Bad Smell Research Articles

Odour management in drinking water systems fed by mixed water supplies

Algae-derived odour events in water supplies have been increasing with eutrophication and climate change. It is important to engage in proactive management of odourants to retain consumer confidence in the safety of their drinking water. In this study, historical monitoring data were analysed to provide a holistic understanding of source-to-tap odour risks at a large drinking water filtration plant, supplied via pipeline and open canal from reservoirs in protected catchments, as well as a supplementary reservoir located adjacent to the water filtration plant. The occurrence of odourant chemicals, odour descriptors and potential odour-producing algae were analysed during periods of variable supply from the supplementary reservoir. Fishy odour was more likely to occur in mixed raw water during periods of high supply from the supplementary reservoir. High cell densities of potential odour-producing algae, including the Cyclotella, Cryptomonas, Dinobryon and Synedra and Asterionella genera, were detected in the supplementary reservoir. Interestingly, more odour complaints were received from consumers when the supplementary reservoir was offline or in limited use, and they were primarily described as ‘earthy/musty’ and ‘chemical’ odours, or as a general ‘bad smell’. This research identified the need for improved monitoring of odourants in source and raw water as well as the development of publicly available resources for odour identification.

The smell of death. State-of-the-art and future research directions.

The decomposition of a body is inseparably associated with the release of several types of odors. This phenomenon has been used in the training of sniffer dogs for decades. The odor profile associated with decomposition consists of a range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chemical composition of which varies over time, temperature, environmental conditions, and the type of microorganisms, and insects colonizing the carcass. Mercaptans are responsible for the bad smell associated with corpses; however, there are no unified recommendations for conducting forensic analysis based on the detectable odor of revealed corpses and previous research on VOCs shows differing results. The aim of this review is to systematize the current knowledge on the type of volatile organic compounds related to the decomposition process, depending on a few variables. This knowledge will improve the methods of VOCs detection and analysis to be used in modern forensic diagnostics and improve the methods of training dogs for forensic applications.

Pyrethrin Type Compounds from the Municipal Solid Waste Ghazipur Landfill Inert Soil as Brain and Cancer 5-HT Receptor Binding Agents

The Inert soil obtained from the Ghazipur Municipal Solid Waste landfill located in East Delhi, India has been used as the starting material for the work described in this paper. This mountain-like monster is often in the news for its bad smell, pollution of the groundwater in the area from its leachates, and the occasional fires in it endangering the lives of the people living nearby. Landfills produce many greenhouse gases (CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, CO, HCHO, H<sub>2</sub>S, and NH<sub>3</sub>) which are poisonous and cause environmental pollution in the surrounding areas. Our work sought alternative uses for this waste material (“Waste to Wealth”). These studies could lead to a cleaner environment, lower carbon footprints, diminished global warming, and positively impact climate change. These are very hot topics being discussed under the sustainable development goals and COP-28 urging, in particular, the developed world to reduce their carbon footprints and to create a global fund to mitigate the climate crisis in underdeveloped countries caused by climate change. Four new Pyrethrin-like compounds have been isolated and characterized spectroscopically [using UV-visible, FT-IR, NMR spectroscopy (<sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectroscopy), Mass Spectrometry, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)]. The new compounds possess a cyclopropane ring substituted on one side by a 4-methoxy-3-oxo-pyruvate unit and on the other side by an N-formyl-amino acid unit. The presence of pyrethrin-like cyclopropane structures indicates possible insecticidal activities like natural pyrethrins. The N-formyl amino acid could be an important factor in their bioactivity. Computational studies using the software Chem J. predict antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 8.720.

Consumer Awareness of Food Defense Measures at Food Delivery Service Providers and Food Manufacturers: Web-Based Consumer Survey Study.

Various stages of the food chain, from production to processing to distribution, can impact food safety. The concept of "food defense" has emerged as a countermeasure against intentional contamination of food with foreign substances. Although knowledge of food hygiene is common among consumers, there are currently no reports of consumer surveys on food defense. This study aims to investigate consumer awareness of food defense and food safety. We analyzed the results focusing on how consumers behave when they find abnormalities in food to further our knowledge on promoting food defense measures. Participants completed a web-based questionnaire that included items related to awareness of food safety and food defense, as well as actions to be taken in cases of food abnormalities, such as contamination by foreign substances, the presence of a bad smell in purchased food, and the inclusion of extra items not selected by the individual. The participants were asked to indicate their preference among the 5 suggested actions in each case using a 6-point Likert scale. Data analysis involved aggregating responses into binary values. Stepwise linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between selected actions and questionnaire items, such as sex, age, and personality. A total of 1442 respondents completed the survey, and the majority of participants placed importance on food safety when making food purchases. The recognition of each term was as follows: 95.2% (n=1373) for "food security and safety," 95.6% (n=1379) for "food hygiene," and 17.1% (n=247) for "food defense." The percentages of those who answered that they would "eat without worrying" in the case of "contamination by foreign substances," "bad smell," or "including unpurchased product" in the frozen food they purchased were 9.1% (n=131), 4.8% (n=69), and 30.7% (n=443), respectively. The results showed that contacting the manufacturer was the most common action when faced with contaminated food or food with a bad smell. Interestingly, a significant percentage of respondents indicated they would upload the issue on social networking sites. Logistic regression analysis revealed that male participants and the younger generation were more likely to choose the option of eating contaminated food without worrying. Additionally, the tendency to upload the issue on social networking sites was higher among respondents who were sociable and brand-conscious. The findings of this study indicate that if food intentionally contaminated with a foreign substance is sold and delivered to consumers, it is possible consumers may eat it and experience health problems. Therefore, it is crucial for not only food manufacturers but also food delivery service providers to consider food defense measures such as protecting food from intentional contamination. Additionally, promoting consumer education and awareness regarding food defense can contribute to enhancing food safety throughout the food chain.

Literature Review : Hubungan Kualitas Udara Indoor terhadap Kejadian Sick Building Syndrome pada Pekerja Perkantoran

Indoor air quality includes poor physical, chemical and biological quality which can have a negative impact on workers in the form of complaints of health problems or Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). This study aims to analyze the relationship between indoor air quality and the incidence of Sick Building Syndrome in Offices. Article searches were carried out through the journal sites Science Direct, Scopus, Semantic Scholar, Google Scholar, and nature. The selection of articles was carried out with the following criteria: open access full text, publication 2010-2022, articles in English, suitability of the dependent and independent variables. Based on 53 relevant articles, 5 main articles met the criteria and were discussed further in this study. The 5 main articles show the results of the statistical test p-value 0.05, which means there is a significant relationship between temperature, humidity, bad air such as dusty, stuffy, dry air and bad smell, increased exposure to CO2, ventilation quality, and light intensity with the incidence of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) in office workers which includes sneezing, skin redness, eye pain, sore eyes and itchy eyes, dizziness, headache, nausea, nose irritation, dry throat, dyspnea, bad taste, feeling unwell, sneezing, bad mood, motivation, and concentration problems.

Effect of vegetable waste and banana stump composition in casabo fertilizer on nitrogen and phosphorus concentration

Liquid organic fertilizer is a solution resulting from the decay of organic materials derived from plant waste that contains more than one element. In Karawang, precisely in Telagasari Village, is the village with the largest banana fruit producer in West Java. In the Karawang market, a lot of vegetable waste has yet to be utilized, so it only causes a bad smell which can eventually cause disease. And there is not much processing of chicken eggshells even though they have a lot of nutritional content. CASABO fertilizer is a liquid organic fertilizer made from variations in chicken eggshells, vegetables, and banana stump composition. This research aims to utilize waste and make it a useful fertilizer for plants. This type of research is quantitative research using research methods or field experiments. This study consisted of 6 variations in the composition of eggshells, vegetable scraps, and banana stump. All materials were mixed with EM-4 and sugar water in the fermentation process. The results showed that the amount of material used affected the value of nutrients: pH 7.59° in P3, moisture content 92.65 in P2, Nitrogen 0.18% in P5, and phosphorus 0.04 in P1 and P2. In P1, the C-organic nutrient content was 5.54%, the C/N ratio was 79, and the potassium nutrient content was 0.09%. Based on these results, it can be seen that variations in the composition of vegetables and banana roots affect the value of phosphorus concentration and nitrogen concentration in CASABO organic liquid fertilizer.

Cutting Speed Analysis of Organic Waste Chopping Machine Fly Wheel Model Lev

This machine is used to chop leaves, twigs and branches into very small pieces, to avoid the bad smell due to the decay of organic waste and can be used as compost. The amount of cutting speed on the organic waste chopping machine with a chopping time of 2.5 kg of ketapang leaves is the average time obtained without fly wheels 2.0 minutes and with fly wheels 1.7 minutes, a time difference of 0.3 minutes. The chopping time of 2.5 kg of ketapang branches with an average time obtained without a fly wheel of 2.2 minutes and with a fly wheel of 2.0 minutes, a time difference of 0.2 minutes. The chopping time of teak branches is 2.5 kg with an average time obtained without a fly wheel of 2.6 minutes and with a fly wheel of 2.0 minutes, so the time difference is 0.6 minutes. So the cutting speed using a fly wheel is better. The results of the productivity obtained on the organic waste chopping machine, for the results of leaf chopping productivity without a fly wheel of 48% and those using a fly wheel of 58%, and the results of leaf chopping with a fly wheel are 10% more productive, for the productivity of chopping twigs without a fly wheel of 44% and those using a fly wheel of 49%, so the results of chopping twigs with a fly wheel are 5% more productive, and the results of chopping branches without a fly wheel of 37% and those using a fly wheel of 49%, so the results of chopping branches with a fly wheel are 12% more productive.

On effect of poultry manure treatment with Effective Microorganisms with or without zeolite.

The decomposition process of poultry manure is generally mediated by microorganisms, whose degradation activity has beneficial effects on soil fertility but, on the other hand, leads to the generation of malodour gas. Indeed, a relevant problem of poultry farms is represented by the release of bad smells, which are mainly a consequence of decomposition process of chicken feces, chicken bedding, plumes, dropped feed, and dust. Furthermore, the unpleasant odour, associated with poultry manure degradation, not only limits its use in agriculture but also negatively affects the housing communities located near the farms. This study aimed at evaluating the effects in vitro of different doses of Effective Microorganisms (EM), mainly consisting of live communities of lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, and yeasts, on poultry manure alone or with zeolite, a porous mineral with absorbent and ion-exchange properties, belonging to the family of aluminosilicates. The obtained results demonstrated that these treatments were able to reduce the poultry manure malodours, associated mainly with a decrease in the ammonia (NH3) levels with respect to controls. The pH tended to increase, the nitrogen to go down, and the phosphorus to go up. Thus, all the effects described above were evident, testifying to a slower degradation of proteins, both with EM alone or in combination with zeolite. The presence of a pool of pesticides (65 components) was evaluated, and no variation was observed in the different experimental conditions versus control, as well as for REEs and metals. In conclusion, these preliminary results demonstrated that the use of EM with or without the addition of zeolite is a valid tool to eliminate the bad smell of manure and to make it a useful product as a fertilizer.

Sustainable Urban Green Blue Space (UGBS) and Public Participation: Integrating Multisensory Landscape Perception from Online Reviews

The integration of multisensory-based public subjective perception into planning, management, and policymaking is of great significance for the sustainable development and protection of UGBS. Online reviews are a suitable data source for this issue, which includes information about public sentiment, perception of the physical environment, and sensory description. This study adopts the deep learning method to obtain effective information from online reviews and found that in 105 major sites of Tokyo (23 districts), the public overall perception level is not balanced. Rich multi-sense will promote the perception level, especially hearing and somatosensory senses that have a higher positive prediction effect than vision, and overall perception can start improving by optimizing these two senses. Even if only one adverse sense exists, it will seriously affect the perception level, such as bad smell and noise. Optimizing the physical environment by adding natural elements for different senses is conducive to overall perception. Sensory maps can help to quickly find areas that require improvement. This study provides a new method for rapid multisensory analysis and complementary public participation for specific situations, which helps to increase the well-being of UGBS and give play to its multi-functionality.

A Comprehensive Management of Dushta Vrana Vis-A-Vis Diabetic Ulcer - A Case Study

Vrana is a clinical condition which occupies the area of skin and remains till body survives. Dushta Vrana is the Vrana having the features of Durgandha (bad smell), Pooyayukta (pus filled), Utsangi (elevated), Chirakali (chronic), Dooshita (afflicted by Tridosha vitiation), Atigandha Varna Srava (discharge with excessive odour and coloured), Vedanayukta (painful) and opposite to Shuddha Vrana (healing wound). Diabetic foot ulcer global prevalence is 6.3% with male predominancy and higher in type 2 diabetic patients (6.4%) than in type 1 diabetics (5.5%).
 In this report, a 70-year-old who was diagnosed with chronic non-healing diabetic wound treated with comprehensive Ayurvedic medicines based on the observations made on the nature of the wound. The main cause for the wound was uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus, which was managed with both Ayurveda and conventional drugs. Patient gradually showed improvement. Total healing required 6 months.

Analisa Pengendalian Kualitas Produk Tauge Dengan Metode Six Sigma Di CV. Berkah Kecambah Tauge Aling

CV Berkah Kecambah Tauge Aling is a company engaged in the field of food or vegetable bean sprouts made from green beans. In the production of CV Berkah Kecambah Tauge Aling there was a product defect in January 2023 which occurred, namely the result of the defect rate which was known to have the highest number of defects in the yellow color defect of 1818 packages, with a defect percentage of 58.3%. Then the Bad Smell defects with a total of 879 defects, a percentage of defects obtained by 28.2%, the type of defective packaging torn with a total of 423 defects, a percentage of defects of 13.6%. it is known that the diagram (p-chart) with the type of product defect still has 13 points exceeding the upper control limit or UCL and there are 12 points exceeding the lower control limit or LCL with a proportion of 0.148. Judging from the results of DPMO calculations and Sigma Levels, an average DPMO of 49619 is obtained, so that if there is a product defect of 49619 out of 1,000,000 opportunities in the Sprouts production process at CV. The Blessing of Aling Bean Sprouts. In the FMEA diagram to find out the factors and RPN values that result in product defects including human factors, machines, materials, methods, and the environment, the results of the FMEA analysis cause the biggest defects, namely yellowing defects with an RPN value of 810.

Video Game Bad Smells: What They Are and How Developers Perceive Them

Video games represent a substantial and increasing share of the software market. However, their development is particularly challenging as it requires multi-faceted knowledge, which is not consolidated in computer science education yet. This article aims at defining a catalog of bad smells related to video game development. To achieve this goal, we mined discussions on general-purpose and video game-specific forums. After querying such a forum, we adopted an open coding strategy on a statistically significant sample of 572 discussions, stratified over different forums. As a result, we obtained a catalog of 28 bad smells, organized into five categories, covering problems related to game design and logic, physics, animation, rendering, or multiplayer. Then, we assessed the perceived relevance of such bad smells by surveying 76 game development professionals. The survey respondents agreed with the identified bad smells but also provided us with further insights about the discussed smells. Upon reporting results, we discuss bad smell examples, their consequences, as well as possible mitigation/fixing strategies and trade-offs to be pursued by developers. The catalog can be used not only as a guideline for developers and educators but also can pave the way toward better automated tool support for video game developers.

Haitians’ perceptions of biogas produced via human excreta: An approach to the democratization of energy systems

The utilization of organic matter (OM) to produce biogas is an attractive alternative for promoting sustainable development, addressing energy shortages and waste disposal problems, creating jobs, and investing in sanitation systems. Thus, this alternative is becoming increasingly important in developing countries. This study investigated the perceptions of residents in Delmas district, Haiti, regarding the use of biogas produced via human excreta (HE). A questionnaire containing closed- and open-ended questions was administered for this purpose. Sociodemographic aspects had no influence on locals' willingness to use biogas produced via different types of OM. The novelty of this research is that democratization and decentralization of the energy system are possible in the Delmas district using biogas produced from various organic wastes. Socio-characteristics of the interviewees did not influence their willingness towards a possible adopt biogas-based energy from several types of degradable organic matter. The results showed that more than 96% of the participants agreed that HE could be used to produce biogas and reduce energy shortages in their locality. In addition, 93.3% of the interviewees thought this biogas could be utilized for cooking food. However, 62.5% of respondents argued that using HE to produce biogas could be dangerous. Bad smell and fear of biogas produced via HE are the major concerns of users. In conclusion, this research could guide stakeholders' decisions to better address the problems of waste disposal and energy shortages and to create new jobs in the target study area. The research findings could help decision-makers better understand the willingness of locals to invest in household digester programs in Haiti. Further research is required to investigate farmers ‘willingness to use digestates from biogas production.

Deep learning approaches for bad smell detection: a systematic literature review

Deep learning approaches for bad smell detection: a systematic literature review

Self-Perception of dental problems among intermediate school children in Abha, KSA

Background and objective: Oral health is one of the essential elements of the overall health status of the people. Dental hygiene and dental diseases concern to have a major public health problem. The aim of this study was to know the proportion self-perception of dental problems and their relation with the socio-demographic characteristics among female students at intermediate governmental schools in Abha. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among girls students of two intermediate government schools of Abha city during October 2016 to April 2017 academic year by using self-administered questionnaire and informed verbal consent was obtained, using simple random sampling techniques for choosing 400 students. Results: Mean age of the students was 12.30±1.82, 163(41%) of students were 12-13 years of age and 200(50%) from 1st year of intermediate scholastic year. Almost all students belong to nuclear family system and 64%lived in rented houses. Working status of father and mothers was 94% and 53% respectively, 88% family’s monthly income >10000 SAR/per month, 203 (51%) fathers and 171 (43%) mothers had secondary school or higher education. Illiteracy was 13% among fathers and 19% among mothers. The proportion of self-perceived dental problems was 43% among students, malocclusion of teeth was most frequent while bad smell was the least frequent complaints among all dental problems. Only 38% of the students were considering dental problem as a serious problem. Dental problems were found to have significantly (P value <0.001) associated with age, scholastic year, father’s education and occupation, and income. Conclusion: It is concluded that although prevalence of dental problems were higher but frequency of self-perceived problems were much lower which highlighted that there is need to increase the awareness of dental problems among population to have a better general health status.

Efektifitas Limbah Kulit Nangka Dan Kotoran Sapi Pada Pupuk Organik Padat Dengan Fermentasi Menggunakan Bioaktivator Effective Mikroorganisme 4 (EM4)

The jackfruit chip industry in Cilacap produces one ton of processed per week. This production, besides producing processed jackfruit chips, it also produces waste in the form of jackfruit skin and jackfruit. If it is not processed and if it is disposed of into the environment, it will take a long time to decompose and cause a bad smell to humans. To overcome this waste, it is made into organic fertilizer. Organic fertilizers are fertilizers derived from various natural ingredients such as animal manure, animal body parts, plants, which are rich in organic compounds and are good for the use of soil enrichment. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of cow dung and fruit waste in the manufacture of solid organic fertilizer by fermentation using the EM4 bioactivator, which was tested with chemical parameters such as C-Organic, water content, temperature and pH. The manufacture of solid organic fertilizer can be done by decomposing jackfruit skin waste and cow dung waste by fermentation using EM4 and molesses with ratio 1 :1 then observed for four weeks. Based on the research results, it can be seen that the temperature, pH, water content and C-organic content are in accordance with the quality standards of organic fertilizers. The highest organic C content was found in the second week of 60.87 and then decreased to 37,58.

Synergity and Community Empowerment in Organic Waste Management in Wringinanom, Gresik

This research aims to examine the processing of organic waste into useful products for the community. Departing from the high volume of organic waste produced (61.97 kg per RT per day) along with bad impacts, the strategy used is the processing of waste followed by the dissemination of processing results by the composter method. This research used is descriptive analytic and participatory rural appraisal (PRA) approach which aims to encourage community participation in program implementation. This research was carried out in Pasinan Lemah Putih Village, Wringinom Subdistrict, Gresik Regency by collaborating with several stakeholders, namely the local village government, community, and implementor/expert/academic team. Data source in the form of narratives resulting from discussions and observations, secondary data, and documentation. The results show that the processing of organic waste can reducing waste volume per day and adverse effects. From an economic perspective (livelihood), processed organic waste is capable of producing 15-20 liters of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) valued at IDR 975,000 to IDR 6,000,000 in one RT per day. From a social and environmental perspective, organic waste processing, which is continued with dissemination, has provided environmental insights and new experiences for all levels of society in Pasinan Lemah Putih Village in the form of improving the quality of life of the community, the spirit of preserving environmental beauty, the spirit of preventing littering, and reducing the adverse effects of waste such as bad smell and disease.

Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0042-0052)

French missionary Dallet (1874) wrote in his book that there are distinct differences between Chinese culture and Korean culture. The present researcher selected several Persian words randomly, and tried to translate them into Korean words. In order to translate them, the researcher used a Dictionary of Persian/French and French/Persian (Bau, 2008). And the title is ‘Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0042-0052)’. < number Persian word (its meaning) Korean word (its meaning)> 0042 Nasaji (place for tissue or of cloth) Nasazi (a kind of cloth) 0043 Birun (outside) Birin-nae (the bad smell such as that of the fish) 0044-1 Estefrag (vomit) Net-ppureo (You, abandon the thing!) 0044-2 Estefrag (vomit) Isupe ppurige (You, spray the thing to this forest!) 0044-3 Estefrag (vomit) Et neppurige or Et neppureo (You, here! Abandon the thing!) 0045 Estefada (in one’s joy) Yeppuda (Someone is beautiful!) 0046 Reshta (string, band) Sil tare (skein (of thread)) 0047 Qarha (cutaneous fragments) Qaqragi (cutaneous fragments in the skin) 0048 Hejrat (Hegira, Hejira of Muhammad) He zila (It will soon be twilight! It will become dark!) 0049 Jawaher (jewel) Zohahe (I love someone! I like the thing!) 0050 Bestari (go to the hospital) Byeos-zari (the part of a plow to which a moldboard is attached) 0051 Daxalat (intervention) Dag salau (Do you want to buy the hen?) 0052 Eqtebas (citation, adaptation) Iqte boso (You, see this thing at the last time!). The present researcher assumed that both Persian language and Korean language, they are same origin.

The Inhibition of Green Okra Fruit (Abelmoschus Esculentus) Extract Against Streptococcus Viridans Root Canals of Teeth

Background: Streptococcus viridans is the most frequently isolated bacterium from infected root canals (63%) and the leading cause of life-threatening sub-acute endocarditis (35%). The use of 2.5% NaOCl as a root canal irrigation material has disadvantages, it is a bad smell and taste, causing allergies, irritating and toxic, so other alternatives are needed. The green okra fruit extract has secondary antibacterial metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. Purpose: This study aims to determine the inhibition of green okra fruit extract against S. viridans. Methods: This research is an experimental laboratory in vitro with a post-test-only control group design. Antibacterial test using the disk diffusion method which consisted of 5 research groups (green okra extract with a concentration of 1,56%, 3,125%, 6,25%, 12,5%, and 2,5% NaOCl) and 4 repetitions. The result was analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests. Results: The average diameter of inhibition zone of each concentration of green okra fruit extract is 1,56% (0 mm ), 3,125% (0 mm), 6,25% (14,58 mm), 12,5% (18,19 mm), and 2,5% NaOCl (23,55 mm). The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significance value of less than 0.05 which meant that there was a difference in inhibition in all groups. The Mann-Whitney test showed that there were significant differences between the study groups (α<0,05), except for the green okra extract with a concentration of 1,56% with 3,125%. Conclusion: Green okra fruit extract (Abelmoschus esculentus) has inhibition against S. viridans at concentrations of 6,25% (14,58 mm) and 12,5% (18,19 mm) including the strong category.

Studies on earthworm population densities in garbage area at urban environment Hyderabad, Telangana State, India

Earthworms are known to produce vermicompost by using any organic waste like agricultural waste, city garbage, industrial waste and sewage waste and helps in reducing noxious gases of a wide variety of organic water, eliminating the bad smell. Soil animals are important component of ecosystem functioning in urban domestic garbage and the earthworms are one of the major groups of these animals in the sewage and garbage. Thus, it is important to know the significance of earthworms and in our study we want to find out the factors that diminish the earthworms’ population in garbage.