Bagasse In Natura Research Articles

Semi-Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Improved by Lignin and Extractives Removal from Sugarcane Bagasse

Lignocellulosic biomass and agro-industrial residues are a source of fermentable sugars; however, pretreatments are needed to overcome biomass recalcitrance. This study evaluated the effect of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis and fermentation in response to dilute acid pretreatment. In natura bagasse, extractive-free bagasse, partially delignified bagasse, and bagasse with added butylated hydroxytoluene antioxidant were pretreated with diluted acid and investigated in semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (S-SSF). The effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) resulted in lower yields of inhibitors in the liquid fraction of the acid pretreatment (0.01 g L−1 of furfural, 0.01 g L−1 of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and 0.68 g L−1 of acetic acid). Partially delignified material and material with BHT resulted in biomass with low hemicellulose and lignin contents, indicating that BHT influenced lignin removal. Extractives removal showed benefits for the acid pretreatment, decreasing the dioxane-soluble material, and a higher yield of glucose and ethanol via S-SSF for the partially delignified material. Enzymatic saccharification of partially delignified material showed 87% of cellulose conversion (24 h with 15 FPU/g), and after 48 h of S-SSF (25 FPU/g), residual 7.06 g L−1 of glucose and production of 15.17 g L−1 of ethanol were observed. The low content of extractives, lignin, and dioxane soluble material resulted in better cellulose accessibility and ethanol yield. Chemical compounds can help remove lignin from biomass favoring ethanol production by S-SSF.

Fermentation times and feed additives improve the quality of olive bagasse silage

This research aimed to measure the microbiological, chemical composition profile and fermentative characteristics during storage of fresh olive bagasse, in natura and incorporated with corn, soybean and rice brans, respectively. The experimental design was completely randomized, with the plots constituting the four main treatments (olive bagasse in natura or with added corn, soybean and rice brans, respectively), and the subplots allocated the three sampling times, which corresponded to time zero (at the ensilage moment) and 28 and 56 days of ensilage. The fermentative characteristics (dry matter content [DM], pH and ammoniacal nitrogen [NH3-N], microbiological profile (populations of filamentous fungi, lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteria and Clostridia) and chemical composition profile (mineral matter, organic matter, crude protein [CP], ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) were determined. The corn grain and rice meal treatments, which demonstrated pH 4.08 and 3.96 at 28 days of fermentation, respectively, provided the best fermentation profile. After storage for 56 days, the samples with added soybean and rice meal reached the highest levels of CP (166.15 and 93.78 g kg-1 DM), respectively. Increasing the storage period reduced the pH of the obtained silages but increased the losses of DM, NH3-N and contributed to the losses of some nutrients. Rice meal and corn grain have been recommended to be used as additives in olive bagasse storage. However, the choice of additives studied is dependent on their commercial availability in each region.

Remoção de Íons Metálicos em Solução Aquosa Utilizando Bagaço de Cana de Açúcar

This work describes the preparation of sugarcane bagasse chemically modified with citric acid and evaluated adsorption of Cu(II), Cr(III) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions by sugarcane bagasse in natura and chemically modified. Adsorption analyses in batch system were carried out in function of contact time with the adsorbent and adsorbate concentration. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the ions concentrations. Adsorption experimental data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich linear models, and the maximum adsorption capacity was estimated for copper ions in function of modifications. The chemical modifications were confirmed at 1.730 cm−1 peak in infrared spectra, referring to the carboxylate groups. The required time for the adsorption to reach equilibrium was 24 h and the kinetics follows the behavior described by the pseudo-second order equation. Besides, a significant improvement of the ions adsorption has been observed after the bagasse modification, according to Langmuir isotherm linear model, showed maximum adsorption capacities for Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cr(III) ions ranging from 6.87 to 31.53 mg.g-1, 11.63 to 52.63 mg.g-1, and 21.87 to 22,08 mg.g-1, respectively.

A multistep mild process for preparation of nanocellulose from orange bagasse

Orange bagasse in natura and industrial orange bagasse were investigated as starting materials for the production of nanocellulose under moderate chemical sequential extraction conditions. The latter accounted for acid (5% v v−1 and 100 °C) and/or alkaline conditions (NaOH 1.6–4.0% m v−1, 120 °C); and bleaching with NaClO2 (1–3% m v−1, 80 °C). Ultrasound treatment yielded very similar cellulose nanofibers with 60–70% of crystallinity and highly pure (over 98%). As seen by field emission scanning electron microscopy, cellulose nanofibers showed mean diameters of 18.4 nm ± 6.0 nm from bagasse in natura, while 20.5 nm ± 7.0 nm mean diameters were observed for the nanofibers isolated from the industrial bagasse. Crystallinity indices were determined using X-ray diffraction and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (CP–MAS 13C NMR) data. The obtained materials have numerous potential applications and represent a green alternative for the treatment of orange fruit biomass.

High value-added products from the orange juice industry waste

An underutilized residue called Citrus Pulp of Floater (CPF), which causes problems during the industrial process of manufacturing of orange juice, was explored for the production of high value-added products. Mixed, first (1G) and second generation (2G) ethanol, a clean and renewable biofuel, was obtained after an enzyme cocktail isolated from the Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) was applied in hydrolysis of this biomass. Then, mono- and co-culture fermentations were performed using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and two Candida strains (Candida parapsilosis IFM 48375 and NRRL Y-12969), where the last two were isolated from the orange bagasse in natura. After the enzymatic hydrolysis step, sugars obtained were converted to ethanol achieving a yield of almost 100% after co-fermentation. Hesperidin, a flavonoid widely used for its antimicrobial and/or antioxidant activities, was also extracted from CPF by liquid-solid extraction and precipitation, with the yield of 1.2% and 92.6% pure. Finally, nanocellulose was produced through processes such as extraction, bleaching and nanonization with the yield of 1.4% and over 98% of purity. These products – ethanol, hesperidin and nanocellulose were obtained from three independent processes: (1) after an enzyme-based hydrolysis of CPF, liquid part was used for ethanol production, and solid was preserved; (2) hesperidin was isolated from a dry CPF, and solid residue was preserved; and (3) nanocellulose was obtained from the solid residues after processes cited in 1 and 2.

Anaerobic biodigestion of sugarcane bagasse using chicken excreta as inoculum

The sugar cane and poultry industry are generators of a large amount of byproducts that can have their added value enhanced when used as an energy source. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect on anaerobic biodigestion of sugarcane bagasse in natura and pretreated with sodium hydroxide, using chicken excreta as inoculum. To do this, 600mL experimental biodigesters were used, with two treatments: 1 - sugarcane bagasse inoculated with bird excreta and 2 - sugarcane bagasse inoculated with bird excreta and added 4% sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH). The chemical composition of sugarcane bagasse and bird excreta were analyzed, as well as how the reactive sludge (substrate) were evaluated, before and after the period of 54 days. The variables of pH, DQO, total, volatile and fixed solids and also the production of methane gas (CH4) were analyzed. The results show that the treatment with 4% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pretreatment presented better results in methane gas production and environmental evaluation parameters.

Effect of the chemical attack on the properties of cimentititous composites with partial substitution of ash from sugar cane bagasse in natura

Effect of the chemical attack on the properties of cimentititous composites with partial substitution of ash from sugar cane bagasse in natura

Use of lignocellulose biomass for endoxylanase production by Streptomyces termitum

ABSTRACTActinobacteria isolates from Brazilian Cerrado soil were evaluated for their ability to produce enzymes of the cellulolytic and xylanolytic complex using lignocellulose residual biomass. Preliminary semiquantitative tests, made in Petri plates containing carboxymethylcellulose and beechwood xylan, indicated 11 potential species producing enzymes, all belonging to the genus Streptomyces. The species were subsequently grown in pure substrates in submerged fermentation and analyzed for the production of enzymes endoglucanase, β-glucosidase, endoxylanase, and β-xylosidase. The best results were obtained for endoxylanase enzyme production with Streptomyces termitum(UFLA CES 93). The strain was grown on lignocellulose biomass (bagasse, straw sugarcane, and cocoa pod husk) that was used in natura or acid pretreated. The medium containing sugarcane bagasse in natura favored the production of the endoxylanase that was subsequently optimized through an experimental model. The highest enzyme production 0.387 U mL−1, (25.8 times higher), compared to the lowest value obtained in one of the trials, was observed when combining 2.75% sugar cane bagasse and 1.0 g L−1 of yeast extract to the alkaline medium (pH 9.7). This is the first study using S. termitum as a producer of endoxylanase.

Remoção de microcistina-LR da Microcystis aeruginosa utilizando bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura e carvão ativado

Microcystin-LR is a type of toxin released by the Microcystis aeruginosa cyanobacteria found in water sources used for human consumption. It can cause illness and even death if not completely removed in conventional water treatment. The retention of this toxin is often accomplished by the adsorption process in activated carbon in water treatment plants. In this study, a comparison was made between the retention of microcystin-LR by activated carbon and by sugarcane bagasse in natura applied as a bio-adsorbent. Adsorption experiments were performed after the physical and chemical properties of the bio adsorbent and the activated carbon were characterized. The adsorption performance was evaluated by the toxin removal efficiency and the maximum adsorption capacity. Average removal efficiencies of the toxin resulted in 65.25; 41.74 and 11.75% for the activated carbon and 24.15; 18.92 and 12.27% for the sugarcane bagasse for concentrations of 2.36, 3.33 and 3.83 µg L-1, respectively. The bio adsorbent presented removal efficiency for the toxin similar to that observed in the activated carbon for the concentration of 3.83 µg L-1. Maximum adsorption capacity obtained with better linear adjustment to the Freundlich isotherm was 6,047.84 µg g-1 (toxin concentration of 3.83 µg L-1) for sugarcane bagasse and 338.61 µg g-1 (toxin concentration of 2.36 µg L-1) for activated carbon.

Catalytic Hydrolysis of Pretreated Sugarcane Bagasse over Acid-Activated Vermiculite Catalysts

Aiming at obtaining glucose, we studied the chemical pretreatment (NaOH + H2SO4) and the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse using as catalyst the acid-treated vermiculite clay. Samples of the bagasse before and after the treatment were characterized as to the fiber content and XRD. It has been found that the chemical pretreatment showed satisfactory results providing a decrease of 40% in the lignin content and of 43% in the hemicellulose content, regarding to the bagasse in natura. Catalytic tests in aqueous solution were performed at 200°C, to evaluate the use of vermiculite treated as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. The reaction product was filtered and the supernatant was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. A yield of 6.18% in glucose was achieved.

Thermophilic fungi as new sources for production of cellulases and xylanases with potential use in sugarcane bagasse saccharification.

To obtain new cellulases and xylanases from thermophilic fungi; evaluate their potential for sugarcane bagasse saccharification. Thirty-two heat-tolerant fungi were isolated from the environment, identified (morphological/molecular tools) and the production of the enzymes was evaluated by solid state fermentation using lignocellulosic materials as substrates. Myceliophthora thermophila JCP 1-4 was the best producer of endoglucanase (357·51Ug(-1) ), β-glucosidase (45·42Ug(-1) ), xylanase (931·11Ug(-1) ) and avicelase (3·58Ug(-1) ). These enzymes were most active at 55-70°C and stable at 30-60°C. Using crude enzymatic extract from M.thermophila JCP 1-4 to saccharify sugarcane bagasse pretreated with microwaves and glycerol, glucose and xylose yields obtained were 15·6 and 35·13% (2·2 and 1·95g l(-1) ), respectively. All isolated fungi have potential to produce the enzymes; M.thermophila JCP 1-4 enzymatic extract have potential to be better explored in saccharification experiments. Pretreatment improved enzymatic saccharification, as sugar yields were much higher than those obtained from in natura bagasse. Myceliophthora thermophila JCP 1-4 produces avicelase (not commonly found among fungi; important to hydrolyse crystalline cellulose) and a β-glucosidase resistant to glucose inhibition, interesting characteristics for saccharification experiments.

A novel thermostable xylanase GH10 from Malbranchea pulchella expressed in Aspergillus nidulans with potential applications in biotechnology.

BackgroundThe search for novel thermostable xylanases for industrial use has intensified in recent years, and thermophilic fungi are a promising source of useful enzymes. The present work reports the heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of a novel thermostable xylanase (GH10) from the thermophilic fungus Malbranchea pulchella, the influence of glycosylation on its stability, and a potential application in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis.ResultsXylanase MpXyn10A was overexpressed in Aspergillus nidulans and was active against birchwood xylan, presenting an optimum activity at pH 5.8 and 80°C. MpXyn10A was 16% glycosylated and thermostable, preserving 85% activity after 24 hours at 65°C, and deglycosylation did not affect thermostability. Circular dichroism confirmed the high alpha-helical content consistent with the canonical GH10 family (β/α)8 barrel fold observed in molecular modeling. Primary structure analysis revealed the existence of eight cysteine residues which could be involved in four disulfide bonds, and this could explain the high thermostability of this enzyme even in the deglycosylated form. MpXyn10A showed promising results in biomass degradation, increasing the amount of reducing sugars in bagasse in natura and in three pretreated sugarcane bagasses.ConclusionsMpXyn10A was successfully secreted in Aspergillus nidulans, and a potential use for sugarcane bagasse biomass degradation was demonstrated.

A novel promising Trichoderma harzianum strain for the production of a cellulolytic complex using sugarcane bagasse in natura

Brazil is a major producer of agro-industrial residues, such as sugarcane bagasse, which could be used as raw material for microbial production of cellulases as an important strategy for the development of sustainable processes of second generation ethanol production. For this purpose, this work aimed at screening for glycosyl hydrolase activities of fungal strains isolated from the Brazilian Cerrado. Among 13 isolates, a Trichoderma harzianum strain (L04) was identified as a promising candidate for cellulase production when cultured on in natura sugarcane bagasse. Strain L04 revealed a well-balanced cellulolytic complex, presenting fast kinetic production of endoglucanases, exoglucanases and β-glucosidases, achieving 4,022, U.L-1 (72 h), 1,228 U.L-1 (120 h) and 1,968 U.L-1 (48 h) as the highest activities, respectively. About 60% glucose yields were obtained from sugarcane bagasse after 18 hours hydrolysis. This new strain represents a potential candidate for on-site enzyme production using sugarcane bagasse as carbon source.

Cellulase On-Site Production from Sugar Cane Bagasse Using Penicillium echinulatum

Penicillium echinulatum was evaluated as a cellulolytic enzyme producer in shaking flasks and bioreactor submerged culture using sugarcane bagasse as carbon source. Sodium hydroxide delignified steam-exploded pretreated bagasse (SDB) and hydrothermal pretreated bagasse had a maximum filter paper activity (FPase) of 2.4 and 2.6 FPU/mL, respectively. Delignified acid pretreated bagasse and Celufloc 200TM (CE) carbon sources displayed maximum FPase of 1.3 and 1.6 FPU/mL while in natura bagasse (INB) provided the lowest enzyme activity, ca. 0.4 FPU/mL. Measurement of surface specific area of lignocellulosic material and scanning electron microscopic images showed a possible correlation between fungal mycelia accessibility to lignocellulosic particles and obtained cellulolytic enzyme activity of fermentation broth. Fed-batch experiments performed in a controlled bioreactor attained the highest value of FPase of 3.7 FPU/mL, enzyme productivity of 25.7 FPU/L h, and enzyme yield from cellulose equal to 134 FPU/g with SDB. Enzyme hydrolysis of steam-pretreated bagasse accomplished with the obtained supernatant of fermentation broth (10 FPU/g of biomass and 5 % w/v) performed better than commercial cellulose complex. The results showed that P. echinulatum has potential to be used as an on-site enzyme platform aiming second bioethanol production from sugarcane lignocellulosic residue.

Waste biomass to liquids: Low temperature conversion of sugarcane bagasse to bio-oil. The effect of combined hydrolysis treatments

Abstract This article describes the influence of different sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis pretreatments on modifications to biomass feedstock and the characteristics of the resultant pyrolysis products. Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with acid, alkaline or sequential acid/alkaline solutions and pretreated samples were then subjected to a low temperature conversion (LTC) process under He or O2/He atmospheres at 350–450 °C. Both pretreated samples and sugarcane bagasse in natura were analyzed by determination of their chemical composition and by thermogravimetric, FTIR and SEM analyses. The gases yielded during LTC were monitored on-line by quadrupole mass spectrometry, and the liquid fractions obtained were characterized by FTIR and 1H and 13C NMR. Irrespective of the sugarcane bagasse pretreatment applied, the main bio-oil component obtained was levoglucosan. However, the LTC yield of bio-oil depended on the hydrolysis treatment of the biomass and decreased in the presence of O2. The acid hydrolysis pretreatment increased the LTC bio-oil yield notably.

Copper Ions Adsorption from Aqueous Medium Using the Biosorbent Sugarcane Bagasse In Natura and Chemically Modified

This study evaluated the copper ion adsorption capacity of sugarcane bagasse in natura and chemically modified with citric acid and sodium hydroxide. Adsorption analyses in batch system were carried out in function of contact time with the adsorbent and adsorbate concentration. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the copper concentrations. Adsorption experimental data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich linear models, and the maximum adsorption capacity was estimated for copper ions in function of modifications. The chemical modifications were confirmed at 1,730 cm−1 peak in infrared spectra, referring to the carboxylate groups. The required time for the adsorption to reach equilibrium was 24 h and the kinetics follows the behavior described by the pseudo-second order equation. Besides, a significant improvement of the copper adsorption has been observed after the bagasse treatment, where the maximum adsorption capacity was 31.53 mg g−1 for copper using modified bagasse with nitric acid according to Langmuir isotherm linear model. The high uptake of copper ions from aqueous medium verified by chemically modified sugarcane bagasse makes this material an attractive alternative for effluent treatment and avoids environmental contamination.

Associação da palma forrageira com diferentes tipos de volumosos em dietas para vacas em lactação: comportamento ingestivo e parâmetros fisiológicos

The experiment was carried out from January to April 2005, evaluating the ingestive behaviour and physiologic parameters of lactating Holstein cows fed with cactus forage associated with different forage (sugarcane bagasse in natura, tifton grass hay, elephant grass hay, sorghum silage and sorghum silage plus sugarcane bagasse). Five cows were assigned to a 5 x 5 latin square design, after pre-experimental period of 14 days. Each experimental period lasted 14 days. The registration of the behavior variables was in a visual way, at five-minute intervals, in 24 hours. The ambient temperature was monitored every hour, from 6 am to 6 pm, through bulb dry and humid thermometer. Rectal temperature and respiratory frequency were registered at 9 am and at 6 pm. The water intake was measured at 5.30 am and at 5.30 pm. There was no difference (p > 0.05) among the forage, as for physiologic variables, behavior, defecation, urination and seek for water. Yet, there was difference (p < 0.05) among the treatments for the afternoon and total water intake. Under these conditions, the association of cactus forage with sugarcane bagasse, tifton grass hay, elephant grass hay, sorghum silage and sorghum silage plus sugarcane bagasse, did not influence behavior, physiologic variables, while it influenced water ingestion.

Características da Carcaça e Qualidade da Carne de Tourinhos Alimentados com Dietas de Alta Energia

Foram alimentados 36 tourinhos ¾ Europeu ¼ Zebu com dietas contendo 9, 15 e 21% de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura (BIN) na matéria seca. Os animais, com peso inicial de 257 kg, foram abatidos após 138 dias, com 435 kg de peso. Foram realizadas mensurações na carcaça e da composição física do corte das 9-10-11ª costelas. Amostras dos músculos Longissimus dorsi e Supraspinatus, maturadas durante 0, 7 e 14 dias, foramanalisadas quanto à textura e cor. A quantidade de gordura renal e pélvica foi maior para os tratamentos 9 e 15% de BIN. Houve tendência para maior espessura de gordura subcutânea nos tratamentos 9 e 15% de BIN. Os diferentes níveis de fibra na dieta não alteraram a composição física e as características de carcaça, porém maior acúmulo de gordura nas regiões inguinal e pélvica foi observado em tratamentos com maior teor de concentrado. A textura objetiva (WB) apresentou diferença entre os três grupos de bifes maturados, nos dois músculos testados; o grupo com 14 dias de maturação foi mais macio que o tempo 7, e este, mais macio que o tempo 0. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os tratamentos nutricionais para a característica de cor, entretanto, houve efeito significativo para o período de maturação. A carne maturada (tempos 7 e 14) foi mais macia e brilhante, e suas cores, mais realçadas. A maturação teve grande impacto sobre a maciez em touros jovens produzindo carcaças de 230 kg e com 4 mm de espessura de gordura.

Exigências Líquidas de Energia e Proteína de Tourinhos de Dois Grupos Genéticos Alimentados com Dietas de Alto Teor de Concentrado

Avaliou-se a composição corporal de 42 tourinhos ¼ B. indicus x ¾ B. taurus, de raça paterna Britânica (Shorthorn) ou Continental (Guelbvieh) com 9 meses e 243 kg de peso vazio inicial (PVzi). Destes, seis animais foram abatidos para obtenção da composição corporal inicial do lote. Os 36 animais restantes foram confinados com dietas contendo 9, 15 e 21% de bagaço de cana in natura (BIN) na MS. Não houve efeitos significativos da interação entre tipos raciais e níveis de fibra para as variáveis analisadas. O efeito do tipo racial não alterou a composição do ganho de peso vazio (GPVz), tendo os animais Britânicos apresentado 28,9% de gordura e 3,75 Mcal/kg, enquanto os animais Continentais apresentaram 28% de gordura e 3,67 Mcal/kg de GPVz. Os animais Britânicos apresentaram teores numéricos maiores de gordura e energia, apesar de apresentarem média de PVzi e ganho de peso vazio final (GPVzf) menores que os Continentais. O efeito de fibra não foi significativo, mas animais recebendo dietas com 15% de BIN apresentaram GPV numericamente maior (1,2 kg/d), que os animais que receberam 9% e 21% de BIN (1,1 kg/d). Os diferentes níveis de BIN não alteraram a composição do ganho, mas a composição do GPVz dos animais que receberam 15% de BIN apresentaram maiores teores numéricos de lipídeo e energia, 31% e 3,94 Mcal/kg de GPVz. Os animais submetidos aos tratamentos 9 e 21% de BIN apresentaram respectivamente, 28,6% e 25,7% de lipídeo e 3,72 e 3,46 Mcal/kg de GPVz. A composição do GPVz e as exigências líquidas de energia e proteína dos tourinhos ¾ europeus filhos de vacas Caracu x Nelore com touros Guelbvieh ou Shorthorn foram semelhantes às observadas para machos não castrados de tamanho corporal grande ou grau de estrutura corporal próximo a 8 na escala 1-9.