Bagasse Fly Ash Research Articles

Experimental analysis on the mechanical properties of Al6061 based hybrid composite reinforced with silicon carbide, bagasse fly ash and aloe vera ash

The demand for low-density automobile components for lightweight automobiles that have less energy consumption has initiated the production of chassis, wheels, bumpers, brakes, and steering using composite materials. This research aimed to fabricate an Al6061-based hybrid composite for automobile components reinforced with 10 wt% silicon carbide and varying aloe vera and bagasse ashes using the stir-casting method. The effects of the composition of reinforcements on the microstructure, hardness and compressive strength of the hybrid composites were assessed. It was found that an increase in bagasse ash and aloe vera ash contents improved the compressive strength. The hybrid composite with 10 wt% bagasse ash and 11 wt% aloe vera ash demonstrated maximum compressive strength of 376.3 MPa. The highest hardness of 91.6 HV was achieved with the hybrid composite having 10 wt% bagasse ash and 11 wt% aloe vera ash. The hardness value of the hybrid composite was increased by 16.27% when compared to a single reinforced Al6061/SiC composite. It was concluded that adding bagasse and aloe vera ashes greatly increased the hardness and compressive strength of Al6061/SiC composite materials. The findings of this research would be useful for automobile component manufacturers.

Mechanical investigation of alkali-activated prefabricated sustainable wall panels using ashes and stone dust

There is an increasing trend for the development of sustainable structural elements. Because of the massive scale, sustainable materials, methods, and practices can make a significant difference in the construction industry. This research uses locally available wastes like bagasse ash, fly ash, and stone dust along with silty clay for the development of versatile prefabricated wall panels. The goal is to find an optimized design of wall panels based on strength, weight, and cost. 20 panels were cast by varying three material compositions and two Na2SiO3/NaOH (SS/SH) ratios. The results show that wall panels have adequate strength to take care of the flexural and axial loading for houses. Based on weight /density clay-based panels are 5.7 % and stone dust-based panels are 5 % lighter than cement-based panels. The stone dust-based ferrocement geopolymer panel with a 1.5 SS/SH ratio has attained an ultimate load of 125 kN, which is close to the cement-based ferrocement panel load of 136 kN. The material cost of GPC wall panels is nearly similar to a brick masonry wall. However, in the case of cement panels, the cost is 47 % less than that of the brick masonry wall. At the same time, cement panels can have an adverse impact on the environment, firstly by reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and secondly by utilization of waste ashes damaging the environment.

Removal of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate using bagasse fly ash and surface functionalized modified fly ash from aqueous solutions

AbstractThis study explores the efficacy of a cost‐effective, functionalized adsorbent derived from bagasse fly ash (FA) for the removal of the surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) from aqueous solutions. The raw bagasse FA underwent a modification process involving reflux with TiO2 in NaOH at 100°C for 24 h, resulting in a modified fly ash (MFA). Comparative analyses of the sorbents were conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X‐ray diffraction (pXRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface analysis, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). The surface area of the original FA was found to be 10.795 m2 g−1, which increased to 30.597 m2 g−1 postmodification. Similarly, the crystallinity of FA was initially 49.36% and enhanced to 79.70% after the modification process. The adsorption process of SDBS onto both FA and MFA were found to follow pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. Moreover, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm was the most fitting model, as evidenced by the R2 values at 298 K for SDBS‐FA (0.99) and SDBS‐MFA (0.99), both of which are remarkably close to unity. The dimensionless separation factor (RL) was determined to be less than one, indicating favorable adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacities predicted by the Langmuir model are 156.00 mg/g for FA and a notably higher 231.48 mg/g for MFA. Thermodynamic analysis revealed a positive change in enthalpy (ΔHo) for SDBS‐FA and SDBS‐MFA of 54.50 and 124.48 KJ mol−1, respectively, suggesting endothermic adsorption. Additionally, the Gibbs free energy (ΔGo) was negative for both SDBS‐FA and SDBS‐MFA, suggesting that the adsorption of SDBS is spontaneous.

Increasing Concrete Durability Against Organic Acid Corrosion with Coal Fly Ash and Bagasse Fly Ash as Cement Replacements

Increasing Concrete Durability Against Organic Acid Corrosion with Coal Fly Ash and Bagasse Fly Ash as Cement Replacements

Creating a bio‐based circular economy from Louisiana sugarcane byproducts

AbstractSugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is Louisiana's number one row crop. Growing and processing sugarcane produces significant amounts of byproducts, including bagasse, crop residue, molasses, filter‐press mud, and boiler fly ash. These products represent an important opportunity to generate value‐added and specialty products and enhance sugarcane's sustainability by facilitating a circular economy, where agricultural by‐products are reused instead of disposing them (linear economy), in order to reduce resource use and energy demand. Examples of value‐added products range from biochar, construction materials, animal feed, biofuels, nanoparticles, and fertilizer. Paramount to the success of the bio‐based circular economy is creating useful products that are sustainable, economically, and environmentally acceptable. Some potential roadblocks to creating a successful bio‐based circular economy from Louisiana's sugarcane by‐products are highlighted.Core Ideas The Louisiana sugar industry produces large amounts of biomass‐derived byproducts each year. Byproducts could be reused, recycled, or reformed instead of being discarded. Creating industries around these products boosts the circular economy.

Synthesis and characterization of aluminosilicate and zinc silicate from sugarcane bagasse fly ash for adsorption of aflatoxin B1

Sugarcane bagasse fly ash, a residual product resulting from the incineration of biomass to generate power and steam, is rich in SiO2. Sodium silicate is a fundamental material for synthesizing highly porous silica-based adsorbents to serve circular practices. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a significant contaminant in animal feeds, necessitates the integration of adsorbents, crucial for reducing aflatoxin concentrations during the digestive process of animals. This research aimed to synthesize aluminosilicate and zinc silicate derived from sodium silicate based on sugarcane bagasse fly ash, each characterized by a varied molar ratio of aluminum (Al) to silicon (Si) and zinc (Zn) to silicon (Si), respectively. The primary focus of this study was to evaluate their respective capacities for adsorbing AFB1. It was revealed that aluminosilicate exhibited notably superior AFB1 adsorption capabilities compared to zinc silicate and silica. Furthermore, the adsorption efficacy increased with higher molar ratios of Al:Si for aluminosilicate and Zn:Si for zinc silicate. The N2 confirmed AFB1 adsorption within the pores of the adsorbent. In particular, the aluminosilicate variant with a molar ratio of 0.08 (Al:Si) showcased the most substantial AFB1 adsorption capacity, registering at 88.25% after an in vitro intestinal phase. The adsorption ability is directly correlated with the presence of surface acidic sites and negatively charged surfaces. Notably, the kinetics of the adsorption process were best elucidated through the application of the pseudo-second-order model, effectively describing the behavior of both aluminosilicate and zinc silicate in adsorbing AFB1.

Evaluating sugarcane bagasse fly ash as a sustainable cement replacement for enhanced performance

This study evaluated the potential of sugarcane bagasse fly ash, collected from boiler exhaust stacks via a bypass pipe, as a renewable supplementary cementitious material. The bagasse fly ash was ground into three different particle sizes (D50 of 10, 20, and 30 μm) and characterized in terms of morphology, porosity, specific surface area, and pozzolanic activity. The influence of the ashes on paste hydration was investigated using isothermal calorimetry. Mortars were then tested with 20% cement replacement by fly ash, analyzing packing density, compressive strength evolution, and durability against sulfuric acid. Results indicated the suitability of the fly ash as a supplementary cementitious material, with low contamination and greater pozzolanic activity at smaller particle sizes. This enhanced initial hydration and long-term strength, with finer ashes showing superior mechanical properties when compared to the reference mortar (an 8% increase). Mortars with fly ash exhibited higher packing density and reduced mass loss under sulfuric acid attack, but increased water absorption and capillarity, alongside decreased compressive strength compared to the reference. Briefly, the findings highlighted that the potential of bagasse fly ash as a promising low cost and eco-beneficial material for sustainable construction practices.

Zirconia–sugarcane bagasse fly ash as a novel solid acid nanocatalyst for selective dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether

AbstractIn the current study, two series of catalysts were synthesized and characterized by various physicochemical techniques. In the first series of catalysts, a chemical precipitation method was used for loading 1–20 wt. % ZrO2 on the surface of sugarcane bagasse fly ash (SCBFA) with the goal of finding out the optimal ZrO2 loading. In the second series, the 20% ZrO2/SCBFA composition was modified by (1–10 wt. %) SO42− by wet impregnation method. The acidity of these catalysts was determined through the dehydration of isopropyl alcohol and the chemisorption of pyridine and 2,6‐dimethyl pyridine. The catalytic efficiency for the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether (DME) in a fixed‐bed reactor at atmospheric pressure was investigated. A ~ 95% yield toward DME is maximized over the 10% SO42−/20% ZrO2/SCBFA catalyst at a reaction temperature of 400°C. Additionally, it maintained nearly the same efficiency over a 90‐h period and demonstrated outstanding long‐term stability. The specific surface area and the acidity are the most important factors responsible for enhancing the catalytic performance in this reaction. Our study reflects that SCBFA‐supported zirconia and that modified with SO42− are low‐cost, effective, eco‐friendly, and recyclable catalysts that are highly suited to apply for production of DME from methanol.

Malachite green and methylene blue dye removal using modified bagasse fly ash: Adsorption optimization studies

Utilizing Bagasse Fly Ash (BFA) as an adsorbent, a byproduct from the sugar industry, proved effective in removing a mixture of Malachite Green and Methylene Blue dyes from aqueous solutions. To enhance its efficacy, the fly ash underwent chemical modification and underwent detailed characterization using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TGA analyses. Subsequently, adsorption studies were conducted to optimize critical parameters—initial dye concentration, contact time, and pH levels—employing a Mixed-Level Factorial design to pinpoint the most favorable conditions for efficient dye removal. The modified Bagasse Fly Ash (BFA) resulted in a maximum adsorption capacity of 18.75 mg/g (71.5 %) for Malachite Green and 15.5 mg/g (67.2 %) for Methylene Blue at initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L, pH of 9.6, and time of 51.5 min. Analysis of the sorption data involved rigorous application of both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, revealing a strong fit of the linear representation to the data for both dyes. Specifically, R2 values of 0.97 and 0.93 were observed for Malachite Green, while notably higher values of 0.99 and 0.96 were obtained for Methylene Blue, affirming an excellent model-data agreement. Additionally, a kinetic study revealed that the dye adsorption process (MB and MG) followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 > 0.99), indicating that chemisorption as dominant adsorption mechanism and providing valuable insights into the dynamic behavior of the process.

Enhancing durability of concrete mixtures with supplementary cementitious materials: A study on organic acid corrosion and physical abrasion in pig farm environments

This study assessed concrete durability in pig farm environments, focusing on resistance to organic acid corrosion and physical abrasion. It used supplementary cementitious materials like silica fume (SF), coal fly ash (CFA), and bagasse fly ash (BFA) to improve concrete resilience. The research involved casting and testing concrete samples for compressive strength, acid corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance, and their combined effects. A custom apparatus simulated corrosion and abrasion cycles typical in pig farm flooring. Results showed that a combination of SF, CFA, and BFA significantly enhanced compressive strength, especially with extended curing. Additionally, these materials improved concrete's resistance to acid corrosion, physical abrasion, and their combined effects. The replacement of 30 wt% of cement with CFA and BFA in concrete significantly reduced mass loss due to acid corrosion to less than 10%, whereas the control mix exhibited a mass loss exceeding 24%. Additionally, concrete with 30 wt% CFA or BFA replacement exhibited a minimal combined mass loss, decreasing to less than 2.5% due to acid corrosion and physical abrasion, as opposed to the 16% observed in the control mixture.

GREEN PAVEMENT: ASSESSMENT OF THE USE OF WASTE MATERIALS IN PAVEMENT BLOCK MANUFACTURING

Pavement blocks are increasingly popular in construction due to their durability, versatility, and aesthetics. However, their conventional production process heavily relies on natural resources like sand, cement, and aggregates, raising sustainability concerns. The construction industry faces growing pressure to adopt eco-friendly practices that minimize environmental harm and conserve resources. This study explored using waste materials in making interlocking pavement blocks. It found that replacing some cement with bagasse ash, fly ash, and brick kiln dust improved compressive strength compared to traditional blocks after 28 days. Substituting some aggregate with crushed waste plastic slightly reduced tensile strength, particularly at 7 and 28 days, with lower replacement ratios performing better. Overall, using waste materials in pavement block production has the potential to promote sustainable construction by reducing environmental impact and costs, aligning with sustainable development principles and resource efficiency.

Synergistic impacts of high-volume fly ash and sugarcane bagasse ash on performance of cementitious composites reinforced with polyvinyl alcohol fibers

Disposal of waste materials in fertile land is one of the pressing environmental issues, disrupting human, animal, and plant life. This has led the researchers to process and use such waste in ecofriendly construction products like mortar and concrete. Their usage as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) would reduce the quantity of cement used in the manufacturing of cement-based materials, lowering CO2 emissions related with cement production. In this regard, this study examines the feasibility of replacing high-volume of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in engineered cementitious composites (ECC) with two widely used waste materials, sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and fly ash (FA) as SCMs. Five different mixes were produced, each containing a fixed amount of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers at a dosage of 1.5 % by volume of the mix and a constant cement content of 50 % by weight of the binder (OPC + FA + SCBA). However, FA was replaced with SCBA in these mixes up to 100 % by the combined weight of the waste materials (FA + SCBA) in increments of 25 % (i.e., FA100-SCBA0, FA75-SCBA25, FA50-SCBA50, FA25-SCBA75, and FA0-SCBA100). The results showed that the compressive strength and flexural strength of the composites with the increasing levels of SCBA were reduced. Interestingly, the 28-day compressive strength of composite incorporating 50 % FA and 50 % SCBA was still as high as 25.58 MPa, which satisfied the minimum compressive strength requirement of ASTM C270, making the newly produced ECC suitable for use in normal construction works and repairs. The same optimum mix (FA50-SCBA50) produced an average density of 1867.96 kg/m3 as a result of substituting a significant amount of binder with SCBA, demonstrating that it has evolved into a lightweight engineered cementitious composite. Furthermore, the ultrasonic pulse velocity of the mixes decreased whereas water absorption increased as the proportion of SCBA to FA increased. According to microstructural analysis, unreacted SCBA particles were mostly responsible for the detrimental effects of rising SCBA levels on properties of ECC. Based on the aforementioned results, this research concludes that sugarcane bagasse ash, when combined with fly ash, could be a viable alternative for replacing regular cement up to 50 % by weight in the production of cost-effective and environmentally friendly cementitious composites.

Utilization of bagasse fly ash for the production of low-cost ammonia adsorbents in poultry farm

NH3 pollution is a significant problem in the poultry farming because excess NH3 can negatively impact chicken health and stunt their growth. Therefore, this study investigated the low-cost production of bagasse fly ash (FA)—a byproduct of the sugar industry—as an NH3 adsorbent. Hydrothermal carbonization and activation were applied to enhance NH3 adsorption using FA. In the experiments, the adsorption capabilities were improved using industrial waste materials mixed with bamboo char or red mud. The experimental results indicate that bagasse FA mixed with bamboo hydrochar under 10 % loading achieved an NH3 adsorption capacity of ∼ 1.02 mg-NH3/g-adsorbent, or ∼ 55 % of that of the commercial adsorbent. To avoid secondary pollution and provide the spent absorbents with an added value, their use in CO2 capture applications was evaluated. The results showed that the adsorbent had a 0.28 mmol-CO2/g-adsorbent capacity.

Synthesis and characterization of metal oxide dopped beaded sugarcane bagasse fly ash for direct red 28 dye removal

The direct red 28 (DR28) dye discharging into the water body creates toxicity to aquatic organisms because of its aromatic structure with difficult degradation and accumulation in the organisms, so DR28 dye-contaminated wastewater is required to be treat before release. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize sugarcane bagasse fly ash beads (SBFB), sugarcane bagasse fly ash beads doped with titanium dioxide (SBFBT), aluminum oxide (SBFBA), zinc oxide (SBFBZ), and magnesium oxide (SBFBM) for removing DR28 dye, and their DR28 dye removal efficiencies were studied by batch experiments, effect of ionic strength, adsorption isotherms, kinetics, thermodynamic studies, and desorption experiments. SBFBM had higher surface area and pore volume than others. They were rough surfaces with irregular structures and consisted of carbon, oxygen, silica, calcium, chloride, sodium, Si–OH, C = O, T − O − T (T = Al or Si), C − O − C, and Si − H. They could remove DR28 dye by more than 82%, whereas SBFBM demonstrated the highest DR28 dye removal efficiency at 98.31%. The ionic strength had little effect on their DR28 dye adsorptions. They corresponded to Freundlich model except for SBFB, and they corresponded to pseudo-second-order kinetic model. They were favorable DR28 dye adsorption with increasing temperatures, and they could reuse more than 5 cycles.

Investigating the influence of sugarcane bagasse ash volume variation in glass fiber reinforced with epoxy resin matrix composite material

Composites were manufactured from glass fiber, bagasse fly ash, and epoxy matrix and examined their mechanical and physical properties. The percentages of bagasse fine ash, glass fiber, and matrix were designed at 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% with 30% glass fiber and conducted density, flexural strength, hardness, absorption of water, and swelling properties of thickness. Composites were prepared by manual layering. ASTM standards were followed in preparing the samples. According to the results, the bagasse fine ash percentage variation was significant in the composite but had no linear effects on its hardness and flexural strength. A 20% bagasse fine ash composite had the highest flexural strength and hardness at 27.65 MPa and 52.86 HRA, respectively, which are significantly (>0.002) higher than composites of 30% bagasse fine ash, along with the highest density. This study measured water absorption and swelling of composite samples immersed in distilled water for 192 h. As the bagasse ash content increases, these values were linearly increased until saturation occurs.

A Perspective Review on Sugar Industry Wastes, Uses and Treatment Techniques

The increase in sugarcane production involves a proportional increase in sugar industry waste. As a result of such a growing trend, the sugar industry is observing severe environmental problems due to a lack of permanent solution for their waste management. Therefore, immediate consideration is needed to find suitable methods of waste management. The sugar industry waste and effluent are the main sources of environmental pollution and associated with health risks. In this paper, various sources of solids and liquids wastes from the sugar manufacturing industry are reviewed. Different effective and economical sugar industry wastewater treatment techniques are also discussed. The sources and uses of some waste like bagasse, bagasse fly ash, and pressmud have also been discussed.

Study of abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) of coir/banana epoxy composites by adding of fly ash fillers

The study set out to determine how varying proportions of fly ash filler affect the workability of hybrid Banana (B)/Coir (C)fiber reinforcing composites. Useful applications were found for fly ash produced from biodegradable materials as Bagasse Fly ash (BGFA), Banana Fly ash (BFA), and Coir Fly ash (CFA). Surface roughness and Material Removal Rate (MRR) are negatively affected by the high hardness of 6% Bagasse Fly ash (23.16 HV) and 6% Coir Fly ash (24.39 HV) in composites. The highest MRR, at 378.72 mm3 min−1, was achieved with a 6% BGFA mixture, a water jet at 260 MPa, a standoff distance of 1 mm, a traversal speed of 20 mm mm−1. MRR was determined to be 355.54 mm3 min−1 for mixtures containing 2% CFA and 2% BFA, and 354.84 mm3 min−1 for mixtures containing 2% each. BGFA, CFA, and BFA composites with 6% BGFA, 2 % CFA, and 2% BFA had the smoothest surfaces, with values of 6.44, 6.76, and 6.8 µm. The filler surface's good adherence to the matrix mitigates the erosion of fibre particles at higher WP. Low fiber/matrix bonding in untreated fibres led to poorer machining properties. Cracks and matrix breakages were found to be reduced by using filler powders.

Effect of the Structure of Highly Porous Silica Extracted from Sugarcane Bagasse Fly Ash on Aflatoxin B1 Adsorption.

Sugarcane bagasse fly ash is industrial waste produced by incinerating biomass to generate power and steam. The fly ash contains SiO2 and Al2O3, which can be used to prepare aluminosilicate. This latter material exhibits high potential as an adsorbent in various applications, including the livestock industry where issues related to contamination of aflatoxins in animal feeds need to be addressed; addition of adsorbents can help decrease the concentration of aflatoxins during feed digestion. In this study, the effect of the structure of silica prepared from sugarcane bagasse fly ash on physicochemical properties and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) adsorption capability compared with that of bentonite was investigated. BPS-5, Xerogel-5, MCM-41, and SBA-15 mesoporous silica supports were synthesized using sodium silicate hydrate (Na2SiO3) from sugarcane bagasse fly ash as a silica source. BPS-5, Xerogel-5, MCM-41, and SBA-15 exhibited amorphous structures, while sodium silicate possessed a crystalline structure. BPS-5 possessed larger pore size, pore volume, and pore size distribution with a bimodal mesoporous structure, while Xerogel-5 exhibited lower pore size and pore size distribution with a unimodal mesoporous structure. BPS-5 with a negatively charged surface exhibited the highest AFB1 adsorption capability compared with other porous silica. However, the AFB1 adsorption capability of bentonite was superior to those of all porous silica. Sufficient pore diameter with high total pore volume as well as high intensity of acid sites and negative charge on the surface of the adsorbent is required to increase AFB1 adsorption in the in vitro gastrointestinal tract of animals.

Comparison of activated carbon and low-cost adsorbents for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol from wastewater using Aspen Adsorption and response surface methodology

ABSTRACT In this paper, the adsorption of the chlorinated organic compound, 2,4-dichlorophenol, using activated carbon (AC), bagasse fly ash (BFA) and rice husk fly ash (RHFA) in a packed bed column was simulated using Aspen Adsorption software. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of simulation software for identifying alternative low-cost adsorbents and optimising the adsorption process. The effect of process parameters such as initial concentration, bed height and inlet feed flow rate were evaluated using breakthrough curves. It was shown that the longest breakthrough times were at a higher bed height of 3 m and lower flow rate of 2 m3/hr and concentration had no effect on breakthrough time. After optimisation using response surface methodology, the AC, BFA and RHFA had a breakthrough time of 534, 426 and 209 s, respectively. This shows the potential of BFA as a potential alternative for AC for the adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol and shows RHFA to be a relatively poor adsorbent in comparison. The economic evaluation illustrates that the overall cost of wastewater treatment with BFA and RHFA is lower than AC. The cost for the BFA and RHFA adsorbents is only a handling charge, but the cost for using AC adsorbent is £10,603/year. Therefore, the company can produce 17,520 m3/year of fresh water from the adsorbent and save £87,600/year. Therefore, it was concluded that BFA had a slightly weaker adsorption efficiency than AC but was more cost effective, allowing it to be more affordable and increasing its availability.

Synthesis of bio-based materials from agricultural residues for treatment of petrochemical wastewater

4-Carboxybenzaldehyde (4-CBA), a major component of purified terephthalic acid wastewater, is toxic to living organisms and required to be removed before the discharge of treated wastewater in a natural water body. In this work, the adsorptive removal of 4-CBA was studied using bagasse fly ash (BFA), a waste product from the sugar industry. The adsorption capacity of BFA was compared with the commercially available adsorbent, granular activated carbon (GAC). A 4-factorial, 5-stage central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize 4-CBA removal and adsorption uptake by BFA using response surface methodology (RSM). The variables considered for the study were pH, adsorbent dose (m), initial concentration (Co) and time (t). At the optimum treatment conditions of pH = 4, m = 9 g/L, Co = 100 mg/L and t = 7.5 h, the removal efficiency and adsorption uptake of 4-CBA on BFA were found to be 79% and 9.9 mg/g, respectively. BET surface area of BFA was determined to be 284 m2/g. A kinetic study was performed using a first- and second pseudo-order model. The adsorption equilibrium data were fitted for various adsorption models. A positive value Delta H^{0} indicates that the adsorption process is endothermic. This study indicated that BFA is a cost-effective adsorbent for the removal of 4-CBA with high adsorption capacity and fast kinetics.Graphical