Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire Research Articles

Measurement properties of the Regular Physical Exercise Adherence Scale (REPEAS) in individuals with chronic pain

ObjectiveTo examine the measurement properties of the Regular Physical Exercise Adherence Scale (REPEAS) in Brazilians with chronic pain.MethodsCross-sectional and longitudinal design (washout period for reliability). The study was conducted in two Brazilian states, Maranhão and São Paulo, and included Brazilian adults, irregular exercisers, former exercisers or non-exercise practitioners, aged 18 to 59 years and with chronic pain. The instruments used in this study were: the REPEAS, the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire (BHPAQ), the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ), and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire for general pain (RMDQ-g). The evaluation focused on structural validity, construct validity, reliability (with standard error of measurement and minimum detectable change), internal consistency, and floor and ceiling effects.ResultsThe two-dimensional structure was tested through confirmatory factor analysis, which resulted in adequate fit indeces: chi-square values/degrees of freedom = 1.541, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.966, comparative fit index = 0.974, root mean square error of approximation = 0.074, and standardized root mean square residual = 0.068. Additionally, satisfactory factor loadings (> 0.40) were obtained. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were adequate for the environmental factors domain (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.79, Cronbach’s alpha = 0.88) and the personal factors domain (ICC = 0.97, Cronbach’s alpha = 0.93). In hypothesis testing for construct validity, we observed a significant correlation with magnitude below 0.30 of the environmental factors domain of the REPEAS with RMDQ-g, PSEQ and sport domain of the BHPAQ. For the personal factors domain, we observed a significant correlation with a magnitude of 0.30 to 0.50 with RMDQ-g, PSEQ, and sport domain of the BHPAQ, and below 0.30 with leisure domain of the BHPAQ. No floor or ceiling effects were found for the REPEAS domains.ConclusionThe REPEAS is a valid instrument with a two-dimensional internal structure consisting of 12 items. It has a reliable construct and is suitable for use in the clinical and epidemiological context for adults with chronic pain in Brazil.

Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of Barriers to Physical Activity Questionnaire for People With Mobility Impairments.

Although physical activity (PA) is an important determinant of health, physically disabled individuals tend to have a sedentary lifestyle. The Barriers to Physical Activity Questionnaire for People with Mobility Impairments (BPAQ-MI) is a self-report instrument evaluating PA barriers. This study was intended to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of BPAQ-MI (P-BPAQ-MI) and to report the prevalence and severity of PA barriers among Persian-speaking individuals. The translation and back translation of the BPAQ-MI was conducted according to an internationally accepted guideline and tested on 163 participants to assess its reliability and validity. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were analyzed using Cronbach alpha and Spearman correlation coefficient. Convergent construct validity was established by comparing the scores of P-BPAQ-MI and The Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire. Known-groups construct validity was assessed with regard to type of assistive device and sex of the individual. Prevalence and severity of the barriers were reported by computing the percentage and means of "yes" answers. The P-BPAQ-MI domains demonstrated very good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha of .77-.95) and excellent test-retest reliability (Spearman rho of .73-.96) with a significant inverse small correlation with Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire indexes. The P-BPAQ-MI successfully discriminated between individuals with different assistive devices and sex. Community Built Environment barriers were the most prevalent and severe. The P-BPAQ-MI is a valid and reliable instrument to assess the PA barriers of people with physical disability. The community barriers were the most frequently reported obstacles to PA.

Social support in workers’ physical activity

Objective To analyze the role of formal and informal social support in the practice of physical activity during workers’ leisure time. Methods A cross-sectional study carried out with 395 technical administrative workers at a public university. Data were collected using sociodemographic questionnaire, Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire and Physical Activity and Social Support Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Student’s t test, Cohen’s d test and Analysis of Variance. Results Participants who reported some type of support for physical activity in their leisure time (92.2%) had higher means in the physical activity score. Institutional support (58.0%) had a prominent role as a potential influencer compared to support from immediate superiors (14.2%), although they had a certain differential among maintenance workers. Conclusion Social support plays an important role in promoting physical activity in workers’ leisure time. Institutional initiatives to encourage active behavior in the work environment need to be aligned with encouragement by immediate superiors so that they are more effective.

Psychosocial factors and physical activity among workers in Brazil.

Complex behaviors, such as physical activity (PA), may be related to different levels of influence. To analyze the role of social support, mood and alcohol consumption as psychosocial predictors on the engagement in PA among Brazilian workers. This is a quantitative, cross-sectional analytical study. A sample of 395 participants answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Social Support Scale for Physical Activities (SSSPA) and the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS). Analysis via Pearson's Correlation Test indicated a negative correlation between PA and depression and fatigue, and a positive correlation between PA and alcohol consumption, vigor and the four variables of social support (support of family members for walking; support of friends for walking; support of family members for moderate and vigorous physical activity; support of friends for moderate and vigorous physical activity). A positive relationship between PA and low-risk alcohol consumption was also identified. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that family support for walking, friends support for moderate and vigorous physical activity, vigor and alcohol consumption are predictors of PA. Hayes' moderation analysis indicated that social support has a moderating effect on the relationship between alcohol use and PA. Different factors may be involved in engaging in PA. A broader approach that addresses the singularities of individuals, especially in actions for different patterns of alcohol consumption, is recommended.

Investigation of the dual-task performance and affecting factors in female patients with fibromyalgia syndrome

ABSTRACT Recent studies report that dual-task (DT) performance might be affected in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). This cross-sectional study aims to compare the DT performance in female patients with FMS and healthy controls, and to investigate the DT-related factors in these patients. This study was conducted at a university hospital between November 2021 and April 2022. Forty females aged 30–65, diagnosed with FMS, and 40 aged-matched pain-free healthy controls were included. All participants performed the Timed Up and Go Test under a single task (ST) and a cognitive DT condition, and the DT cost was calculated. The following evaluations were applied; The six-minute walk test, Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Trail Making Test, and the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire. As a result of the study, the patient group showed lower performance than controls in both, ST and DT conditions (p < .05). Disease duration, pain and fatigue severity, functional capacity, leisure time and physical activity total scores, alexithymia scores, health status, and cognitive variables were correlated with DT performance in the patient group (p < .05). According to our results, we consider that the rehabilitation approach for females with FMS should take into account DT and related characteristics.

Construct validity and reliability of the 2-Minute Step Test (2MST) in individuals with low back pain

BackgroundFunctional tests are important clinical tools, since they are non-invasive methods, with simple applicability, and low cost. However, there are few tests adapted for individuals with chronic low back pain. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the test-retest and inter-rater reliability of the 2-Minute Step Test in individuals with chronic low back pain and to correlate the test score with measures of pain and physical activity.MethodsWe included patients aged between 18 and 45 years, of both sexes, and with low back pain. The interval between the test and retest was 7 days. We analyzed the data via intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), confidence interval at 95%, standard error of measurement, and minimum detectable change for reliability. We used the Spearman’s correlation coefficient to verify the correlation between 2-Minute Step Test and measures of pain and physical activity (Numerical Pain Scale, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, Pain-Related Catastrophizing Thoughts Scale, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, and Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire).ResultsSample is composed of 37 individuals, most of them female, with overweight and low back pain > 60 months. 2-Minute Step Test showed excellent test-retest (ICC = 0.903) and inter-rater (ICC = 0.925) reliability. Sport domain of the Baecke showed a significant correlation with the 2-Minute Step Test (rho = 0.444).Conclusion2-Minute Step Test is a reliable measure to measure the functional capacity of patients with chronic low back pain considering different times and examiners, as well as being positively correlated with sports practice.

Relationship between physical activity domains and musculoskeletal disorders in public school teachers

PurposeThe teaching profession can generate several musculoskeletal pains due to the physical and psychological demands of teaching activities. Physical activity (PA) can decrease musculoskeletal pain. However, it is not clear in the literature which of the domains of PA (work, sport and leisure time/commuting) could be inversely related to musculoskeletal pain in teachers. Therefore, the main aim was to study the association between PA domains and musculoskeletal pain in public school teachers. MethodsThe sample consisted of 245 public school teachers, with a mean age of 45.2 (±10,4) years, composed 76% of women. Musculoskeletal pain was assessed by the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. The PA was assessed using the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity questionnaire considering three PA domains: Work, Leisure time/Sport, and Commuting. The relationship between musculoskeletal pain and different domains of PA was verified by Binary Logistic Regression. ResultsPA at work was related to pain in the thoracic regions (OR = 2.995; 95%CI = 1.341–6.690), knees (OR = 2.963; 95%CI = 1.582–5.550) and ankles (OR = 2.641; 95%CI = 1.167–5.979). In addition, physical activity in commuting activity was a protective factor related to pain in the hip and thigh region (OR = 0.220; 95%CI = 0.05–0.99). ConclusionTeachers with high PA level at work were more likely to report pain in different body regions. However, leisure time/commuting PA was a protective factor for pain in the hip and thigh region in this population.

Association of Musculoskeletal Pain With Sedentary Behavior in Public School Teachers: The Role of Habitual Physical Activity

BackgroundSedentary behavior has been associated with musculoskeletal pain in school teachers. However, our hypothesis is that physical activity practice could mitigate this association. AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of musculoskeletal pain with high screen-based sedentary behavior among public school teachers and whether physical activity could mitigate this relationship. MethodA sample of 246 teachers from 13 public schools were assessed (45.0 ± 10.4 years, 76.0% of women). Musculoskeletal pain was assessed using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, screen-based sedentary behavior was measured considering the sum of screen time in television, computer, and smartphone/tablet, and physical activity using the Baecke habitual physical activity questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was used to verify the associations between high screen-based sedentary behavior and musculoskeletal pain in school teachers (Model 1-unadjusted; Model 2-adjusted by age, sex, and socioeconomic status; Model 3-variables of Model 2 + adjusted by physical activity). ResultsHigh screen-based sedentary behavior was associated with pain in neck (odds ratio = 2.09; 95%confidence interval = 1.08-4.04), upper back (odds ratio = 2.21; 95%confidence interval = 1.07-4.56), and low back (odds ratio = 1.91; 95%confidence interval = 1.00-3.65). However, after inserting the variables, including physical activity, these associations were mitigated. ConclusionsHigh screen-based sedentary behavior was associated with musculoskeletal pain in public school teachers. However, this relationship was mitigated after the inclusion of confounding variables, including physical activity.

Effect of an educational program on physical activity in individuals undergoing their first percutaneous coronary intervention: A randomized clinical trial

BackgroundEducational programs designed for specific populations to improve regular physical activity need to be tested. ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness of an educational program, when compared to usual care, on improving physical activity 5 to 7 months after hospital discharge in adult patients undergoing their first percutaneous coronary intervention. MethodsRandomized controlled trial with two groups: usual care (n = 56) and educational program (n = 53) interventions. Data on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were collected and the Baecke-Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire, Self-efficacy Scale for Physical Activity, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were administered at baseline and follow-up. Participants in the educational program received an intervention based on Social Cognitive Theory, focused on physical activity, followed by three telephone calls. The usual care group received the hospital routine information. Unadjusted and adjusted differences between the two groups in mean score changes (with 95% confidence intervals [CI]) were calculated for all outcomes. ResultsAt follow-up, the educational program group showed higher mean ± standard deviation scores than the usual care group for practice of physical activity (7.94 ± 1.84 vs. 6.90 ± 1.89) and for self-efficacy (3.98 ± 3.75 vs. 2.52 ± 3.12). Adjusting for baseline outcome, the difference in mean change between groups was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.32, 1.46) for physical activity and 2.30 (95% CI: 1.12, 3.49) for self-efficacy. There were no statistical differences between groups in symptoms of anxiety and depression. ConclusionThe educational program may be an effective intervention in increasing habitual physical activity and self-efficacy for physical activity in individuals with coronary artery disease.

The Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire (BHPAQ): a valid internal structure of the instrument to assess healthy Brazilian adults.

SUMMARYOBJECTIVE:This study aimed to validate the internal structure of the Brazilian version of the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire.METHODS:A cross-sectional study was conducted with individuals over 18 years old of both sexes, with Brazilian Portuguese as their native language. The structure of the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire was tested by confirmatory factor analysis. The model fit was evaluated by the following indices: root mean square error of approximation, comparative fit index, Tucker-Lewis index, standardized root mean square residual, and χ²/degrees of freedom. We used the Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion to compare different structures of the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire.RESULTS:A total of 241 individuals participated in this study. The original structure of the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire with 16 items and 3 domains was compared to a structure with 14 items and 3 domains. The internal structure of the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire with 14 items showed better fit indices and lower Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion values.CONCLUSION:The best internal structure of the Brazilian version of the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire in adults presents 3 domains and 14 items.

Relationship between total physical activity and physical activity domains with body composition and energy expenditure

Rationale: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of total physical activity (PA) and its different domains with nutritional status and resting energy expenditure (REE);and assess the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire (BHPAQ) capacity to screen fat mass excess.

Young adults’ physical activity and physical function: 12 months follow up

BACKGROUND: The knowledge about university students generally demonstrates that they do not meet current recommendations for Physical Activity (PA). However, PA and Physical Fitness are not an indicator for Physical Function (PFn), being PFn a separate construct that is related to movement skill proficiency. AIM: To analyze the rate of changes in PFn accessed by the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and PA levels (sports and leisure) in a group of Sport Science university students after one year. METHOD: 41 men (22.3±5.7years) and 22 women (20.7±0.9years) participated in this research. The data were collected in the first month of the academic year and after 12 months in the following order: Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire, anthropometrics, and FMS. RESULTS: PFn assessment, from baseline to second assessment, revealed significant changes in Trunk Stability Push-up (p=0.003; ES=0.656) and total score (p=0.026; ES=0.497) for women and in Deep Squat (p=0.003; ES=0.334) for men. No significant changes were found in women PA levels. Men decreased in leisure PA (p=0.002; ES=0.538) and total PA (p=0.003; ES=0.519). CONCLUSION: Sports Science university students’ daily routines may mediate physical activity patterns with following physical function improvements or decrements, occurring due to contextual environments that over-or under-produce the stimulation required to develop those skills.

Sağlıklı Yetişkinlerde Baecke Habitual Fiziksel Aktivite Anketinin Türkçe Güvenilirliğinin ve Geçerliğinin İncelenmesi

Objective: Physical activity plays an important role in maintaining health, preventing causes of disability and even death. To be able to manage physical inactivity and the associated millions of deaths per year, we need to understand the basic principles that govern physical activity. Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire (BHPAQ) has widely been employed in clinical settings and research however, the reliability and validity of this questionnaire have not been investigated amongst the Turkish population. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Turkish Version of BHPAQ in Healthy Adults. Material and Methods: A total of 194 healthy subjects (93 female, 101 male) were included in the study. BHPAQ was translated using a back-translation technique to Turkish. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used for construct validity (Spearman's rho). Intra class coefficients (ICCs) were used for reliability, and Cronbach's alpha was used for internal consistency. Results: The statistical analysis showed that all BHPAQ subscores had almost perfect test'retest reliability. According to the analysis, ICC varied from 0.98 to 0.99 in all of the BHPAQ sub-scores. BHPAQ total score was found moderately related to IPAQ total score (rho: 0.47 p<0.001). Conclusion: The findings revealed that the Turkish version of BHPAQ and its sub-scores show excellent reproducibility and moderate construct validity.

Is There Equivalence Between the Electronic and Paper Version of the Questionnaires for Assessment of Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain?

Cross-sectional study. To investigate the equivalence of electronic and paper version of self-report questionnaires for the assessment of disability, pain, fear of movement, depression, and physical activity of patients with chronic low back pain (LBP). Paper and electronic versions of self-report questionnaires are commonly used for assessment of patients with LBP. However, the equivalence of self-report questionnaires commonly used for assessment of patients with chronic LBP remains unclear. Seventy-nine individuals with chronic LBP seeking physiotherapy care were recruited. Participants attended the clinic twice with an interval of 1 week and completed the self-reported questionnaires in a random order. The following questionnaires were administered: Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ); 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS); Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK); Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D), and Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire (BPAQ). To investigate the equivalence between the two questionnaire versions, intraclass correlation coefficient with 95% confidence interval and Bland-Altman plotting was used. The paper and electronic versions of the RMDQ, TSK, and CES-D showed good reliability and the showed moderate reliability. In contrast, the NRS showed poor reliability between the electronic and paper versions. Our findings support that the electronic version of the RMDQ, TSK, CES-D, and BPAQ can be administered in clinical and research settings for assessment of patients with chronic LBP. Nevertheless, electronic version of the NRS for assessment of pain intensity should not be used interchangeably in clinical practice in patients with chronic LBP. 3.

Using an educational program based on health belief model to improve the preventive behaviors of nurses against cardiovascular diseases.

BACKGROUND:An unhealthy lifestyle can threaten the health of nursing staff, especially in the context of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Considering the importance of health education in promoting preventive behaviors against these diseases, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of an educational program based on the health belief model (HBM) on improving preventive behaviors of nurses against CVDs.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This is a randomized controlled trial with a pretest–posttest design conducted on 104 nursing staff of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Kuhdasht, Lorestan, Iran, in 2017. They were randomly assigned into two groups of HBM (n = 52) and control (n = 52). The HBM group received the educational intervention for 6 weeks, one session per week each for 30–40 min. They were measured before and after the intervention using a demographic form, a researcher-made HBM questionnaire, Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire, and the 3-day food intake record all in Persian. The collected data were analyzed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v. 24 software using the Chi-squared test and paired t-test.RESULTS:The educational program could only increase the perceived severity (22.64 ± 2.22), perceived benefits (50.83 ± 5.22), and perceived self-efficacy (42.37 ± 5.93) of nurses in the HBM group compared to the controls (P < 0.05). The nurses' perceived sensitivity was also increased, but it was not significant (P > 0.05). In the HBM group, a significant change was found in the food intake level for energy (t = 4.79, P = 0.000), protein (t = −2.99, P = 0.004), and unsaturated fat (t = −2.94, P = 0.005) after intervention. No significant difference was observed in the total physical activity score after the intervention (P > 0.05).CONCLUSION:An educational program based on the HBM model can be used to increase the severity, benefits, and self-efficacy of the nurses' preventive behaviors against CVDs and modify their dietary regime.

Relationship between total physical activity and physical activity domains with body composition and energy expenditure among Brazilian adults.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of total physical activity (PA) and its different domains with sex, weight, body mass index, body composition, and resting energy expenditure (REE) among Brazilian adults. The secondary aim was to assess if the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire (BHPAQ) could be used to screen fat mass excess. Three hundred and sixty-six volunteers participated. PA was assessed with the BHPAQ, body composition with multifrequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy, and REE with indirect calorimetry. Total PA and sports/exercise PA were lower in women than men. The participants most active for sports/exercise and leisure-time/locomotion PA domains had higher fat free mass and phase angle, and lower fat mass and weight than the least active subjects. The occupational PA domain was associated with higher fat mass and weight. REE was associated only with the exercise/sports PA domain. The BHPAQ could discriminate subjects with excess body fat with a 9.375 cutoff point for total PA. Exercise/sports and leisure-time/locomotion are PA domains associated with a better body composition. A gender gap still exists in PA, as women are less active than men. The BHPAQ could screen subjects with excess fat mass.

An Investigation of Physical Activity, Obesity and Leisure Time Levels of Bussed and Central Secondary School Students with Different Variables (Sanliurfa Sample)

This study aims to investigation of variables of physical activity, obesity and leisure time levels of bussed and central secondary school students. The study employs a quantitative research model. The study group consists of a total of 1474 students from 18 secondary schools, nine central secondary schools and nine bussed secondary schools affiliated to Sanliurfa city. Out of bussed secondary school students, 397 were males and 525 were females, and out of central secondary school participants 411 were males and 341 were males. Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire (BHPAQ) was used in the study. For data analysis, frequency distributions with means, Chi square test, Kolmogorov-Smirnow and Shapiro-Wilk analyzes, Spearman correlation analysis, and Mann Whitney U test for differences between groups were conducted. As a result of the research, it has been found out that the male students from central secondary schools have less free time and participate in more physical activities than male students from bussed secondary school in terms of school and sports variables. It has also been found that central secondary school female students participate in sports activities more frequently than those at bussed secondary schools. A statistically significant difference has been determined between variables of physical activity, obesity and leisure time at the level of .05. The findings obtained from the study have been discussed within the scope of the related literature.

Physical activity and disability measures in chronic non-specific low back pain: a study of responsiveness

Objectives: To compare the responsiveness of disability measures with physical activity measures in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) undergoing a course of physical therapy treatment. Design: This is a prospective cohort study with two-month follow-up. Subjects: A total of 106 patients presenting with non-specific CLBP of more than three months duration were recruited. Main measures: Disability measures investigated were Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale and Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. Physical activity measures analyzed include the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire and objective measures derived from an accelerometer (i.e. total time spent in moderate-to-vigorous and light physical activity, number of steps and counts per minute). Disability and physical activity measures were collected at the baseline and after eight weeks of treatment. For the responsiveness analyses, effect size (ES) and standardized response mean (SRM) were calculated. Correlations between the change in disability and physical activity measures were calculated. Results: Responsiveness for disability measures was considered to be large with ESs ranging from −1.03 to −1.45 and SRMs ranging from −0.99 to −1.34, whereas all physical activity measures showed values lower than 0.20. Changes in disability measures did not correlate with changes in physical activity measures (correlation coefficients ranged from −0.10 to 0.09). Conclusion: Disability measures were responsive after a course of physical therapy treatment in patients with CLBP. The lack of responsiveness in the physical activity measures might be due to the inability of these measures to detect change over time or the use of an intervention not designed to increase physical activity levels.

Psychosocial stress among patients with type 2 diabetes: habitual physical activity as a promising moderator

Psychosocial stress is a disabling condition and is common among people with diabetes mellitus in view of the complexity of the disorder. It is however not clear if the psychosocial stress has any link with habitual physical activity, which is an important component in the care of people with diabetes. This study was conducted to investigate the likely connection between habitual physical activity and psychosocial stress among people with type 2 diabetes. A total of 193 adults with type 2 diabetes took part in this study. Psychosocial stress was assessed using the Revised Questionnaire on Stress in patients with Diabetes (QSD-R) while physical activity was assessed using the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics at p < .05. The mean age of the participants was 58.76 ± 14.27 years with mean duration of diagnosis being 6.41 ± 4. 51 years. With a mean score of 2.8, work activity was the main source of physical activity for the patients with the least activity index of 1.2 coming from sports participation. Hypoglycaemia and self-medication/diet were the most important sources of stress to the patients and the overall psychosocial stress was related to habitual physical activity (r = - .73, p = .002). Significantly, patients with higher physical activity index presented with lower psychosocial stress. Apart from the well-known improvement in glycaemic control, type 2 diabetes patients that participate more in physical activity may be able to reduce their psychosocial stress. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, psychosocial stress, habitual physical activity

Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire in Healthy Subjects.

BackgroundBaecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire (BHPAQ) has widely been employed in clinical and laboratorial studies as a tool for measuring subjects' physical activities. But, the reliability and validity of this questionnaire have not been investigated among Persian speakers.ObjectivesTherefore, the aim of the current study was examining the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the BHPAQ in healthy Persian adults.Materials and MethodsAfter following the process of forward-backward translation, 32 subjects were invited to fill out the Persian version of the questionnaire in two independent sessions (3 - 7 days after the first session) in order to determine the reliability index. Also, the validity of the questionnaire was assessed through concurrent validity by 126 subjects (66 males and 60 females) answering both the Baecke and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).ResultsAn acceptable level of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC of work score = 0.95, sport score = 0.93, and leisure score = 0.77) was achieved for the Persian Baecke questionnaire. Correlations between Persian Baecke and IPAQ with and without the score for sitting position were found to be 0.19 and 0.36, respectively.ConclusionsThe Persian version of the BHPAQ is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used to measure the level of habitual functional activities in Persian-speaking subjects.