Aegle Marmelos Research Articles

Evaluation of Aegelin content in Bael Patra (Aegle marmelos): An Ayurvedic Medicinal Herb

Changes in plant constituents are genuine and important parameters to study in current era. Herbs can sense atmospheric variations to grow as per conditions. All herbs show presence of internal system to respond according to weather, temperature, rainfall, soil conditions and day length. Good quality medicines require proper harvesting of herbs. Currently all over the world, peoples suffered glycemic imbalance, an endocrine and metabolic disorder. Herbs are useful for cure from hundreds of years. Baelpatra, a medicinal plant, is used in ayurveda to cure hyperglycemia. The aim of study is to check changes in aegelin content in Bael, Aegle marmelos plant material obtained from authenticated source. Highest percentage of ethanol extract with higher concentration of aegelin was obtained in the winter season.

Metabolomics of the interaction between a consortium of entomopathogenic fungi and their target insect: Mechanisms of attack and survival

One of the most concerning pests that attack strawberries in Brazil is Duponchelia fovealis (Zeller), a non-native moth with no registered control methods to date. Our group recently observed that a fungal consortium formed by two strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) increased the mortality of D. fovealis more than inoculation with each strain on its own. However, the molecular interaction between the fungal consortium and the caterpillars is unknown. Thus, in this work, we sought to pioneer the evaluation of the molecular interaction between a fungal consortium of B. bassiana and D. fovealis caterpillars. We aimed to understand the biocontrol process involved in this interaction and the defense system of the caterpillar. Seven days after D. fovealis were inoculated with the consortium, the dead and surviving caterpillars were analyzed using GC–MS and LC-MS. Some of the metabolites identified in dead caterpillars have primarily antioxidant action. Other metabolites may have insecticidal potential, such as diltiazem-like and tamsulosin-like compounds, as well as 2,5-dimethoxymandelic acid. In surviving caterpillars, the main mechanisms are pro-inflammatory from 2-Palmitoylglycerol metabolite and the antifungal action of the metabolite Aegle marmelos Alkaloid-C. The metabolites identified in dead caterpillars may explain the increased mortality caused by the consortium due to its antioxidant mechanism, which can suppress the caterpillars' immune system, and insecticide action. In surviving caterpillars, the main resistance mechanisms may involve the stimulus to the immunity and antifungal action.

Screening of Asian Natural Materials to Promote β-Endorphin Synthesis

Since the recent coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the lifestyle changes it necessitated, the demand for mental health treatment has skyrocketed, with long wait lists for both psychological and psychiatric care. Over-the-counter supplements and home remedies are increasingly sought. In this study, we screened natural materials and blended supplements from Asia that may improve the mood and mental health of humans by testing cell viability and expression of the proopiomelanocortin gene as a marker of β-endorphin production in rat hypothalamus neuron cells. Among 23 tested samples, 3 samples produced significantly higher cell viability in R-HTH-507 cells than the control treatment. In a real-time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) experiment, 7 samples showed significant β-endorphin synthesis activity. This is the first report that the Asian natural materials Areca catechu, Moringa oleifera, Lignosis rhinocerus, and Aegle marmelos promote β-endorphin synthesis; further investigation will identify the active ingredients in the blended samples. These results suggested that these Asian natural materials have great potential to expand the range of treatments for mental health.

Bael Patra as Anti-Oxidant: A Review

Abstract: Bael, Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa ex Roxb., a tree of Indian origin is known from pre-historic time. It has a great mythological significance for Hindus. Utilization of bael in day-to-day life has great nutritional, environmental as well as commercial importance. It has been in use from time immemorial in traditional systems of medicine for relieving constipation, diarrhoea, dysentery, peptic ulcer and respiratory infections. Important medicinal properties of bael are antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, cardioprotective, antispermatogenic, anticancer and radioprotective. The present review deals with chemical profile such as antioxidant property and its uses.

In vitro contraceptive activities, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, MM-PBSA, non-covalent interaction and DFT studies of bioactive compounds from Aegle marmelos. Linn., leaves.

Introduction: Bioactive molecules from natural sources having contraceptive properties were excellent alternatives for modern hormonal contraceptives. Researchers around the world were working on identifying contraceptive leads targeting the male reproductive system rather than the usual female contraceptives. The lack of proper understanding on male contraceptive protein drug targets leads to insufficient evidence on activities of identified contraceptive compounds. The proteins specific to the male reproductive system and involved in sperm-egg fusion will be an excellent drug target to identify the male non-hormonal, reversible contraceptive leads. Inhibiting sperm hyaluronidase activity by natural non-hormonal compounds will lead to reversible and non-hormonal male contraception. The Aegle marmelos Linn. is one such important medicinal plant with valuable phytocompounds, used traditionally as a potential contraceptive measure. The in vivo experiments on leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos. Linn containing terpenes, sterols, and alkaloids shows prominent contraceptive activities. Moreover, this study explores the potential ability of the leaf extract on inhibiting the sperm hyaluronidase action with additional molecular details on the interaction between sperm hyaluronidases and three phytocompounds such as aegeline, marmin, and marminol. Material and methods: The in vitro hyaluronidase inhibition assay and Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) were used to evaluate the male contraceptive properties of the Aegle marmelos Linn. leaf extract. To identify the interaction profile of aegeline, marmin, and marmenol on sperm cell hyaluronidases the in-silico methods such as molecular docking, Non-Covalent Interaction analysis, Molecular dynamics, and Molecular Mechanics Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area were used. Results and discussion: The results of in vitro hyaluronidase inhibition assay and Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis shows the inhibition of hyaluronidase enzymatic activity and reduced sperm activities in the presence of leaf extracts. After incubation with leaf extracts for about 30 minutes time intervals show, the motility drops from progressive to non-progressive and ended up with complete immotile in 100 μg/ml concentration of leaf extract. The results of molecular docking, Non-Covalent Interaction analysis, Molecular dynamics, and Molecular mechanics Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area show that the phytocompounds marmin, and aegeline have the potential ability to inhibit sperm hyaluronidase.

Ethnobotanical identification of mango (Mangifera indica L.) and other fruit trees mentioned in Old Javanese Ramayana (10th century Java, Indonesia)

Abstract. Mulyanto D, Supangkat B, Nurseto HE, Iskandar J. 2023. Ethnobotanical identification of mango (Mangifera indica L.) and other fruit trees mentioned in Old Javanese Ramayana (10th century Java, Indonesia). Biodiversitas 24: 609-616. Among the 2778 stanzas in Old Javanese Ramayana (OJR), only 46 (1.6%) mentioned fruit trees. There are 63 Old Javanese phytonyms for fruit or fruit tree and only 12 (19%) of them are Sanskrit in origin. Fifty-six species from 44 genera and 26 families are identified, higher than the number of fruit trees carved in reliefs of Borobudur Temple. Of the 56 species, 13 are exotic, specifically from the Indian subcontinent. One of the exotic trees from India that has been naturalized in Java for centuries is Mangifera indica, which is the most often mentioned in the text. Meanwhile, 39 of them are expressly described as fruits that can be consumed raw as food/dessert. It was also found that there are four landscapes, namely hermitage, countryside, forest, and royal garden, which depict the presence of fruit trees. The forest is the landscape with the most mentioned fruit trees in its description. Furthermore, the fruit tree present in the depiction of all landscapes is Mangifera indica. The prevalence of mango trees in these landscapes is probably related to the mango fruit’s edibility as well as its symbolic and religious significance. Other fruit trees, such as Aegle marmelos, Garcinia xanthochymus, Phyllanthus emblica, and Tamarindus indica also have religious significance in Hinduism.

Aegle marmelos and Murraya koenigii: The wonder plants against bovine infertility

Aegle marmelos and Murraya koenigii are the plants with impending medicinal properties. Both the plants contain various phyto-constituents that could be utilized for the treatment of various ailments in human and animal species. The A. marmelos and M. koenigii are easy to procure and their use is cost-effective which makes them important particularly in livestock health management. The plants are rich in trace minerals and antioxidants which augment nutraceutical values. In addition, recognized antibacterial and anti-inflammatory potential emphasizes A. marmelos and M. koenigii to be used against bovine infertility. The review comprises of use of Aegle marmelos and Murraya koenigii in the treatment against reproductive disorders in bovine.

Marmesin and Marmelosin Interact with the Heparan Sulfatase-2 Active Site: Potential Mechanism for Phytochemicals from Bael Fruit Extract as Antitumor Therapeutics.

Human heparan sulfatase-2 (HSULF-2) is an oncoprotein overexpressed in the surface of all types of tumor cells and its activity plays a critical role in cancer survival and progression. Our previous studies have shown that bael fruit extract, containing marmesin and marmelosin, inhibits the HSULF-2 activity and kills breast tumor cells, but the mechanism of these processes remains fairly known mainly because the HSULF-2's 3D structure is partially known. Herein, we aimed at providing an in silico molecular mechanism of the inhibition of human HSULF-2 by phytochemicals from bael fruit extract. Pharmacokinetic parameters of the main phytochemicals contained in the bael fruit extract, sequence-based 3D structure of human HSULF-2, and the interaction of bael fruit's phytochemicals with the enzyme active site was modeled, evaluated, and verified. Docking studies revealed marmesin and marmelosin as potential inhibitors with binding score -8.5 and -7.7 Kcal/mol; these results were validated using molecular dynamics simulations, which exhibited higher stability of the protein-ligand complexes. Taking together, with our earlier in vitro data, our computational analyses suggest that marmesin and marmelosin interact at the active site of HSULF-2 providing a potential mechanism for its inhibition and consequent antitumor activity by phytochemicals contained in the bael fruit extract.

Micropropagation of Minor Fruit Crops of India: A Review

Micro-propagation refers to the technique of in vitro multiplication of plants in a short duration using any plant parts (nodes, leaves, flowers, seeds etc.) under aseptic conditions. It is advantageous over vegetative propagation and its application in horticultural aspects. It is well-proven method of surplus production of elite identical plants in a controlled environment which are uniform, stable, disease-free, true-to-type and are independent of any seasonal restrictions or limitations. India is homeland to diverse of significant but minor fruit crops such as Indian gooseberry, (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), Karonda (Carissa carandas L.), Bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.), Jamun (Syzygium cuminii L.), Jackfruit (Artocarpus hetrophylous L.) which bear high nutritional, medicinal, therapeutic values and of great commercial importance (medicinal, food and cosmetics). Due to a paucity of desirable planting materials, the commercial production process for these crops is restricted. Micropropagation has the potential to significantly increase the number of new cultivars or genotypes of such fruit crops. The objective of this review study is to compile existing research work done on the micropropagation of these underutilized fruit crops.

Evaluation of Phytochemicals, Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of Aegle marmelos L. Leaves

Aegle marmelos is a deciduous tree with trifoliate leave commonly found in the Indian subcontinent. The present study is to diagnose the phytochemicals physiochemical, qualitative and quantitative estimation. Total phenolic content was recorded at 53.52±3.25 µg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) /mg of plant extract, total tannin content was observed at 6.4±1.02 μg GAE/mg and total flavonoid content was recorded at 37.4±2.65 μg Quercetin equivalent/mg. The study also comprised the Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of plant leaves. Anti-inflammatory activity was examined through the HRBC method and compared with the standard drug diclofenac sodium. Ethanolic extract of leaves shows significant anti-inflammatory activity and provides 61.04±2.89 % of protection against hemolysis at 2000µg/ml of leave extract whereas at the same concentration diclofenac sodium provides only 54.55±2.35 % protection against hemolysis. The antioxidant potential of plant extract examines through DPPH free radical scavenging method. Leave extract showed better antioxidant activity in comparison to ascorbic acid. IC₅₀ of plant extract is 48.99 ±1.96 % which is also better than the value of IC₅₀ of ascorbic acid which was recorded at 50.39±2.05. The study showed that leaves extract of the plant has significant potential for the treatment of oxidative stress and inflammation.

Exploration and sustainable utilization of medicinal plants of Dhar forests of Madhya Pradesh

Abstract BACKGROUND: This article deals with the pharmaceutically important medicinal plants from Dhar forest divisions of Madhya Pradesh. Exploration of Dhar forest division has been carried out during September, 2017. The study was conducted to prepare records of medicinal plants in the study areas which has not yet been explored thoroughly covering the present parameters described in the manuscript. METHODS: Exploration of pharmaceutically important medicinal plants in Dhar Forest Division has been made with a details of geographical location and potential of these plants. The collected plants were processed for documentation by preparing herbarium sheets, identification accession, and deposition in the herbarium of the Institute. RESULTS: The important medicinal plants namely Adensonia digitata L., Actiniopteris radiata (Sw.) Link, Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa., Boswellia serrata Roxb., Celastrus paniculata Willd., Commiphora madagascarensis Jacq., Helicteres isora Planch., Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don, Justicia adhatoda L., Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon, Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz, Ougenia oogenesis (Roxb.) Hochr. Pleurolobus gangeticus (L.) J.St.-Hil. ex H. Ohashi & K. Ohashi, Solanum nigrum L., S. incanum L., Telosma pallida (Roxb.) Carib., Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., etc. were recorded which can be undertaken for mass cultivation by the farmers by adding some other medicinal plants having commercial value viz. Celastrus paniculatus Willd., Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon., Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, etc. CONCLUSION: The study area is widely occupied by plants of Actiniopteris radiata, Boswelia serrata Roxb., Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Donand Vitex negundo L. for commercialization whereas plants of Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon, Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz etc. need conservation and protection in the habitat.

An experimental study evaluating antidepressant activity of methanolic leaf and fruit pulp extracts of Aegle marmelos in Wistar rats

Background: Aegle marmelos (common name: Bel/wood apple/Tamil name: Vilvam/Telugu name: Sandiliyamu) has numerous therapeutic values in Indian traditional systems of medicine. The crude extracts of various parts of this plant have numerous properties including anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antipyretic, and antioxidant. This study was taken to explore the antidepressant activity of A. marmelos. Aim and Objectives: The objectives of the study are as follows: (1) To identify the antidepressant activity of methanolic leaf and the fruit pulp extracts of A. marmelos. (2) To compare the dose-dependent effect of methanolic leaf and the fruit pulp extracts of A. marmelos with the standard drug, Imipramine. Materials and Methods: Forced swim test (FST) and shock-induced depression (SID) models were used in this study. Six groups (n = 6) of Wistar rats (150–200 g) of either sex were used for each experimental model. About 1% Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-1), 20 mg/kg of Imipramine (Imi-20), 150 and 300 mg/kg of methanolic leaf extract, and 150 and 300 mg/kg of methanolic fruit pulp extract were given to Groups 1–6, respectively, by oral route for 7 days. The number of movements was measured using an Photoactometer for SID and the duration of immobility (in sec) were measured for FST. Results: Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA for FST and by Kruskal–Wallis test for SID, P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Both standard and test drugs exhibited significant antidepressant activity. Conclusion: Fruit pulp extract (300 mg/kg) of A. marmelos has demonstrated maximum antidepressant activity in FST and SID models, which was comparable to standard drug.

Pathological changes in experimentally induced arsenic toxicity in mice and its amelioration with Aegle marmelos

Pathological changes in experimentally induced arsenic toxicity in mice and its amelioration with Aegle marmelos

Economically Important Medicinal Plants in Traditional Polyherbal Formulations Prepared by Local Physicians of Rural Travancore

In Ayurveda, polyherbal preparations appear to be an unavoidable medicinal approach. Many polyherbal medicines are prepared by local medical practitioners from rural regions of Thiruvananthapuram district, who follow their ethnic customs. The current study was an investigation of their medical system in order to determine the types of plants and plant parts that are used as main components in medicinal compositions. In this study, fifty plants from 34 distinct families were found to be used in the preparation of various Ayurvedic medicines. Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Zingiberaceae, and Piperaceae were the most important among the 34 families studied in terms of the number of herbal medications produced. The most prevalent constituent in 66 percent of currently investigated formulations is Zingiber officinale, followed by Piper longum and Aegle marmelos. The root was found to be the most commonly used plant portion, and harvesting the entire plant could lead to the natural depletion of supply materials. Many of the plants are also becoming threatened. This leads to drug adulteration, necessitating the development of procedures for detecting contaminated products.

Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Bael (<i>Aegle marmelos</i>) and Development of Functional Food Products

Aegle marmelos, widely known as bael, belongs to the Rutaceae family. It is one of the most inexpensive and appealing fruits, considered to be an essential source of natural antioxidants and bioactive components. The major purpose of the research study was to investigate the nutritional composition and bioactive constituents of bael pulp, as well as to develop new value-added products that maintain the maximum quantity of nutrients. The developed food products were subjected to evaluate sensory attributes according to a nine-point hedonic scale. It was found that the moisture, protein, fat, crude fiber, and total ash content of bael fruit pulp were 61.20%, 2.48%, 0.47%, 3.04%, and 1.29%, respectively. When compared to the catechin standard, the antioxidant activity of such extract indicated good antioxidant capacity, with an IC50 value of 75.68 μg/ml for methanol extract. Vitamin C content was about 10.21 mg/100g. Besides, total flavonoid and phenolic contents were found as 140 mg of Quercetin Equivalent (QE)/g and 106.65 mg of Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g, respectively. Results of sensory attributes revealed that there was a significant difference (P ba and bael bar. The overall acceptability of bael murabba (6.7) and bael bar (7.1) is acceptable in quality, but their specific characteristics were found slightly different by the test panelists. These products might be applicable for the treatment of several diseases like atherosclerosis, diabetes, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, peptic ulcer, tumor, and osteoporosis.

Indigenous technical knowledge used in dairying by pastoralists of Jammuand Kashmir

The study was carried out in current Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir (erstwhile state of Jammu & Kashmir). Two districts, namely Rajouri & Poonch from Jammu division were selected purposively because of being the districts of highest Gujjar (transhumants primarily rearing cattle and buffaloes)population; whereas, two districts, namely Anantnag & Baramullafrom Kashmir division were selected purposively because of beingthe districts of highest Bakarwal (transhumants primarilyrearing sheep and goats) population. Sixty respondents (Gujjars)from migratory tracts of district Rajouri & Poonch from Jammudivision were selected randomly and sixty respondents(Bakarwal) from migratory tract of districts Anantnag &Baramulla from Kashmir division were selected randomly comprising a total of 120 respondents. Those pastoralists who were rearing at least 10 milch animals were selected for the study. Focus group discussion method was used for collection of data related to Indigenous Technical Knowledges (ITKs). The discussion revealed that the respondents were using ITKs primarily in breeding, feeding and health-care management practices. With regard to the induction of heat, thirty per cent of the respondents used chapatti of a mixture of Gur and ghee inthe ratio of 2:1 in wheat flour and fed to animal once a day toinduce heat. For retention of placenta, 34.17 per cent of therespondents fed extract obtained from tea leaves (Camelliasinensis) on boiling after sieving to animals. As far as ITKsregarding feeding practices are concerned 40.83 per cent of therespondents fed boiled Ber leaves (Ziziphus mauritiana) onceaday to increase milk production. The study reveals that 42.50 percent of respondents fed10-12 leaves of Katori(Xylosonalongifolium) plant to animals having diarrhoea and15.83 per cent fed fruits of bel (Aegle marmelos) to animals having diarrhoea.

Waste mediated synthesis of iron nanoparticles using Aegle marmelos peel extract for catalytic degradation of toxic dye contaminants

Green Fe NPs were synthesized using Aegle marmelos waste peel extract. The synthesized NPs showed good catalytic activity towards Fenton oxidation of pollutant dyes. Reaction kinetics suggested that oxidative degradation follows the pseudo first order model. The nanocatalyst showed good reusability.

Anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos leaves on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema

Background: Inflammation is an essential biological protective response of the body which can occur due to various external and internal stimuli. Although it is an essential response, excess inflammation can be detrimental and hence it should be controlled with appropriate medication. Aims and Objectives: To assess the anti-inflammatory property of ethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos leaves in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 male adult Wistar albino rats weighing approximately 150–200 g were used in the study. Acute anti-inflammatory activity was tested by employing a carrageenan-induced paw edema model. 24 rats were divided randomly into 4 groups. The study was conducted with Group I as the control group. Groups II and III received indomethacin (25 mg/kg) and 200 mg/kg of extract respectively. Group IV received extract and half dose of indomethacin (12.5 mg/kg). The anti-inflammatory property was expressed in terms of percentage inhibition (PI). Statistical analysis was conducted by one-way analysis of variance, following which Tukey’s post hoc test was done for multiple comparisons. P < 0.05 was considered to be a statistically significant value. Results: Mean paw edema was significantly reduced in both Groups III and IV at all hours of inflammation compared to control. Group III exhibited maximum PI of 27% at 4 h and Group IV exhibited maximum PI of 49% at 6 h of inflammation. The anti-inflammatory activity of Group IV was comparable to Group II. Conclusion: As a result of the above findings it can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of Aegle leaf has significant anti-inflammatory properties.

Hibiscus sabdariffa tea improved the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and blood pressure in normotensive participants

In vitro analysis of Aegle marmelos leaf extracts on skin pathogensGarima Mathur, Nidhija Roy, Ashwani Mathur

Use of checkerboard assay to determine the synergy between essential oils extracted from leaves of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa and nystatin against Candida albicans.

Candida albicans is one of the most common pathogenic yeasts, responsible for causing candidiasis. The use of conventional antifungal agents for the treatment of Candida is reported to be less effective and hence alternative therapies for the treatment are needed. Essential oils of medicinal plants may serve as a strong candidate for natural products in modern therapies. The aim of this study was to determine the synergistic potential of essential oils extracted from leaves of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa and a potent antifungal agent, nystatin, against three clinical isolates of C. albicans using checkerboard assay. The antifungal activity of the essential oils of A. marmelos was screened against test cultures by disc diffusion technique. Antibiograms of the test organisms were developed. To determine the minimum fungicidal concentration of the essential oil and nystatin, the broth microdilution method was employed, and a checkerboard assay was used to investigate the synergistic potential of the essential oil and nystatin against the clinical isolates under study. The data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The Σ fractional inhibitory concentration values were calculated as 0.12, 0.37, and 0.28 for three different strains of C. albicans used, respectively, which was <0.5, therefore, the synergy was demonstrated between essential oils and nystatin against the test cultures. Combinatorial therapy of the essential oils extracted from the leaves of A. marmelos and nystatin may be considered a line of treatment for candidal infections.