of sugar-cane fields were surveyed. The equivalent random concentration of spores varied from 0 to 148 per gram of soil for samples taken 4–8 in. below the soil surface. The greatest concentrations of spores were at 3–6 or 6–10 in. depths.

Studies on aerobic actinomycetes isolated from soil. I. Isolation and identification of strains.

A total of 134 samples of soil were tested for the presence of aerobic actinomycetes by paraffin baiting technique. The various pathogenic aerobic actinomycetes capable of utilizing paraffin as a sole source of carbon were found to be widely prevalent in the soil of Delhi and adjoining areas. The 157 strains that were isolated could be classified into Nocardia asteroides (52), N. brasiliensis (8), N. caviae (4), Nocardia spp. (40) and Streptomyces spp. (53). The basis of identification and their pathogenicity in mice are discussed. Des actinomycètes aérobies ont été isolés de cent trente quatre échantillons de sol par la technique du piège de paraffine. Divers actinomycètes aérobies pathogènes, capables d'utiliser la paraffine comme seule source d'azote, ont été trouvés en grand nombre dans le sol de Delhi et des régions avoisinantes. Les 157 souches isolées appartiennent aux espèces suivantes: N. asteroides (52), N. caviae (4), Nocardia sp. (40), Streptomyces sp. (53). Leur base d'identification et leur pathogénicité pour la souris sont discutées.

食餌混入法および浸漬法による Metepa, Hempa のチカイエカに対する不妊効力試験

食餌混入法および浸漬法による Metepa, Hempa のチカイエカに対する不妊効力試験