Poor Design Research Articles

Ship design for real sea states under uncertainty

A ship is designed under inescapable uncertainty. Neglecting important uncertainties might lead to suboptimal designs. Furthermore, to achieve the best possible performance, the ship design should be optimized for the actual operational conditions, not just for calm water at design speed. This paper aims to propose a two-stage method for the optimal design of ships under uncertainty, operating at various speeds in real sea states, addressing both aleatory uncertainties due to the weather and epistemic uncertainties due to the model and methodology. A general cargo ship is used as a test case. A comparison with different cases representing traditional approaches for optimizing the ship design is provided. The effect of the slow steaming speeds on the design is studied. Results indicate the effectiveness of the adopted approach to deal with the epistemic and aleatory uncertainties in all cases studied. Verification with in-service data confirms the effectiveness of the suggested approach. Furthermore, epistemic and aleatory uncertainties resulted in up to 26.91% reductions in the average attainable speed of different cases compared to the optimal case.

Grand designs for design policy: Associations between apartment policy standards, perceptions of good design and mental wellbeing

Comprehensive apartment design policies have been legislated by Australian state governments to address concerns about poor design in residential buildings. These policies aim to improve apartment design and promote good health. This study examined whether: (1) residents living in apartments that implemented more minimum design requirements perceived better apartment design and amenity; and (2) increased implementation of minimum requirements and better perceptions of design were associated with positive mental wellbeing. Apartment complexes (n = 114, built 2006–2016) were sampled from Sydney, Perth, and Melbourne. Building plans and elevations were used to measure and score apartments for their implementation of 96 quantifiable policy-specific requirements and residents (n = 1072) completed a self-report survey on their apartment design and health. Multi-level linear regression models were used to account for clustered data. Residents in apartments with greater implementation of requirements for solar and daylight, indoor space, private open space, communal space and parking had more positive perceptions of their apartment in terms of natural light and winter thermal comfort, indoor space and layout, private open space, communal area quality, and parking, respectively (all p < 0.05). Perceptions of natural ventilation, summer thermal comfort, indoor space, and communal area quality were independently associated with positive mental wellbeing (all p < 0.05), but the objective implementation scores had no direct association. When implemented as intended, minimum requirements had a positive impact on perceptions of design, which were associated with mental wellbeing. The study underscores the importance of planning instruments and design review processes that increase industry uptake of minimum policy standards.

Crowdsourcing Operational and Design Flaws of Diabetes Mobile Apps.

Unfortunately, many of the diabetes mobile apps have operational and design flaws that are debarring users from maximizing from the self-management paradigm. We, therefore, aim to identify the markers of operational and design flaws of diabetes mobile apps to facilitate a better user-centred design. e crowdsourced negative user review comments (rating score: 1-3) of 47 diabetes mobile apps from the google play store. A total of 781 negative user comments (rating score 1-3) from the apps are coded to identify and categorize the themes relating to the operational and design flaws. The operational and design flaws account for 50.32% of the challenges faced by the unhappy diabetes mobile apps users. Among them, 44.73% have issues with app crashing, 17.3% are concerned about device compatibility that inhibits seamless operations, 9.67% are worried about the problem of data uploading. Poor design is a worry to 19.29% of the users who complain of the crowded user interface, poor data management, poor analytics, difficulty scheduling doctors' appointments, and transferring data. More patients with diabetes can be encouraged to continue using diabetes mobile apps for self-management of diabetes through improved design and a pace-wise software advancement to match the ever-growing enhancements in android operating systems and telecommunication devices. This will help to counter most of the challenges identified in this study.

The Spaces of Social Services as Social Infrastructure: Insights From a Policy-Innovation Project in Milan

The spatial organisation of social services has long been residual for both urban planning and social welfare policies in Italian cities. This often results in randomly chosen locations and poor design arrangements, which ignore the role that space might play in fostering social life and inclusion. The scarce relevance given to the topic both in research and implementation is connected to the historical evolution of social services in the country and the scant resources devoted to their provision. Basing itself on the debate on welfare spaces and social infrastructures and drawing on a collaborative-research experience within an experimental policy-innovation project developed in Milan, this article tackles the role of space in social services provision following three directions. Firstly, it analyses how, at the urban level, welfare innovations and the interplay between urban planning and welfare policies might contribute to reshaping the traditional physical structures of social services and their map to favour more inclusive patterns of access to local welfare. Secondly, it investigates the role of social services as social infrastructures in increasing accessibility, reducing stigmatisation, and interpreting in a more inclusive way the complex public-private partnerships that allow welfare implementation nowadays. Finally, it discusses how, in the face of contemporary trends in the activation of welfare spaces, traditional urban planning tools are challenged in monitoring their increasingly dynamic distribution in the city. This highlights the need to develop innovative urban planning strategies and tools to effectively support decision-making and design.

A review of attentional bias modification trainings for depression.

Negative attentional bias is a basic character of depression. The attentional bias modification training (ABMT), being a highly promising and easy-to-use depression intervention technique, has attracted much attention to alleviate depressive symptoms in recent years. However, the effectiveness of ABMT programs was mixed across studies, since it remained unclear the underlying mechanisms of ABMT on alleviating depressive symptoms. We systematically analyzed the main ABMT paradigms to clarify possible mechanisms of effective training and reasons of ineffective training. Valid ABMT programs might alleviate depressive symptoms through regulating self-related rumination or two subcomponents of attentional bias: facilitated attention and impaired attentional disengagement. The reasons for the invalidity of ABMT mainly included the suboptimal design of training procedures, mixed effects of participants' personal characteristics, and the unclear relationship between attentional bias and depression. The ABMT is promising for alleviating depressive symptoms, but training procedures are required to be improved to obtain stable training effects.

Lessons Learned to Avoid Formation Damage Development During Waste Slurry Injection Operations

The injection of oil and gas wastes produced during the exploration and production phases have been proven to be an effective technique towards achieving zero discharge. However, several challenges are associated with the injection of slurry into an underground formation. The most common challenge during waste slurry injection (WSI) is the loss of well injectivity and pre mature formation damage due to a poor engineering and operational design. For the WSI operation, near wellbore formation damage is one of the major risk and is created by the injected solids. The real time injection monitoring of the ongoing operations is important to make amends to the injection procedure in order to avoid the formation damage and ensure the well longevity. Three different case studies are presented to highlight the operational mistakes that caused a significant formation damage in injectors in Eagle Ford, Haynesville, and Permian Basin shale plays of Texas, United States. Certain guidelines depending on the monitoring results are provided like modifying the slurry rheology, injection pressure, injection strategy etc. that are helpful in maintaining the injectivity. The presented case studies show that the wells with good monitoring program maintained its injectivity during its operation compared to the other wells that lost its injectivity sooner. The paper discusses the importance of injection monitoring and steps necessary to maintain the injectivity and perform a healthy WSI operation.

The Impact of Contracts Administration on the Performance of Road Construction Projects in Uganda: A Literature Gap

Uganda's road construction industry has experienced growth over time because of increased budget allocations. Although the industry has dramatically improved, projects are still experiencing challenges, including but not limited to cost overruns, time overruns, incompetent staff, poor designs, site-related challenges, inadequate resources, low innovation and shoddy work. These are the factors affecting the performance of road projects in Uganda. Therefore, as a way to address the mentioned issues and improve the road construction industry, this paper, through the literature review, looked at the concept of construction contract administration and its context on project implementation. A scoping review of the most relevant work in the field of road construction with emphasis on contract administration and the performance of road construction projects in Uganda presented a salient gap in the area of contract administration. The purpose of this study is to review the literature on the impact of contracts administration on road construction projects which is forming the basis of ongoing research to develop a contract administration strategy that will be used on road construction projects with the aim of improving the performance of road construction projects in Uganda.&#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 29 July 2022 / Accepted: 1 October 2022 / Published: 5 November 2022

Virtual and Augmented Reality in Management of Phantom Limb Pain: A Systematic Review.

Upper and lower limb amputations are frequently associated with phantom limb pain (PLP). Recently, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have been reported as a potential therapy of PLP. We have conducted a systematic review of literature to evaluate the efficacy of VR and AR in managing PLP. Four databases were searched: PubMed, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Web of Science. We utilized the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis for our organization. The initial search resulted in 164 results. After title, abstract, and full-text screening, 9 studies were included. One study was of good quality and 8 studies were of fair to poor quality. Seven studies utilized VR and 2 studies utilized AR. The number of treatment sessions ranged from 1 to 28 and the duration ranged from 10 minutes to 2 hours. Several pain scales were used to evaluate PLP pre- and postintervention including Numeric Rating Scale, Pain Rating Index, McGill Pain Questionnaire, and Visual Analog Scale. All the studies reported improvement of PLP on one or more of pain scales after one or more sessions of VR or AR. Despite the promising results reported by literature, we cannot recommend using VR or AR for PLP. Most of the studies are of poor design and have limited sample size with high bias levels. Therefore, no substantial evidence can be derived from them. However, we do believe further research with high-quality randomized controlled trials should take place to increase the knowledge of the potential advantages.

Prediction of mould growth rate within building envelopes: development and validation of an improved model

Mould growth is a common problem in building envelopes. This issue is usually caused by poor design and construction of walls and results from the difference between indoor and outdoor climatic conditions. Mould spores produced by mouldy walls may diffuse into the air, thereby affecting indoor air quality and threatening occupant health. Therefore, it is important to predict the risk of mould growth in building envelopes under various conditions. This study selected three buildings from a traditional community in Shanghai, China. First, the mould species in these building envelopes were identified. Based on the identification results, the growth rate of the corresponding genera was extracted from the literature to establish an isoline model that describes mould growth on the agar surface. In addition, the mould growth rate between and outside the isoline areas was predicted by modifying the Sautour model to relevant air temperature and humidity conditions. According to the results of the proposed model, the critical temperature and humidity that allow the growth of representative moulds from the buildings selected for this study can be expressed as φ=0.002633·cosh[0.10083·( θ-30)]+0.7153. The accuracy of the above model was verified experimentally, and the maximum relative error of the growth rate was within 25%.

Current state of research on acupuncture for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A scoping review.

To provide an overview of the range and characteristics of existing evidence, research gaps, and future research priorities in treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with acupuncture. Clinical studies on acupuncture treatment for ALS were searched in 9 databases and two websites. Two independent researchers screened the literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria; extracted the demographic data, interventions, and significant findings of the studies; and comprehensively analyzed the characteristics and limitations of the included articles. A total of 2,326 studies were retrieved, of which 92 were included. Most of the studies were conducted in China, with the number increasing over time. Study designs included case reports, case series, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and before-and-after studies, among which case reports were the most frequently used. A total of 1,388 patients were enrolled, of whom 1,031 had ALS, 274 had progressive bulbar palsy (PBP), 60 had progressive muscle atrophy (PMA), and 23 had primary lateral sclerosis (PLS). Acupuncture interventions included body acupuncture, electroacupuncture, acupoint injection, scalp acupuncture, acupoint massage, Sa-am acupuncture, needle-embedding therapy, auricular acupuncture, venom pharmacopuncture therapy, plum blossom needling, acupoint paste, electroacupuncture, and needle warming through moxibustion. The most frequently used acupoints were ST36, LI4, SP6, and LI11. Acupuncture is often applied in combination with other treatments, such as herbal or Western medicine. The frequency of treatment ranged from once a month to three times a day, and the duration of treatment ranged from 5 days to 3 years. Clinical symptoms, muscle strength, and effective rates were the most frequently used outcomes. Most studies reported significant efficacy, and only a few studies reported adverse events explicitly. Evidence gaps include poor study design, complex interventions, limited significance of the selected outcomes, and limited study reporting. The promotion of acupuncture treatment for ALS still faces several obstacles. Rigorous study design and conduct, standardized intervention and outcome measurements, and normative reporting are needed to investigate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture treatment for ALS.

Implementation of the Decisions and Judgments of African Regional Human Rights Tribunals: Reflections on the Barriers to State Compliance and the Lessons Learnt

There are three main regional human rights tribunals (HRTs) in Africa, namely the African Commission, the African Court and the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. In addition to these, there are political bodies within the African Union responsible for implementing human rights mandates as well as several sub-regional courts established for the primary purpose of adjudicating trade disputes and facilitating political integration which have issued notable human rights decisions and judgments. Accordingly, Africa is not lacking in human rights jurisprudence. What is lacking, however, is genuine commitment on the part of state actors to implement the decisions and judgments of the various human rights bodies. This article examines the factors responsible for slowing down the pace and rate of state compliance in Africa. It argues, among other things, that compliance with HRTs' decisions in Africa has been limited due to poor supervision mechanisms, weak domestic infrastructures, weak state institutions caused by 'strong men syndrome' and poor observance of the rule of law, poor institutional designs of regional and sub-regional HRTs, lack of awareness and erroneous perceptions about international human rights system, ineffective follow-up as well as a poor system of governance in many states in Africa among other factors. The article notes that attitudinal barriers and erroneous perceptions about international human rights system are central to the various barriers and thus adequate attention should be given to changing negative attitudes and perceptions among states actors and members of the public in the various African states.

A Mixed-Method Approach to Recommend Corrections and Correct REST Antipatterns

Many companies, e.g., Facebook and YouTube, use the REST architecture and provide REST APIs to their clients. Like any other software systems, REST APIs need maintenance and must evolve to improve and stay relevant. Antipatterns—poor design practices—hinder this maintenance and evolution. Although the literature defines many antipatterns and proposes approaches for their (automatic) detection, their <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">correction</i> did not receive much attention. Therefore, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">we apply a mixed-method approach to study REST APIs and REST antipatterns with the objectives to recommend corrections or, when possible, actually correct the REST antipatterns.</i> <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Qualitatively, via case studies</i> , we analyse the evolution of 11 REST APIs, including Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, over six years. We detect occurrences of eight REST antipatterns in the years 2014, 2017, and 2020 in 17 versions of 11 REST APIs. Thus, we show that (1) REST APIs and antipatterns evolve over time and (2) developers seem to remove antipatterns. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Qualitatively via a discourse analysis</i> , we analyse developers’ forums and report that developers are concerned with the occurrences of REST antipatterns and discuss corrections to these antipatterns. Following these qualitative studies, using an <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">engineering-research approach</i> , we propose the following novel and unique contributions: (1) we describe and compare the corrections of eight REST antipatterns from the academic literature and from developers’ forums; (2) we devise and describe algorithms to recommend corrections to some of these antipatterns; (3) we present algorithms and a tool to correct some of these antipatterns by intercepting and modifying responses from REST APIs; and, (4) we validate the recommendations and the corrections manually and via a survey answered by 24 REST developers. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Thus, we propose to REST API developers and researchers the first, grounded approach to correct REST antipatterns.</i>

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF RC BEAM-COLUMN JOINT RETROFITTED BY BFRP GRID WITH HIGH STRENGTH MORTAR

The reinforced concrete (RC) beam-column joint is a critical member of the building. Its failure can make the structure collapse abruptly. The failure of joints mostly occurred in the structure built before the 1970s because of poor design and inadequate reinforcement detailing. To date, numerous research has been conducted to enhance the performance of the joint in terms of failure mode, strength, and ductility by externally retrofitting using bonded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) technique. Nonetheless, using bonded FRP technique encounters some drawbacks such as debonding and inadequate performance under moist and flammable environments. To overcome this, epoxy is replaced by a cementitious matrix. In this study, a RC beam-column joint is fabricated in 2/3 scale following an existing structure. The specimen is retrofitted using Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) grid with the combination of the cementitious matrix using high strength mortar. The dimension of the retrofitted specimen is intentionally kept the same by taking out the concrete cover where the cementitious matrix is employed. As the result, the overall performance of the specimen is improved. The specimen becomes stronger and can withstand longer applied displacement before it collapsed.

Mapping Maize Mutants Using Bulked-Segregant Analysis and Next-Generation Sequencing.

Forward genetics is used to identify the genetic basis for a phenotype. The approach involves identifying a mutant organism exhibiting a phenotype of interest and then mapping the causative locus or gene. Bulked-segregant analysis (BSA) is a quick and effective approach to map mutants using pools of mutants and wild-type plants from a segregating population to identify linkage of the mutant phenotype, and this approach has been successfully used in plants. Traditional linkage mapping approaches are outdated and time intensive, and can be very difficult. With the highly evolved development and reduction in cost of high-throughput sequencing, this new approach combined with BSA has become extremely effective in multiple plant species, including Zea mays (maize). While the approach is incredibly powerful, careful experimental design, bioinformatic mapping techniques, and interpretation of results are important to obtain the desired results in an effective and timely manner. Poor design of a mapping population, limitations in bioinformatic experience, and inadequate understanding of sequence data are limitations of these approaches for the researcher. Here, we describe a straightforward protocol for mapping mutations responsible for a phenotype of interest in maize, using high-throughput sequencing and BSA. Specifically, we discuss relevant aspects of developing a mutant mapping population. This is followed by a detailed protocol for DNA preparation and analysis of short-read sequences to map and identify candidate causative mutations responsible for the mutant phenotype of interest. We provide command-line and perl scripts to complete the bioinformatic analysis of the mutant sequence data. This protocol lays out the design of the BSA, bioinformatic approaches, and interpreting the sequencing data. These methods are very adaptable to any forward genetics experiment and provide a step-by-step approach to identifying the genetic basis of a maize mutant phenotype. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Bulked-segregant analysis and high-throughput sequencing to map maize mutants.

Tribological Studies of Shrinkage Defect and Effective Yield Upgrade of Grey Cast-Iron Castings

Abstract: This study aims to examine the shrinkage flaw in grey cast iron. The poor gating system design, improper composition management, and solid sections with a high modulus (Volume/ Surface area) in the casting are the root causes of the shrinkage fault. The gating mechanism can first be redesigned in order to lessen shrinkage. A new gating system with a different chemical makeup is suggested. Grey cast iron's composition changed due to an increase in carbon content. Thus, proCAST is used to develop and analyze the gating system. Implementing the planned gating system in the foundry served to validate the results. It is accomplished to increase the effective yield

The Evolution and Impact of Human Confidence in Artificial Intelligence and in Themselves on AI-Assisted Decision-Making in Design

Abstract Decision-making assistance by artificial intelligence (AI) during design is only effective when human designers properly utilize the AI input. However, designers often misjudge the AI’s and/or their own ability, leading to erroneous reliance on AI and therefore bad designs occur. To avoid such outcomes, it is crucial to understand the evolution of designers’ confidence in both their AI teammate(s) and themselves during AI-assisted decision-making. Therefore, this work conducts a cognitive study to explore how to experience various and changing (without notice) AI performance levels and feedback affects these confidences and consequently the decisions to accept or reject AI suggestions. The results first reveal that designers’ confidence in an AI agent changes with poor, but not with good, AI performance in this work. Interestingly, designers’ self-confidence initially remains unaffected by AI accuracy; however, when the accuracy changes, self-confidence decreases regardless of the direction of the change. Moreover, this work finds that designers tend to infer flawed information from feedback, resulting in inappropriate levels of confidence in both the AI and themselves. Confidence in AI and self-confidence are also shown to affect designers’ probability of accepting AI input in opposite directions in this study. Finally, results that are uniquely applicable to design are identified by comparing the findings from this work to those from a similar study conducted with a non-design task. Overall, this work offers valuable insights that may enable the detection of designers’ dynamic confidence and their consequent misuse of AI input in the design.

Developing A Rule-Based Dynamic Safety Checking Method for Enhancing Construction Safety

Safety code compliance checking before construction is a key step in risk control. However, the conventional safety compliance checking methods are static model-oriented, which can lead to both the low adaptability of the model to the dynamic construction process, and low checking efficiency. This paper develops a dynamic safety checking method based on BIM and topology for enhancing construction safety management, by incorporating actual construction processes. Firstly, based on the four stages of automatic safety checking, a comprehensive dynamic safety checking framework is proposed. Secondly, the object attributes and spatial location in the BIM model are extracted to form a dynamic topological relationship database. Following this, the dynamic safety checking method is designed, and the checking results are intuitively reported to users based on BIM software. An actual construction scenery is taken as an example to verify the feasibility of the method in the final stage. The results showed that the dynamic safety checking method, based on topology and rules, can help to accurately identify safety risks in the pre-construction stage and reduce the safety risks due to poor design considerations or construction process modification.

Evaluating and Enhancing the Energy Efficiency of Representative Residential Buildings by Applying National and International Standards Using BIM

Due to the chronic shortage of energy-related analytical data and disintegration of building energy regulations, numerous existing residential buildings in Petra (Jordan) and many cities worldwide suffer from poor building energy design. This paper aims at investigating the potential of applying energy-saving standards in order to improve the whole-building energy consumption of low-rise residential buildings in mild and dry climate zones. Representative buildings were selected based on a field survey. Proposed strategies focused on applicable solutions such as envelope components, and energy-related systems were set. The models were created using Autodesk Revit, and then the results were generated by the EnergyPlus engine. The findings showed that the application of building energy standards greatly impacts the overall energy end-use, where up to 30% reduction can be achieved by applying the Jordanian code, and up to 45% by applying the American standard. This work provides guidance for the residential building industry and policymakers in Jordan and many other countries with similar building characteristics and climate zones.

Industrial Ergonomics Risk Analysis Based on 3D-Human Pose Estimation

Ergonomics is important for smooth and sustainable industrial operation. In the manufacturing industry, due to poor workstation design, workers frequently and repeatedly experience uncomfortable postures and actions (reaching above their shoulders, bending at awkward angles, bending backwards, flexing their elbows/wrists, etc.). Incorrect working postures often lead to specialized injuries, which reduce productivity and increase development costs. Therefore, examining workers’ ergonomic postures becomes the basis for recognizing, correcting, and preventing bad postures in the workplace. This paper proposes a new framework to carry out risk analysis of workers’ ergonomic postures through 3D human pose estimation from video/image sequences of their actions. The top-down network calculates human body joints when bending, and those angles are compared with the ground truth body bending data collected manually by expert observation. Here, we introduce the body angle reliability decision (BARD) method to calculate the most reliable body-bending angles to ensure safe working angles for workers that conform to ergonomic requirements in the manufacturing industry. We found a significant result with high accuracy in the score for ergonomics we used for this experiment. For good postures with high reliability, we have OWAS score 94%, REBA score 93%, and RULA score 93% accuracy. Similarly, for occluded postures we have OWAS score 83%, REBA score 82%, and RULA score 82%, compared with expert’s occluded scores. For future study, our research can be a reference for ergonomics score analysis with 3D pose estimation of workers’ postures.

V‐model with fuzzy quality function deployments for mobile application development

AbstractMobile application (app) development is a subset of software development distinguished by a short development life cycle, rapidly changing business requirements, mobile device technical specifications, and operating system compatibility. The study presents a V‐model mobile app development technique that combines two fuzzy quality function deployment (FQFD) phases. In mobile app development, user requirements are often misunderstood, resulting in poor mobile app design. The research motivation for employing FQFD is to obtain more accurate deductions of human (user or design team) inputs affected by intrinsic vagueness and ambiguity in linguistics. The combination hence delivers synergistic benefits, where FQFDs more effectively solicits and breaks down the voice of the customer (VOC) and system requirements, and the V‐model aligns the development to the broken‐down requirements. The development of an online statistical process control app was demonstrated. FQFD structurally related user requirements, system requirements, and design strategies in the V‐model's verification phases. The validation phases used test plans created during the verification phases to detect and correct programming errors. In the final validation stage, the focus group agreed that the mobile app met all of the user requirements. This study adds to the methodology's novelty by proposing and demonstrating the integration of the FQFD and V‐model into the development of mobile apps. As a result of the limitation, other areas of software engineering, such as time and resource coordination and release management, are not considered.