Bad Contact Research Articles

Penanganan Gangguan Gagal Balik Point Machine No. P1106 di Pocket Track LRT Jakarta Pada Saat Perawatan Menggunakan Metode FTA dan FMEA

Point machine or drive on the wesel is one of the external equipment on the railroad system that functions to move one line to another. There are two types, mechanical and electrical. Jakarta LRT uses an electric vane drive with the Voestalpine product name with the Unistar HR EM type. There is often a back failure disturbance caused by point machine no P1106. This study aims to analyze the cause of the reverse failure. Using two analysis methods, namely Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA). The results found that the cause of the reverse failure at point machine no P1106 is from the detection switch component that occurs bad contact due to corrosion with the form of sparks.

Relay Driver Based on Arduino UNO to Bridge the Gap of The Digital Output Voltage of The Node MCU ESP32

The IoT could control the devices that need a high current voltage to operate. The voltage control here means that the IoT could give the command to turn on and turn off the electric current by using a relay module. One of the devices that are most frequently used in many research projects is Node MCU ESP8266 and Node MCU ESP32. Those microcontrollers work with the maximum supply is 3.3-volt direct current (DC). On the other hand, the relay module commonly needs a voltage supply of 5-volt DC and the relay needs to be controlled by a single transistor to make a trig on. The relay will be active when the transistor’s basis pin is grounded into the ground, so the relay will get the current flow. However, the relay module which is controlled using Node MCU could not work properly, caused Node MCU only provides the digital out is 3-volt maximum from its digital Input Output pins (I/O). Meanwhile, the driver relay based on a single transistor needs a bias input amount of 5 volts to make the relay module active well. If the bias voltage doesn't reach 5 volts or just 3.3 volts will make the relay can't switch on properly which can result in bad contact. To overcome that problem this research proposed the driver relay based on Arduino UNO. The novel of this research is adding the Arduino UNO module between Node MCU and the relay module which has task to bridge the voltage difference between the output digital output ESP that only maximum 3.3 volt converted by Arduino to be digital output which can reach the voltage of 5 volt. The Arduino JSON library was also involved to wrap the commands that produced by Node MCU then deserialized on Arduino to parse and convert to be digital output to control the relay module.

Analysis of production loss trough quality management tolls - Case study in am electric energy meter production industry

In the modern world, organizations need to be constantly looking for ways to improve their production processes. One way to achieve this goal is through the use of basic quality tools, which are widely used by organizations. In this work we used the check sheet, the Pareto chart, cause and effect diagram, 5W2H and FPY. This work aims to minimize the high rate of production loss in the Exat test in the production lines of a company located in the State of Amazonas that operates in the electronic sector. After the analysis it was concluded that the high failure rate in Exat is linked to high numbering / misalignment / bad contact, identifying the causes of failure and then was built and implemented action plan that decreased the rate by 34.36% compared to previous year implementation of action plan.

Effect of an oncology care management program on unplanned hospital admissions in a commercially insured population.

1547 Background: Despite advances in cancer outcomes, costs of cancer care continue to rise. Acute care utilization contributes significantly to these costs. The Cancer Support Program’s (CSP) care management services focus on providing education on symptom management, palliative care and advance care planning, addressing psychosocial needs and closing gaps in care in members with cancer who are at high risk for unplanned hospital admissions (UHA). Methods: Beginning 1/1/22, commercially insured members with an active cancer diagnosis were clinically stratified as high or low risk for UHA. All high-risk members were invited to participate in the CSP program. Individuals who agreed to participate received individualized telephonic care management support. Medical claims from 1/1/22 through 9/30/22 were evaluated, and rates of UHA were compared between participants and non-participants within the identified high-risk population for an average period of 4 months after identification (the period equivalent to the average enrollment period of participants). Results: The study population included 3,113 members who stratified as high risk. Of those, 36% were enrolled in the program. Reasons for non-enrollment include inability to reach (72%), member refused (27%) and bad contact information (1%). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups’ demographic composition except for age (the enrolled group had slightly more in the 51-64 age group [63% vs. 59%; p < 0.001] and slightly fewer in the > 65 age group (9% vs. 15%; p < 0.001]). There were 358 UHA in the participating group and 737 UHA in the non-participating group. When normalized, there were 1,179 UHA per thousand members per year (PTMPY), 99% CI [1,171 UHA, 1,184 UHA] (bootstrap) in the participating group and 1,526 UHA PTMPY, 99% CI [1,523 UHA, 1,535 UHA] (bootstrap) in the non-participating group. Conclusions: Early results show lower UHA rates for members who participated in the care management program, suggesting the program is effective in reducing acute care utilization within the high-risk population. Limitations of this study include potential enrollment bias, changes in risk status from clinical or social factors, and the potential for human error or inconsistency in the risk stratification process. Further study is underway to validate these results.

In-situ pellet growth and quality monitoring diagnostics for the ITER DMS Support Laboratory

The ITER disruption mitigation system is based on shattered pellet injection. The ITER DMS requires the use of large, 19 × 38 and 28.5 × 57 mm (diameter x length) cryogenic pellets, made of hydrogen, neon, or a mixture of those. The production of such large pellets, especially protium, is not straightforward, therefore the freezing process is monitored in real-time. A barrel view camera diagnostic was developed at the Centre of Energy Research for this purpose: the pellet is illuminated from one side of the barrel via a special vacuum adaptor featuring a high-pressure rated window, while observing it from the other side using a digital camera. It was found that the growth of the pellet can be followed easily, and issues such as bad heat contact between the cold head and the barrel can clearly be observed as well. Once the pellet is launched, its integrity and other parameters can be determined in an optically assessable vacuum chamber, using a shadowgraphy diagnostic. The pellet size can routinely be determined to sub-mm precision, and voids (or other non-solid material regions) can be identified as dark areas on the captured shadowgraphs.

Fire risk assessment of airborne lithium battery based on entropy weight improved cloud model

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to combine the entropy weight method with the cloud model and establish a fire risk assessment method for airborne lithium battery. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the fire risk assessment index system is established by fully considering the influence of the operation process of airborne lithium battery. Then, the cloud model based on entropy weight improvement is used to analyze the indexes in the system, and the cloud image is output to discuss the risk status of airborne lithium batteries. Finally, the weight, expectation, entropy and hyperentropy are analyzed to provide risk prevention measures. Findings In the risk system, bad contact of charging port, mechanical extrusion and mechanical shock have the greatest impact on the fire risk of airborne lithium battery. The fire risk of natural factors is at a low level, but its instability is 25% higher than that of human risk cases and 150% higher than that of battery risk cases. Practical implications The method of this paper can evaluate any type of airborne lithium battery and provide theoretical support for airborne lithium battery safety management. Originality/value After the fire risk assessment is completed, the risk cases are ranked by entropy weight. By summarizing the rule, the proposed measures for each prevention level are given.

The influence of reference electrode in electrical impedance tomography

BackgroundSome electrical impedance tomography (EIT) devices equip reference electrodes. In practice, it is not uncommon to observe high contact impedance for the reference electrode. The influence of bad contact reference electrode on data quality is unknown. The study aimed to investigate the influence of reference electrode on EIT image reconstruction. MethodsThirty lung healthy volunteers were prospectively examined with EIT. The subjects were spontaneously breathing in supine position. Three scenarios were constructed: 1. Normal measurement; 2. Reference electrode disconnected without recalibration; 3. Reference electrode disconnected, and the measurement restarted after recalibration of the system. EIT-based parameters measuring spatial and temporal ventilation distributions were calculated and compared. A so-call deviation score was calculated to assess the differences in EIT parameters between scenarios 2 and 1, between 3 and 1. ResultsThe absolute differences for all parameters were significantly higher than zero (p < 0.01 for all parameters and scenarios). Deviation score for scenario 2 was 4.5 ± 3.5. Four subjects had a deviation score of 0 in scenario 2 and five subjects had a score of 1. The deviation in scenario 3 was higher (6.1 ± 3.1). No subjects had a score of 0 and only two subjects had a score of 1. ConclusionsFor EIT systems that equips with reference electrode, it is important to ensure the proper contact and functionality of the reference electrode. The EIT data quality would remain unchanged in only a small portion of subjects.

Optimization of PTFE Content in Catalyst Layer of Gas Diffusion Electrode for Alkaline Fuel Cell

Alkaline fuel cell (AFC) is historically 1st successfully applied fuel cell type. The main benefit of AFC is still possibility to use non platinum based catalysts at ambient conditions. With increase of demand for platinum metals for PEM water electrolysis and fuel cell this benefit would become more significant. Therefore it has sense to focus on AFC development.Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) are crucial part in numerous technologies. Its main function is to enable contact of gaseous reactant with electron conductor and ionic conductor. Enlargement of contact area of mentioned three phase boundary lead to increase of electrode performance. In the case of liquid electrolyte like potassium hydroxide in AFC it is crucial to balance penetration of liquid into pores of electrode and to keep part of electrode unflooded. It must be realized in catalytic layer of GDE. Variation of temperature change electrolyte viscosity and vapor pressure both influences flooding of electrode.Beside suitable structure GDE for AFC must be stable in strong alkaline solutions. Standard GDE construction is based on combination of hydrophilic a hydrophobic materials to reach desired wettability. Also, the preparation method influences the porosity of the catalytic layer. GDE consist of three layers: catalytic, diffusion and supporting. The gas/liquid interface must be realized in catalytic layer. It is usually composed of catalyst and binder. Catalyst is chosen with respect to electrochemical reaction running on electrode thus binder must deliver desired hydrophobicity. Most typical binders are perfluorinated polymers like PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with excellent chemical resistivity. Nickel, manganese, platinum, silver etc. are widely used in alkaline systems like catalysts. The most important property of the catalytic layer is the ratio of catalyst to PTFE which provides suitable hydrophobicity. The diffusion layer (GDL) is usually made of a mixture of carbon blacks/graphite and PTFE. The support layer is typically made of nickel foam or carbon paper.This work aims to optimize the ratio of PTFE to platinum catalyst in the catalytic layer. The commercial catalyst HiSPEC 40 wt. % Pt/C was used and Pt load was set to 0.5 mg/cm2. Electrodes were prepared by ink spraying technique on commercial GDL Sigracet® BC28. The ink with different ratios of PTFE to catalyst was applied to prepare GDE with PTFE content from 5 wt. % to 40 wt. %. Electrode baking under inert atmosphere was the last preparation step to increase mechanical stability.As the first characteristic the contact angle was measured. The droplet of water was placed on catalyst layer surface. The contact angle of droplet to GDE surface represents the level of hydrophobicity. A high level of hydrophobicity brings about low inundation GDE and bad contact between liquid, gas and catalyst. On the other hand, if GDE has low hydrophobicity, liquid can inundate the catalytic layer easily. As it was found already 5% of PTFE makes GDE surface hydrophobic. Higher loading of PTFE lead only to small angle increase. But significant decrease was found after GDE operation and PTFE loading over 15% is necessary to prevent further hydrophobicity decrease.In the second step prepared GDE were tested in the laboratory AFC. Pure hydrogen and pure oxygen were dosed to GDE chambers. 25% KOH solution was used as electrolyte. The I-V curve at the beginning of cell assembly, performance in time and I-V curve at the end of experiment was measure. The power of AFC with prepared electrodes improves if the hydrophobicity of GDE decreases. However, the penetration of liquid through the GDE was observed in low hydrophobic GDE in a long time testing alkaline fuel cell. Also the gradual decrease of cell performance was observed due to the flooding of the catalytic layer. After stop of operation and repeated start the performance of the cell again improved but no to the origin level. Only if the PTFE content was over 40% the performance was identical for several repeated experiments.The importance of PTFE loading in catalyst layer composition was demonstrated and its influence on AFC performance. The low loading of PTFE in GDE shows the highest performance but with fast drop. For longtime operation it is necessary to use PTFE leading at least 40%. Acknowledgment Financial support of this research by the Technological Agency of the Czech Republic under the project No TK02030001 “Research and development of advanced flow energy storage technologies” is gratefully acknowledged.

Performance Improvement of Li6PS5Cl Solid Electrolyte Modified by Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Composite Polymer Electrolyte with ZSM-5 Molecular Sieves

All-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) with argyrodite-type Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte (SE) show potential to replace current commercially available lithium-ion batteries by virtue of their potentially high energy density and safety. However, the interface incompatibility between sulfide solid electrolyte and lithium metal leads to an increase in interfacial resistance and the rapid growth of lithium dendrites, which greatly impede its commercial application. To alleviate the above problems, here a cell construction model has been put forward, in which composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) with high ionic conductivity and good interface compatibility against lithium metal are employed as the interphase between Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte and lithium metal. CPEs can prevent direct contact between lithium anode and Li6PS5Cl, and a soft CPE layer can solve the problem of high interfacial resistance caused by bad contact between the Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte and the lithium metal anode. As a result, the symmetric cells Li/CPEs/Li6PS5Cl/CPEs/Li show stable polarization voltage over 140 h at a current density of 0.2 mA at 60 °C. Compared with the rapidly decaying capacity of the LiFePO4/Li6PS5Cl/Li cell, the initial discharge capacity of LiFePO4/Li6PS5Cl/CPEs/Li is 93.74 mAh/g, and after 15 cycles at 0.5 C, the capacity retention rate is still 75.1%. Therefore, the successful design of this cell structure based on the interface modification of Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte provides good prospects for the commercial application of ASSLMBs.

Video Resources Are Used to Assist Primary School Students to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Good Contact and Bad Contact Knowledge in Their Learning

Video Resources Are Used to Assist Primary School Students to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Good Contact and Bad Contact Knowledge in Their Learning

Improving Performance of Bifacial‐Grid III–V Solar Cells Bonded on Glass by Selective Contact Annealing

Selective contact annealing is developed to improve the performance of bifacial‐grid III–V top cells bonded on glass by epoxy resin for Si‐based tandem solar cells. The annealing method can minimize the damage to the bonding layer and is compatible with the industrial evaporation technique for contact fabrication. The improvement of the front contact quality by selective annealing treatments is demonstrated through optical and electrical characterization which shows a significantly enhanced III–V device performance. Furthermore, a fitting model is established to reveal the mechanism underlying the performance improvement through the reduction of contact resistances and the bad contact area. Herein, an effective annealing approach to fabricate high‐quality metal–semiconductor contacts for devices with poor thermal resistivity is demonstrated, which can be used in polymer‐bonded top cells in Si‐based tandem solar cells and other flexible optoelectronic devices on polymer substrates.

Methods and Devices Used in Determining the Quality of Electric Wires Terminal Crimping

In this study, it is planned to investigate the analysis methods and devices used for analysis in the quality determination of terminal crimping in the rapidly developing and growing ready-made electrical cable manufacturing sector. Electric cables are used both in data exchange and transmission of electric current. For this reason, it is always desired that its assembly be done easily and reliably. For this, a connection element called terminal is placed at the end of the cable. This process is called terminal crimping. Terminal crimping can be performed manually with the help of crimping pliers or with semi-automatic or fully automatic machines. However, the process may not always be performed in the desired quality. Losses in data transmission may occur as a result of poor quality crimping. In the transmission of electrical current, undesirable events such as cable heating, explosion, fire may occur as a result of bad contact. For this reason, some quality control devices or test platforms to be designed are needed to determine the quality of the terminal crimping operations. Determination of the crimp quality in existing quality control devices is mainly made by electrical testing, cross-sectional imaging and force analysis methods. In this study, comparative analysis of methods and tools for determining the crimp quality in cable manufacturing industry has been made. Defects that may be encountered in crimp processes and their characteristics are revealed, and the reasons for preference, advantages and disadvantages of destructive/non-destructive quality control techniques are summarized.

EasieRR: An open‐source software for non‐invasive heart rate variability assessment

Abstract The assessment of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) based on electrocardiograms (ECG) is considered a good proxy for stress in a wide range of animal species. However, problems can occur e.g., when measuring ECG in ambulatory settings such as recording of unrestrained animals using non‐invasive devices. Artefacts caused by technical (i.e. bad electrode contact) or physiological (i.e. ectopic beats, non‐cardiac muscle potentials) sources are common and can disturb the ECG signal. As HRV analysis is highly sensitive to artefacts in the interbeat interval (RR‐interval) time series the process of visual inspection of the raw signal to detect and correct these is essential. Most of the commercially available software requires intensive training and extensive manual work to accomplish this task and/or is often not available to access for free. EasieRR is an open‐source, stand‐alone software optimized for analysing ECG in non‐restrained animals. The program allows a species‐specific analysis and calculation of recommended standard HRV parameters in both, the time‐ and the nonlinear domain (RMSSD, SDNN, SD1 and SD2). Visualization of data using Poincaré plots and tachograms of RR‐intervals eases the validation of correct heart cycle interval detection and minimizes manual work for the user. Automatically detected peaks can be manually corrected via deletion, correction of spurious detections or marking of undetected peaks. The HRV analysis can be exported using common formats (TXT, MAT). Figures can be plotted and exported in various formats (PDF, SVG, PNG, JPG, TIFF, EMF and EPS). Included in EasieRR is the possibility for synchronization of ECG data with video in order to link cardiac responses to specific behavioural responses.

An assessment of discrete element approaches to infer intergranular forces from experiments on 2D granular media

We propose a new way to estimating interparticle contact forces in granular materials, based on the combination of experimental measurements and numerical techniques that take the contact laws respectively from Molecular Dynamics and Non-Smooth Contact Dynamics discrete element methods. Tests are performed in quasi-static conditions on a two-dimensional granular assembly; 80 MPixel pictures of the assembly are shot throughout each test. Image processing and Digital Image Correlation are used in order to get information on the geometry of the assembly (particles and contact points position) and the rigid-body motion of particles (displacements and rotation); based on this information, numerical methods can be applied to assess contact forces. 2D DEM simulations are also performed and the same information is extracted and used for contact force estimation, so that the numerical methods can be validated. The reproducibility of the original set of contact forces is shown to be dependent on the displacement history for the first method, based on contact elasticity, and on the degree of force indeterminacy for the Contact Dynamics-based one. The validation phase also includes a perturbation analysis to predict the influence of measurement error (bad contact detection) when applying the Contact Dynamics-based method, which shows the robustness of this method. After this validation phase, the methods are applied to experimental data. Measurement error on kinematic measurements turns out to be quite significant for the first approach, while it does not affect the second, for which the accuracy of the force estimation can be assumed to be mainly dependent on the degree of force indeterminacy of the system.

The Role of Surface Recombination on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells: Effect of Morphology and Crystalline Phase of TiO2 Contact

AbstractHerein, the preparation of 1D TiO2 nanocolumnar films grown by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition is reported as the electron selective layer (ESL) for perovskite solar devices. The impact of the ESL architecture (1D and 3D morphologies) and the nanocrystalline phase (anatase and amorphous) is analyzed. For anatase structures, similar power conversion efficiencies are achieved using an ESL either the 1D nanocolumns or the classical 3D nanoparticle film. However, lower power conversion efficiencies and different optoelectronic properties are found for perovskite devices based on amorphous 1D films. The use of amorphous TiO2 as electron selective contact produces a bump in the reverse scan of the current–voltage curve as well as an additional electronic signal, detected by impedance spectroscopy measurements. The dependence of this additional signal on the optical excitation wavelength used in the IS experiments suggests that it stems from an interfacial process. Calculations using a drift‐diffusion model which explicitly considers the selective contacts reproduces qualitatively the main features observed experimentally. These results demonstrate that for a solar cell in which the contact is working properly the open‐circuit photovoltage is mainly determined by bulk recombination, whereas the introduction of a “bad contact” shifts the balance to surface recombination.

Determination of transient resistance low-current elektric contacts in dusty conditions the contact surfaces

Introduction. Now on transport, in automotive, aviation, space, household and other vehicles the tiny mechanically managed switches are widely used. The small weight and small dimensions belong to their benefits. However bad contact connection can lead to failure of devices on which work of all difficult technique depends. In household appliances it will not lead to serious problems, but for transport failure of contact system can lead to catastrophic consequences. The most important indicator of reliability of microswitches is non-failure operation of work. Failures of microswitches arise because of the thermal, electric, mechanical and chemical phenomena in a transitional zone of electric contacts. Now big distribution was gained by low-current contacts. Refusals and failures in such contacts appear generally because of hit in intercontact space of dust and other pollution, formation of the films which are not collapsing in case of short circuit of contacts, sudden change of force of pressing of contacts because of breakdown of an elastic element or an expansion spring. In article the mathematical model of contact systems in case of failure on the example of modern electronic microswitches of rod type is provided. Purpose. Creation of mathematical model of contact systems at failure on the example of modern electronic microswitches of rod type, research of operation of microswitches in actual practice operation. Methodology. Theoretical methods of research with use of personal electronic computer were applied to achievement of an effective objective. The theory of contact interaction of rough surfaces, the theory of electric contacts, methods of linear algebra, etc. have been used. The program complexes Mathcad, ANSYS were used. In case of pilot studies methods of mathematical statistics were applied. Results. In article the technique of determination of transitional resistance of low-current electric contacts considering possible dust content of contact surfaces, formation of films on surfaces of contacts and change of parameters of a roughness of contact surfaces as a result of plastic deformations is offered. For the studied contacts dependence of probability of failure on concentration of particles of dust is received. Practical importance. The technique described in article allows to determine the transitional resistance of electric contacts both during the normal work, and at failure. Conclusion. Development of mathematical models of contacts at failure gives the chance to estimate reliability of connections in actual practice of work, to choose key parameters of switching elements taking into account possible pollution, and also to develop new and to specify the available techniques of detection of failures.

Thermal control influence on energy efficiency in domestic refrigerator powered by photovoltaic

This paper studies the importance of temperature control in household refrigerator on the environmental and economic plan. Refrigerator energy consumption is greatly affected by room temperature, door opening and thermostat regulation. A household refrigerator powered by photovoltaic energy was tested in laboratory to determine the effect of thermal regulation on energy consumption. Our investigation reveals that there is a difference in minimal average temperature between the thermostat and the evaporator for three different thermostat positions. This difference in temperature was justified by three parameters: the bad contact between the thermostat bulb and the surface of the evaporator, thermostat thermal inertia and the error due to the mechanical control of the thermostat. Finally, this work allows us an estimate of the energy saving by the kWh electricity price in the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) Vs Europe region depending on the number of refrigerators. The energy optimization decreases the aggressive methods of electricity production. The Energy Efficiency and Solar Energy present an important alternative on the three planes Energy, Economic and Environmental (3E).

Amorphous InGaZnO thin film transistors with sputtered silver source/drain and gate electrodes

The amorphous InGaZnO (a-IGZO) thin film transistors (TFTs) with sputtered silver source/drain (S/D) and gate electrodes were investigated and developed. The sputtered single-film Ag was confirmed to be unfit for the electrodes of a-IGZO TFTs because of its bad contact with a-IGZO and atom diffusion into insulators. Accordingly the sputtered Mo films were proposed to serve as the capping layers, indicating that the 20-nm-thick Mo could effectively form ohmic contact with the a-IGZO, prevent the Ag diffusion into the SiOx, and make good adhesion to the glass substrates. The devices with multi-layer S/D and gate electrodes (Mo/Ag/Mo) were successfully fabricated, exhibiting the reasonably good performance and thus proving the application of the sputtered silver electrodes into a-IGZO TFTs was possible.

Polysulphide Air Redox Flow Battery - a Novel Solution for Grid Scale Energy Storage

The widespread deployment of flow batteries, an important part of energy storage technologies, has been largely restricted by its high cost. A novel, recently patented redox flow system utilising polysulphide redox and oxygen reduction/evolution reactions offers a cost effective solution for electricity storage and delivery. The schematic operation of polysulphide-air flow battery is illustrated in the Figure below. The polysulphide anolyte is pumped through the porous media at the anode compartment when the reversible electrochemical redox reaction of soluble polysulphide/sulphur occurring. Concurrently the oxygen reduction/evolution occurs at catalytically active gas diffusion media at the cathode compartment. Experimental testing of polysulphide-air system was carried out in 5 cm2 active area single cell setup connected to peristaltic and air pumps. The stable open circuit voltage of 0.68 V was achieved in 0.5 Na2S/ 0.5 M S/ x 1M NaOH solution. This OCV was slightly lower than the theoretical value of 0.85V likely due to crossover of anolyte species and bad contact of circut. A maximum power density of 2.1 mW/cm2 was achieved during the discharge. To decouple anode and cathode processes half-cell measurements including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were performed. The collected data clearly indicate that the major losses happened on polysulphide side. Increased flow rate of polysulphide anolyte just slightly improved the performance. This work will present novel data with improved catalytic activity of polysulphide side and increased performance of the polysulphide-air system. Figure 1

Local non invasive study of SiC diodes with abnormal electrical behavior

In this work, Silicon Carbide Schottky Barrier Diodes (SBDs) were inspected by Infrared Lock-In Thermography to study and determine the origin of structural weak spots resulting from their manufacturing and electro-thermal stressing tests. These spots are frequency modulated following three different approaches representative of the SBDs operating regimes and detected by their infrared emission, as they behave as hot spots. According to thermal results, such weak spots have originated from barrier modification due to the wire-bonding process, non-uniform active area resistance due to bad metallization electrical contact, deep level traps creation due to high energy implantation in the edge termination, and internal propagation of lattice defects during thermal cycling.