Baghdad Research Articles

The Ability of Cities to Withstand the Disasters of Pandemic

This study examines the opportunity presented by the COVID-19 pandemic for city planners and leaders to learn from the crisis and build resilient cities with long-term societal, economic, and environmental resilience against future disasters. The research focuses on the relationship between urban planning and policies and the extent of their resilience, particularly in response to pandemic-related disasters. The study evaluates the ability of the city of Baghdad to respond to the pandemic and identifies gaps in its resilience. The study uses the scorecard measurement instrument to examine the disaster resilience of cities, with a focus on governance and financial capability, disaster planning and preparedness, and disaster response and post-event recovery. The study finds that the primary gap between the level of governance and the financial capacity of the city of Baghdad is the lack of financial capacity and the inability to recognize and comprehend existing and future risk scenarios. The study also finds gaps in planning and emergency preparation, including the incorporation of green and blue infrastructure into policies, plans, and projects, and the inability of infrastructure to bear transportation, healthcare, and education facilities. Finally, the study identifies a gap in disaster response in terms of event management strategies, early warning, and training.

Trends of the Population of the City of Baghdad Towards Foreign Labor in it

The issue of employment is an old phenomenon in Iraq, whilst specifically in Baghdad City. But it ended in the modern era with the events of 1990 and the subsequent poor economic conditions, the issue of employment ended after the foreign labor had left which Egyptian labor as the largest part of it.The phenomenon of foreign labor returned after the events of 2003 and the recovery of the local market represented by the abundance of restaurants, the increase in demand for domestic maids, and the diversity of services that required a certain type of labor, especially cheap labor compared to local labor, which became away from many professions that do not favor working in them, until it became not free of an area of Baghdad of this employment.An increasing number of workers in the city of Baghdad generated different trends towards this employment differed between being receptive to it and collaborator with it and between rejecting it and not accepting its existence. In this research paper, we will try to address the trends of the local population in the city of Baghdad towards foreign labor in it and evaluate these trends through a scale developed for this purpose, which consists of eleven paragraphs (questions) to understand these trends.After conducting the necessary statistical analyzes, four paragraphs (questions) were excluded for their lack of validity in measuring the phenomenon under study, leaving seven paragraphs that showed their success in measuring the phenomenon, to allow the research to other studies in an attempt to take a broader note of the population's trends towards foreign labor. With clarification of the possibility of foreign labor to change the demographic structure of the city of Baghdad.

The Effect of Organizational Pride on Business Continuity: Field Research in Private Colleges/Universities in Baghdad

The research aims to study the impact of organizational pride on business continuity in private colleges and universities in Baghdad, and the research problem is summarized in the main question (were academic leaders able to employ organizational pride to enhance business continuity? The research applied in the private education sector, and private universities and colleges in the city of Baghdad were the field for this. The research was selection of the research community based on the founding year of the college or university as more than ten years have passed since its founding. The research sample consists of (177) individuals, from deans of the colleges and their assistants as well as the heads of scientific and administrative departments. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach. The questionnaire used as a main tool for collecting data for the applied side. After evaluating and testing the validity and reliability of the research measurement tools. The data analyzed and hypotheses tested using the appropriate statistical tools using the statistical program (SPSS) (AMOS) to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a significant effect of organizational pride in Business continuity.

The Trade-Off between Strategic Orientation Options to Achieving Sustainable Tourism Development - An Analytical Study on a Sample of Workers in First-Class Hotels in Baghdad Governorate

The current research seeks to know the nature of the relationship between strategic orientation (STO) and sustainable tourism development (SUSTD) Among a sample of employees in upscale hotels in the Baghdad region, as its importance is represented in addressing two very important variables in the regulatory environment, as well as laying the correct and appropriate foundations To address a real problem that directly affects the work environment in one of the most important Iraqi organizations, so the researchers used the random sample method and distributed (360) questionnaires to some male and female employees in the aforementioned organization. The number of questionnaires retrieved was (242), and those valid for statistical analysis were (232) with a response rate of (93%) of the retrieved questionnaires, and they were analyzed by the advanced statistical program (SPSS.26), as well as the statistical program (AMOS.24).). Theoretical results showed that there is a knowledge gap several staff in first-class hotels in the Baghdad city located in particular were studied to understand the relationship between strategic orientation (STO) and sustainable tourism development (SUSTD) in organizations in general. The results of the study show a favorable and significant relationship between organizational strategic orientation and SUSTD. (STO) and Sustainable Tourism Development (SUSTD), as the proactive orientation is commensurate with the environment of the hotels under study in achieving sustainable tourism development through development and creativity in the field of services provided to current and potential customers, and constantly searching for new opportunities associated with the current marketing operations, to continue searching for new markets.

Place Identity in Defining Urban Space of Border Rivers in Historical City Centres

In the city, building space could transform to be as place, because architecture does not include only traditional values such as housing, human protection, stability, etc, but could carry other dimensions beyond the housing or building occupancy or develop urban design. Rivers had vision in motion as a way to show dynamic processes in its flowing slowly, which are simply measured in time and the life of citizens. The research consider the river path in traditional cities as Alley connecting the spaces of the city ... old Baghdad was characterized by this property and it is look like Venice in the past, while traditional European cities were able to preserve this property till now, and capable to take transformation of the city with development projects inside it. These cities was distinguished by development of river edge as creating place along the river corridor and try to attract peoples who lived in, protect the natural environment along the river, as well as reflect the characteristics of the city along of the elevation of the river, and conserve the river banks as alley connected between urban spaces. Baghdad which penetrates by Tigris River has maintained this feature until the middle of twentieth century. So now, the research can see the absence of specialized local studies, including The comprehensive development plan of the Baghdad city 2030 to study and Re design the spaces and places along river edge, this led to emerge research problem, in the absence of specific knowledge about identity of river space characteristics for identification of urban space in place of the Tigris River in downtown of Baghdad historical city center, in the urban development plans since the mid-twentieth century until now, and study design factors that contributed with disintegration of the space syntax relations in river elevation. Turning to the experience of historical European cities and how to deal with urban space to the edge of the river and created the identity of the place, especially the interface development experience the (Seine river in Paris, Thames River in London, Tiber River in Rome, Danube River in Vienna & Budapest, Vltava river in Prague) and study urban style in dealing with the river edge, in order to reach the elements which define the identity of each city. In order to reach the aim of research in redefining the identity of places for urban spaces overlooking to integrate the banks of Tigris River in the historical city centre of Baghdad, and the methods of linking the development of river front with the comprehensive development plan of the Baghdad city 2030.

Performance Evaluation of Al-Rustamiya Wastewater Treatment Plant

Al-Rustamiya sewage treatment plant (WWTP) serves the east side of Baghdad city (Rusafa) and is considered one of the largest projects.It consists of three parts (old project F0, first extension F1, and second extension F2) that treat wastewater and the effluent is discharged into Diyala river and thus into the Tigris River. These plants are designed and constructed with an aim to manage wastewater to reachIraqi effluent standard for BOD5, COD, TSS and chloride concentrations of 40, 100, 60 and 600 mg/L respectively. The data recordedfrom March till December 2011 provided from Al-RustamiyaWWTP, were considered in this study to evaluate the performance of the plant. The results indicated that the strength of the wastewater entering the plant varied from medium to high. The average concentrations of the effluent of BOD5, COD, TSS and chloride were within Iraqi effluent standards. The overall efficiency removalswere: For BOD5: 92.1, 90.31, and 92.96% for F0, F1, and F2 respectively COD: 88.23, 87.9, and 87.95% for F0, F1, and F2 respectively TSS: 86.98, 80.72, and 89% for F0, F1, and F2 respectively Chloride: 14.79, 15.37, and 15.31% for F0, F1, and F2 The mean value of BOD5/COD ratio of the raw wastewater was 0.67 as for typical untreated domestic wastes. The mean BOD/COD ratios of the treated sewage from F0 was 0.48, from F1 0.50 and from F2 0.38. These ratios did not confirm with the typical ratios indicating that the wastewaterneeds more treatment

The Use of Isotopic Techniques to Determine the Sources of Groundwater Recharge and Interaction with Surface Water in Southern Baghdad –Iraq

Isotope Hydrology has become a widely used technique for managing the global water crisis. The study of the Isotopic content of Groundwater and surface water and the study of chemical analysis is an important source of water sustainability. The study area is located south of Baghdad- Iraq three regions (Al-Dora, Al- Rustumiya and Al-Tuwaitha). Many samples were taken in the study area (15) samples Groundwater (well) and surface water (Rivers Tigris and Diyala). The results of the isotopic study indicated that there is a clear interaction in the values of the two stable isotopes between groundwater and surface water (Tigris and Diyala Rivers). In the wells (-41.5,-42.95 ‰) for deuterium (2H) (-6.77, -7.15 ‰) Oxygen-18 (18O) and the Tigris and Diyala rivers (-40 , - 39.47 - -7.34,-7.2 ‰) respectively ((2H), ((18O)) in the study area. Depending on these variables, indicates isotopic signatures similar between groundwater and surface water in the study area, helped in this the geological structures of the city of Baghdad (the sedimentation of the sedimentary plain). Through the results of isotope Tritium (H-3), (indicator to know the age of water and Recharge of water) we showed a clear convergence between the concentrations of tritium in the surface water of the rivers (Tigris and Diyala) (4.8 ± 0.064) TU and the wells (4.5 ±0.045) TU in the region, which indicates that the supply of water from wells is modern and continuous, and confirms the overlap between surface water and groundwater in the study area. It also indicated the high values of electrical conductivity in wells samples because most of the wells in the study area are shallow, where salt concentrations are high due to increased evaporation and are not suitable for drinking.

Sand and Dust Storms’ Impact on the Efficiency of the Photovoltaic Modules Installed in Baghdad: A Review Study with an Empirical Investigation

Airborne dust and dust storms are natural disasters that transport dust over long distances from the source basin, sometimes reaching hundreds of kilometers. Today, Iraq is a basin that produces dust storms that strike all neighboring countries such as Iran, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. These storms affect the productivity and capacity of the photovoltaic modules and reduce the amount of electricity that is generated clearly. Airborne dust reduces the intensity of solar radiation by scattering and absorbing it. In addition, the dust accumulated on the photovoltaic modules causes a deterioration in their productivity. In this study, an extensive review of wind movement and its sources, especially those that hit the city of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, was conducted. Practical experiments were also carried out during a storm to measure important variables that had not been measured practically before at this site. The experimental tests were carried out starting from 1 April 2022 and continued until 12 April. Within this period, a dust storm occurred that lasted for three consecutive days that was considered one of the most severe storms that the city of Baghdad had experienced in the last few years. Practical measurements showed a deterioration in the solar radiation intensity by up to 54.5% compared to previous days. The air temperature during the storm decreased by 21.09% compared to the days before the storm. From the measurements of ultrafine aerosol particles PM1 and PM2.5, there was a significant increase of 569.9% and 441% compared to the days before the storm, respectively. Additionally, the measurements showed an increase of 217.22% and 319.21% in PM10 and total suspended particles, respectively. Indoor performance experiments showed a deterioration of current, voltage, power and electrical efficiency by 32.28%, 14.45%, 38.52% and 65.58%, respectively, due to dust accumulated during the storm days compared to the previous days. In the outdoor experiments, the rates of deterioration of current, voltage, power and electrical efficiency were greater, reaching 60.24%, 30.7%, 62.3% and 82.93%, respectively, during the storm days compared to the days before it. During a storm, cleaning the panels is futile due to the high concentration of dust in the air, especially by water. However, the photovoltaic modules can be dry cleaned with bristle brushes after the storm has subsided.

Effect of Different Preparation Parameters on the Stability and Thermal Conductivity of MWCNT-Based Nanofluid Used for Photovoltaic/Thermal Cooling

The thermal conductivity and stability of any nanofluid are essential thermophysical properties. These properties are affected by many parameters, such as the nanoparticles, the base fluid, the surfactant, and the sonication time used for mixing. In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were selected as additive particles, and the remaining variables were tested to reach the most suitable nanofluid that can be used to cool photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) systems operating in the harsh summer conditions of the city of Baghdad. Among the tested base fluids, water was chosen, although ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PG), and heat transfer oil (HTO) were available. The novelty of the current study contains the optimization of nanofluid preparation time to improve MWCNTs’ PVT performance with different surfactants (CTAB, SDS, and SDBS) and base fluids (water, EG, PG, and oil). When 1% MWCNT mass fraction was added, the thermal conductivity (TC) of all tested fluids increased, and the water + nano-MWCNT advanced all TC (EG, PG, and oil) by 119.5%, 308%, and 210%, respectively. The aqueous nanofluids’ stability also exceeded the EG, PG, and oil at the mass fraction of 0.5% MWCNTs by 11.6%, 20.3%, and 16.66%, respectively. A nanofluid consisting of 0.5% MWCNTs, water (base fluid), and CTAB (surfactant) was selected with a sonication time of three and quarter hours, considering that these preparation conditions were practically the best. This fluid was circulated in an installed outdoor, weather-exposed PVT system. Experiments were carried out in the harsh weather conditions of Baghdad, Iraq, to test the effectiveness of the PVT system and the nanofluid. The nanofluid-cooled system achieved an electrical efficiency increase of 88.85% and 44% compared to standalone PV and water-cooled PVT systems, respectively. Additionally, its thermal efficiency was about 20% higher than that of a water-cooled PVT system. With the effect of the high temperature of the PV panel (at noon), the electrical efficiency of the systems was decreased, and the least affected was the nanofluid-cooled PVT system. The thermal efficiency of the nanofluid-cooled PVT system was also increased under these conditions. This success confirms that the prepared nanofluid cooling of the PVT system approach can be used in the severe weather of the city of Baghdad.

Redesign of the communications network based on high availability of traffic management technologies to improve the communication

Rapid urbanisation and rising population mobility have resulted in an increase in the number of vehicles on the road, providing considerable challenges for road traffic management authorities in the form of increased congestion, accidents, and pollution. Researchers in both industry and academia have been attempting to improve the performance of present road Traffic Management Systems in light of the issues that future "smart cities" would face by leveraging advances in sensing, communication, and dynamic adaptive technologies. The interaction between the development of society and the development of technologies does not escape these two factors, which impact each other more profoundly each time. This research is being conducted in response to challenges in Baghdad, Iraq, such as infrastructure, supply, and equipment, which have an impact on the proper performance of work by employees and employees who operate in the business. Fifty individuals from the Iraqi city of Baghdad were hired for the study project. Following that, the communications device research was carried out. Based on the study's findings, a strategy for upgrading Baghdad's communications network using high-availability technology is given. Its execution would help the organisation. We believe that the redesign work provided in this work can also help to improve organisational communicative performance by providing subsidies for network communications and contemplation on the most appropriate internal communication forms for public profile and organisational culture.

Oral Health Status in relation to Salivary Antimicrobial Peptide in Pregnant Women

Background: Oral health is a mirror of general health. During pregnancy, oral health is affected by changes in saliva and oral hygiene measures which may lead to more dental caries. Objective: Assess oral health status in relation to salivary antimicrobial peptides in pregnant women. Subjects and Method: This cross sectional study was carried out in different primary health care centers in Rusafa sectors/ Baghdad city. The total sample included was 80 women (their age range from 21-30). The study group consisted of 40 pregnant women: half of them were in the first trimester and others were in third trimester, while the control group included 40 non-pregnant married females. Dental Plaque was recorded according to simplified oral hygiene index. Dental caries were diagnosed by using WHO (2013) criteria. Unstimulated salivary samples were collected. Chemical analysis of salivary samples was performed for the detection of human β-Defensin 2. Results: The current study revealed that dental caries experiences (decayed surfaces(DS), missed surfaces (MS) and decayed, missing, filled surfaces(DMFS)) were higher among pregnant than non-pregnant females especially in the third trimester, add percentage with no significant differences, while filled surfaces (FS) were higher in the control group with also no significant difference. Regarding plaque index, results revealed that pregnant women had higher plaque index than non-pregnant women, with significant higher per-centage (53.3%) in the third trimester, P value = 0.027. The salivary human β-Defensin 2 was higher among the pregnant group in the third trimester with statistically no significant difference. Conclusion: More plaque accumulation during pregnancy may explain the higher preva-lence of dental caries as the dental plaque considered to be the chief contributing factor in dental caries.

Proposed Sustainable Indicators to Assess Transport Sustainability in Baghdad City

Proposed Sustainable Indicators to Assess Transport Sustainability in Baghdad City

Evaluating the Quality of Delivery Service from the Customer's Point of View Using the Importance-Performance Matrix

Purpose: Delivery services are widely used in all aspects of purchasing, but the positive and negative effects they generate for the customer influence his behavior towards repeating this method of purchase. The study aims to find out the extent of customer satisfaction with the delivery services provided to them in the city of Baghdad. Theoretical framework: Delivery services of all kinds (delivery of food, household items, or any other materials) by direct telephone contact or using social media are among the modern services in Iraq, as this service has entered on a large scale after 2010, which requires preparation Studies and Research In order to improve these services, relevant previous research and studies have been objectively collected and reviewed to understand recent trends reached by the literature. Design/Methodology/Approach: The analytical descriptive approach was used, and data was collected through a two-part questionnaire. The first part included the quality of delivery services provided, while the second part (performance) included customer satisfaction with the services provided. The study sample consisted of 260 beneficiaries who use delivery services continuously in the city of Baghdad. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software and through an analytical approach based on significance performance analysis (IPA). Findings: The results of the research determined the extent of customer satisfaction with delivery services through 5 characteristics of service quality and customer satisfaction with the services provided, as the results showed that delivery services in the city of Baghdad have not yet reached a high performance. This requires the departments that provide that service to pay more attention and focus on achieving the highest points in the first and second quarters of the matrix (management focus) (keeping up with the good work). Research, practical and social implications: Research, practical and social implications: The modernity of delivery services in the Iraqi environment is a fertile field for providing more research and studies because this contributes greatly to increasing people’s awareness and understanding of this type of important service and at the same time contributes to raising the efficiency of operating companies and offices. for this type of service. Originality / Value: Delivery services are a new concept in Iraq, and there is no literature at the level of Iraq to assess the quality of this service and the extent of customer satisfaction with this service through the use of the importance-performance matrix. As a result, the purpose of this paper is to make up for this void.

Antibiotics sensitivity of bacteria isolated from children with septicemia

This study aimed to determine the frequency of microorganisms isolated from blood samples of patients with septicemia admitted to pediatric protection teaching hospital in Baghdad city, the most frequently isolates were gram+ve cocci (Staphylococcus aureus 7 strian and S.epidermidis 11 strain), followed by, Klebsiella pneumoniae 9 strain, Escherichia coli 5 strain and Enterobacter 2strain. There was a significant difference between Staphylococcus aureus and S.epidermidis in Antibiotic sensitivity P value ≤ 0.05. S. aureus 7 strain were resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin and sensitive to vancomycin, cloxacillin, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin While S.epidermidis 11 strain were resistant to ampicillin, gentamicin and sensitive to erythromycin, vancomycin, cloxacillin, Ciprofloxacin

Risk Factors and Types of Congenital Anomalies among Newborn Admitted to NICU in Children Welfare Teaching Hospital / Baghdad City 2019

Risk Factors and Types of Congenital Anomalies among Newborn Admitted to NICU in Children Welfare Teaching Hospital / Baghdad City 2019

Evaluation of Antimicrobial-producing Actinomycetes Isolated from Regions in Baghdad City

In this study, we examined 25 actinomycete strains isolated from soil samples collected from different agricultural locations in Baghdad City, Iraq. These isolates were tentatively identified on the basis of their chalky, leathery, waxy, and mucoid colonies. Identifications were confirmed using slide culture techniques and observing the substrate and aerial mycelia and the arrangement of spore chains. Ten of the isolates were established to have antimicrobial-producing activity. To further confirm these isolates as actinomycetes, we performed molecular analyses using 16S rDNA, for which we obtained a characteristic single band of approximately 1500 bp. A selected isolate was studied for its antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and we also examined the influence of factors such as carbohydrate sources (glucose, maltose, sucrose, lactose, and starch), and different concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 as a nitrogen source, on antimicrobial production.

Construction of schools in Iraq during Seljuk era (449-590 / 1055-1194)

important aspets of cunstrtion in Islamic civilisation.Generaly saljuks were very interested in buildng schools.Iraq became spiritual life of muslims because it was the center of Abassid chaliphate.caliphs,sultans,ministters,scientist and women of high ststure had a pivotal role in building and developing  schools Efforts of each of the above mentioned expressed Islamic sects Nizam al mulk, the yread vizier of saljuks, played an important and effective role in building schools, and he also asked people to build more schools. The pluralism different religlous scholars and administrators about schools led to the influx of students and teachers from all over the islamic world to Iraq especially to Baghdad city since it used to be the center of science .    &nbsp

Study the predicators and risk factors for formation of gallstones in a sample of asymptomatic Iraqi patients in Baghdad

Background: A gallbladder stone (GBS) is a foremost reason of morbidity worldwide. Majority of the cases are asymptomatic (>80%). Gallstones can be divided into three main types: cholesterol, pigment and mixed stones. The documented risk factors for GBS mostly are the advanced age, female gender, obesity, high-caloric diets and oral contraceptive, all of these can increase the lithogenicity of bile. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study was conducted at general surgical consultation departments in two major multispecialty hospitals in Baghdad (Al-Yarmook and Al Karama Teaching Hospitals) and in different health centers in Baghdad and through an online survey between February 2022 and February 2023. The study sample included 225 participants of both genders. The study questionnaires were sent through electronic format to the participants and the questions were asked to the others directly with enough time to respond well. The target population was all segments of society in the city of Baghdad. Results: The 225 patients were collected which their age range from 18 to 80 years of age. According to the collected data which showed that the percentage of GBS higher in female than male in value (54.2%) while for male (45.8%). Additionally, also it was found that the residence place has an important impact for this study and it presented that residency in urban places was (96.9%) which is higher than rural places which was only (3.1%). Also, most of patients were with: collage education (73.8%), non-employed (52.9%), middle-income class (72.4%). The results showed significant result (p<0.05) and good association between age, and type of stones present (solitary or multiple); but for the gender, education level, occupation status, residence, socioeconomic class the results was non-significant (p>0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of asymptomatic gallstone was relatively high in this region. Female gender, age, high cholesterol level, family history of gallstones, and increased BMI independent risk factors for gallstones formation.

Using the Transtheoretical Model of Change to Understand Collegians’ Whole Grains Consumption

Background: Young people who develop good habits will find it simpler to keep them than to subsequently change their ways. Despite their great importance to human-beings’ health, large number still do not consume the recommended amount of whole grains. Aim: This study aims to (1) identify university students’ readiness to consume whole grains and (2) investigate the differences in students’ Pros, Cons, and Self-Efficacy for consuming whole grains between the groups of gender, living arrangement, and body mass index categories. Methods and materials: A descriptive design was used to guide this study. Data were collected for the period from October 10th, 2022 to December 20th, 2022. The study included a convenience sample of 540 undergraduate students who were recruited from humanistic colleges from four public universities in Baghdad City . The study instrument includes participants’ sociodemographic characteristics and body mass index, The Stages of Change Scale for Whole Grain Consumption, and The Self-Efficacy Scale for Whole Grain Consumption. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social science for windows, version 26. Results: The study results revealed that more than a half are in the Contemplation Stage of Change for whole grains consumption, followed by those who are in the Preparation Stage, and those who are in the Maintenance Stage. There is a statistically significant difference in the Self-Efficacy of whole grains consumption between gender groups. There is a statistically significant difference in the Pros of whole grains consumption among the body mass index groups. Conclusion: More than a half still do not intend to consume whole grains. The higher the body mass index, the greater the Pros of whole grains consumption.

Assessment of the Environmental and Health risks of Chromium in the Soil of Tanning Factories (Baghdad City - Iraq)

The present study assesses the pollution level and health risk of heavy metal (Cr) in the area surrounding the tanning factories’ soil in Baghdad city-Iraq. Chromium concentration, mean, and median values were calculated. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo), the enrichment factor (EF), and the integrated pollution index (IPI) have been used in the assessment of pollution. The lowest value of (Igeo) at the surface to the north of the factory was (2.36), and the highest value of (Igeo) at a depth of 100 cm from the surface to the south of the factory was (94.94). All values of (EF) were greater than 40. The values of (IPI) at the surface and a depth of 100 cm from the surface of the soil are considered to cause an extreme level of contamination. A depth of 50 cm from the surface of the soil to the north of the factory is considered to have a high level of contamination. In addition, the estimated health risk was assessed by calculating the values of hazard quotient (HQ), health index (HI) for non-carcinogenic, lifetime average daily dose (LADD) for carcinogenic heavy metals, and lifetime cancer risk (R). The values of HI were found at a safe level (<1). Moreover, carcinogenic risks were estimated by the exposure results, where the highest value of R was 51.9, and the lowest value was 0.231.