Halitosis Research Articles

Self-perceived halitosis and its social impact on females: A cross-sectional study.

Halitosis refers to socially unacceptable levels of breath odors. This affects the social life and psychological well-being of individuals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of self-perceived halitosis (SPH) among females and its effect on social life. This was a cross-sectional study. A previously validated questionnaire was distributed electronically through a secure link. The questionnaire consisted of 5 different parts that collected information on sociodemographic, medical history, oral hygiene and other health habits. It also included questions related to participant's knowledge and perception of halitosis and its social impact. All females who were at least 18 years were invited to participate. Data were transferred for analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences program for Windows (IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26, Chicago, IL). Simple descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions and percentages were calculated for the study variables. The relationship between the variables and SPH was also evaluated using the chi-squared test of independence at 95% confidence (P ≤ .05). In total, 1089 subjects completed the questionnaire. The SPH prevalence was 62% among females. The correlation between SPH and sinusitis, gastrointestinal tract disorders, periodontal diseases were significant (P < .05). In addition, subjects with good tooth brushing habits reported no halitosis (91.6%) compared to subjects with poor tooth brushing habits who reported no halitosis (8.9%), and the difference was statistically significant (P < .001). Not using floss and tounge cleaners daily was significantly related to self-reported halitosis (P < .001). Females who reported SPH indicated that they were hesitant to talk to others (68.1%), uncomfortable around others (80.5%), did not like meeting others (44.2%), avoided by others (15%), and that halitosis affected their personal life (31.9%). This association was statistically significant for all variables of social life (P < .001). The prevalence of SPH is high and can have an incapacitating effect on females social lives. The management of halitosis includes active involvement of dental professionals and the incorporation of psychological support.

Dental health of patients using antidepressants and methamphetamines

The search was performed in the PubMed database, and the results of own research on the effects of antidepressants on dental health were presented. Literature data on the impact of methamphetamine use on dental health are also provided. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been shown to cause bru-xism, which can exacerbate temporomandibular joint disorder, and tricyclic antidepressants (especially low-dose amitriptyline) can reduce the risk of bruxism caused by another antidepressant. Antidepressants, mostly tricyclic, cause xerostomia, leading to the salivary hypofunction. Similar effects such as bruxism and xerostomia are also noted when using methamphetamines. Saliva contains a high concentration of calcium and phosphate ions, which serve as raw materials for the remineralization process, it also buffers organic acids formed by dental plaque, thereby preventing periodontitis and caries. Xerostomia due to the use of antidepressants or methamphetamines causes taste disorders, the appearance of bad breath, mouth ulcers, impairs the processes of chewing, swallowing and speech, changes the microbial colonization of the oral cavity, causing the development of dental ca-ries, candidiasis, atrophy of the mucous membrane and a burning sensation, difficulties in keeping dentures, negatively affects the quality of life of patients. Therefore, it is important for dentists to be aware of the oral problems associated with the use of methamphetamines and antidepressants, identify them early, and not only provide topical treatment, but also discuss with patients the risks associated with their lifestyle or treatment.

The Benefits of Probiotics on Oral Health: Systematic Review of the Literature.

Aim: Probiotic microorganisms, commonly used to bolster gut health, might also have benefits for dental health, according to certain studies. Probiotics (PBs) are associated with reducing cariogenic pathogens and protecting against periodontal diseases, although the exact way they function in the mouth is not fully clear. Our study aimed to explore the use of PBs to improve oral health, focusing on issues such as cavities, gum disease, bad breath, mucositis, and periimplantitis. Materials and Methods: We utilized the Boolean keywords "Probiotics" AND "Oral health" to search the databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search was restricted to English-language papers published from 1 January 2019 to 13 April 2023. Results: A total of 3460 articles were found through our computerized search. After removing duplicates, reviewing the papers, and determining their relevance, 12 were selected for inclusion. Conclusions: Assessing how bacteria in food or dietary supplements might alter the stable oral microbiota is a complex task. Although probiotic microorganisms have been found to have proven therapeutic benefits, their application in dental health is not yet solidly backed by evidence. Further research is necessary to thoroughly understand the long-term effects of probiotic bacteria on the oral environment, including their ability to colonize and form biofilms.

The Antibacterial Potential of Essential Oils of Oral Care Thai Herbs against Streptococcus mutans and Solobacterium moorei—In Vitro Approach

Oral malodor, often known as halitosis, is an irritating breath odor that originates in the mouth and can cause significant psychological and social distress. Chlorhexidine, a powerful antimicrobial agent effective against bacteria and fungi, has become the standard treatment for halitosis. However, it has drawbacks including altered taste perception, dry mouth, and more noticeable dental staining. The use of natural essential oils to avoid these unwanted effects has proven to be an attractive strategy. This study aims to evaluate the potential of four essential oils consisting of Ma-kwean fruit (Zanthoxylum limonella, MK), clove bud (Syzygium aromaticum, CV), star anise fruit (Illicium verum, SA) and cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum aromaticum, CM) for the purpose of combating bad breath by assessing their antibacterial efficacy against halitosis-associated bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Solobacterium moorei). The hydro-distillation process was used to prepare the essential oils, which were obtained as yellowish to colorless liquids with yields of 6.58 ± 0.81, 12.21 ± 2.98, 4.29 ± 0.15 and 1.26 ± 0.09% for MK, CV, SA and CM, respectively. The terpenoid compounds terpinene-4-ol (47.04%), limonene (17.19%), sabinene (13.27%) and alpha-terpineol (6.05%) were found as the main components in MK essential oil, while phenylpropanoids were identified as the primary components of other essential oils, namely trans-cinnamaldehyde (83.60%), eugenol (83.59%) and anethol (90.58%) were identified as the primary components of CM, CV and SA essential oils, respectively. For the antibacterial properties, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were investigated. CM essential oil exhibited the greatest capacity to inhibit growth and eradicate S. mutans, with MIC and MBC values of 0.039%, followed by CV (MIC of 0.078% and MBC of 0.156%) and MK (MIC and MBC of 0.156%), whereas the MIC of SA was 1.250% without eradication. Both CM and CV essential oils demonstrated exceptional efficacy against S. moorei, with MIC and MBC values of 0.019% and 0.033%, respectively. Furthermore, the inhibition of S. moorei biofilm formation was investigated and we discovered that the lowest effective concentration necessary to eliminate the S. moorei biofilm was one quarter of the MIC for MK, CM and CV, while that for SA essential oil was half of the MIC. These encouraging results suggest that the incorporation of MK, CM and CV essential oils into oral care products could potentially enhance their efficacy in halitosis treatment.

Bad breath debunked

Andrea Hammond breaks down the myths surrounding bad breath for patients.

Pseudohalitosis – More than a Complicated Multidisciplinary Case

Abstract Introduction Halitophobia is also known as false halitosis or psychosomatic halitosis. This pseudo-pathology originates from the somatization of the compulsive idea that the patient has bad breath in the absence of oral pathology. Case Presentation A patient addressed dental surgery complaining of a self-diagnosed halitosis. The dental consultation did not find any dental problem that could cause bad breath. She was referred to a general practitioner for further investigations to rule out a general condition. The investigations revealed a perfectly healthy person, without any chronic ailment that could cause bad breath. The patient refused to consult a psychologist or psychiatrist, considering that she does not have a mental health problem. Conclusions Patients with a suspicion of psychogenic halitosis require psychiatric counseling, and dentists have to be prepared with an efficient strategy for the correct management of these patients.

The Yin and Yang of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Use for Oral and Periodontal Health: A Literature Review.

Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is an anionic surfactant, which has a wide range of usage in the health sector and in dental pharmaceutical products, especially in toothpastes. The objective of this review was to investigate the effects of SLS containing dentifrices on oral and periodontal health, possible side effects, and its benefits. A thorough literature search was done using databases of PubMed and Google Scholar and finally, 40 articles were included in the study. This narrative review revealed the sources of discrepancy and conflicting results regarding the impact of SLS on oral cavity as well as a lack of sufficient evidence in most topics. Hence, the evidence suggests improved drug bioavailability when used as a solubilizer, improved plaque control, and reduction in bad breath. On the other hand, SLS can serve as a risk indicator of prolonged oral wound healing time, recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

The impact of chewing betel nuts on human dentition in Indonesia: A literature review

Background: Human behavior can significantly alter dental conditions. One such behavior is the habit of chewing betel nuts. Known as nginang, this tradition holds social significance in many cultures across Indonesia. Societal beliefs include the idea that chewing betel nuts offers a sensation similar to smoking cigarettes, provides a pastime, reduces bad breath, and even enhances dental health. However, evidence shows that it can cause severe damage to teeth. Purpose: This research aims to analyze the literature regarding the impact of chewing betel nuts on dental conditions and to recommend actions to address the problems caused by it. Reviews: While this habit can have positive aspects, it may also cause tooth damage when practiced with a certain frequency and intensity and using specific compositions. Issues such as calculus, periodontitis, attrition, and antemortem tooth loss may occur due to this habit. However, inconsistencies have been found concerning this habit’s relation to caries. Conclusion: A pathological chain reaction triggered by betel nut chewing confirms its detrimental effect on dental health. Further investigations are required to explain the inconsistencies found in this review. The researchers recommend promoting tooth brushing to enable society to maintain its tradition without risking further teeth damage.

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF INJECTABLE PLATELET RICH FIBRIN (IPRF) IN ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR PERIODONTITIS: A CASE SERIES

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcomes of non-surgical periodontal therapy using injectable Platelet Rich Fibrin (iPRF). Materials and Methods: In the present study, analyzed the results of treatment in 82(43 men and 39 women, aged 36 to 63 years) patients in the period from 2018 to 2023 years with periodontitis stages I–II were included. The following clinical parameters were recorded at the beginning of the study (before and treatment), after 1 month (after iPRF therapy), at the end of the 3-month (after iPRF therapy). The diagnosis of periodontitis was established taking radiological signs of bone loss and indicators of bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), Clinical attachment level (CAL). All patients subjected to the complex periodontal treatment included supragingival and subgingival scaling and root debridement with an ultrasonic device, antibacterial therapy. After 4 weeks, only those patients underwent I-PRF therapy who maintained optimal oral hygiene. I PRF was injected into the gum area. The number of plasma-based sessions is strictly individual and depends on the severity of the inflammatory process (4-6 sessions break between sessions 1 week). Results: The postoperative periods in all patients passed without complications, there were no serious intraoperative or immediate postoperative complications. After a course of I-PRF therapy, patients noted elimination of pain, bleeding and swelling of the gums, tooth mobility became less bad breath disappeared, loss of bone tissue stopped. The first changes in the gums are noticeable on the 7th-10th day. The clinical picture and diagnostic parameters were comparable at baseline and after treatment. The clinical periodontal parameters (BOP, PPD, CAL) were shown a reduction in their mean values after 3 months from the treatment with the PRP, with a highly significant difference no complications had been observed. The mean value BOP before treatment was 2.6 ± 0.32, after 1month treatment the mean BOP 1.8 ± 0.2, after 3 months treatment the mean BOP 1.4 ± 0.15. The mean value PPD before treatment was 5.41 ± 0.77 mm, 1 month after therapy it was 4,27 ±0.38 mm and 3 month after therapy it was 2.46 ± 0.42 mm. The mean value CAL before treatment was 5.84 ± 0.79 mm, 1 month after therapy it was was 4.92 ± 0.71 mm. and 3 months after therapy it was 3,4 ± 0,7 mm. Conclusion: This study confirmed that iPRF periodontal therapy can be successfully used in patients diagnosed with I-II periodontitis who have received individualization supportive periodontal therapy and regular periodontal maintenance. The use of iPRF in periodontal therapy represents a valuable minimally invasive adjunct to complex conservative therapy.

Comparison of halitosis according to herbal mouthwash containing Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract and saline mouthwash: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

This study was conducted in order to determine the effect on halitosis and the antibacterial effect against halitosis-causing bacteria of the mouthwash made of the natural material, Glycyrrhiza uralensis (G. uralensis) extract. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 60 patients who visited M dental clinic located in Busan, South Korea, excluding those with systemic disease that may induce halitosis. There were 30 patients classified to the saline gargle group and the remaining 30 patients were classified to the G. uralensis extract gargle group. In addition, their level of halitosis and halitosis-causing bacteria were measured. They visited the dental clinic on a fasted state at baseline before gargle application (Baseline), immediately after gargle application (Treatment) and 5 days after gargle application (After 5 Days). For clinical indicators, participants were tested for halitosis and bacteria immediately after waking up without brushing their teeth and without hydration. The prevalence of halitosis decreased in the G. uralensis extract gargle group compared to the saline gargle group at Treatment and After 5 Days. In cases with pseudo halitosis, there was a significant decrease in halitosis-causing bacteria when G. uralensis extract gargle was applied (p < 0.05). It was identified that using a mouthwash made with G. uralensis extract is effective for halitosis improvement and reduction of halitosis-causing bacteria. Therefore, using a mouthwash containing G. uralensis extract, it will be effective in improving bad breath and oral hygiene will be possible.

Causes and Management of Halitosis: A Narrative Review.

Halitosis is defined as the presence of an unpleasant odor in exhaled air, regardless of its cause. In most patients with halitosis, the condition causes embarrassment and interferes with social interactions and daily life. Furthermore, bad breath can be a sign of an underlying disease. Understanding the factors and causes that lead to halitosis and its manifestations could facilitate proper management of this condition.To properly diagnose and treat patients, healthcare professionals, including primary care physicians and dental professionals, must be familiar with the etiology and appropriate management of the disease. Consequently, this review aimsto provide practitioners with up-to-date information on the etiological factors of halitosis to facilitate the establishment of preventive measures and provide accurate diagnosis and management.

Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Elsholtzia ciliate essential oil against halitosis-related Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis.

The broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of Elsholtzia ciliate essential oil (ECO) has been previously reported, but its effectiveness against halitosis-causing bacteria such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the bacteriostatic activity of ECO against planktonic cells and biofilms of F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis, as well as its ability to inhibit bacterial metabolism and production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) at sub-lethal concentrations. Our findings revealed that ECO exhibited comparable activities to chlorhexidine against these oral bacteria. Treatment with ECO significantly reduced the production of VSCs, including hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and methanethiol, which are major contributors to bad breath. As the major chemical components of ECO, carvacrol, p-cymene, and phellandrene, were demonstrated in vitro inhibitory effects on F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis, and their combined use showed synergistic and additive effects, suggesting that the overall activity of ECO is derived from the cumulative or synergistic effect of multiple active components. ECO was found to have a destructive effect on the bacterial cell membrane by examining the cell morphology and permeability. Furthermore, the application of ECO induced significant changes in the bacterial composition of saliva-derived biofilm, resulting in the elimination of bacterial species that contribute to halitosis, including Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, and Prevotella. These results provide experimental evidence for the potential clinical applications of ECOs in the prevention and treatment of halitosis.

Comparative Assessment of Oral Health Attitudes and Behaviors of First-Time and Previous Dental Patients UndergoingExodontia Treatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Private Dental Clinics in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia.

The COVID-19 lockdown affected oral health behaviors. This study aims to assess and compare the oral health attitudes and behaviors of first-time and previous patients undergoing dental extractions during the COVID-19 pandemic at private dental clinics in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. This cross-sectional study was conducted among patients aged 18-65 years undergoing dental extractions at private dental clinics in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Four hundred and eighty patients were selected using a convenient sampling methodology. A structured, close-ended questionnaire investigated demographic information, tooth extraction attendance, and oral health attitudes and behaviors using 20 items Hiroshima University Dental Behavioral Inventory (HUDBI). A total of 480 exodontia patients [282 (58.8%) males and 198 (41.2%) females] participated in this study. All patients used a stiff-bristled toothbrush and wereconcerned about their teeth' color and bad breath. Similarly, all the participants did not feel brushed unless they used strong strokes, and the dentist told them to brush very well. An overall mean HUDBI score of 6.34±1.12 was observed. Patients with a primary education (5.61±0.79), income ≤5000 SAR (6.00±0.92), residing in rural areas (5.84±0.93), and government employees (5.62±0.96) exhibited lower HU-DBI scores compared to their counterparts. The study revealed a significant variation in HUDBI scores across different demographic factors, including education, income, residence, occupation, and reason for extraction (p<0.001). The HUDBI score of first-time attendees to dental extraction (5.88±1.03) was found to be significantly poorer than to those of previous attendees (6.63±1.09), (p<0.001). Patients who underwent dental extractions at private dental clinics in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, during the post-lockdown COVID-19 pandemic exhibited average oral health attitudes and behaviors. Oral health attitudes and behaviorsdiffered by socioeconomic status. Patients undergoing dental extractions for reasons other than dental caries and periodontal diseases and first-time attendees demonstrated poor oral health attitudes and behaviors.

Solution of 25% and 45% strawberry extract as stain extrinsic cleaning material on heat polymerised acrylic resin plates

Strawberries can be used as a stain remover because they contain ellagic acid which has the potential to make teeth white and eli-minate bad breath. This study examines the effectiveness of strawberry extract as an alternative cleaning agent for stains caused by extrinsic discolouration on heat polymerised acrylic resin (HPAR) plates. Using a pretest and posttest with control group de-sign, 24 RAPP samples were soaked in coffee solution for 7 days. On the 8th day, the colour change was observed using a spec-trophotometer on the HPAR plates. The samples were divided into four groups, namely soaking groups using 25%, 45% straw-berry extract, sodium hypochlorite, and distilled water for 14 days. On the 15th day, the colour change was observed. Data were processed with SPSS using paired t-test and one-way Anova test which showed significant differences in each treat-ment (p&lt;0.05), except for the distilled water group. It was concluded that 25% and 45% strawberry (Fragaria x annanassea) extract solution is effective as an alternative cleaning agent for stains due to extrinsic discolouration on HPAR plates.

ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF OROFUNGAL INFECTIONS AMONG HIV- POSITIVE PATIENTS IN CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL, AWKA ANAMBRA STATE

Fungal diseases are life-threatening and are responsible for a largely silent epidemic, often hidden killers causing substantial morbidity and mortality in susceptible individuals. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence, risk factors and antifungal susceptibility of orofungal infections among HIV positive patients in Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Awka. The study was a hospital based cross sectional study carried out between January 2022 and August 2022. A total of 120 patients who gave their consent were used for the study. Oral swab sample of the patients were taken with the aid of sterile swab sticks, and cultured on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar, Chrome agar and blood agar at 37°C incubation. Fungal organisms isolated were characterized accordingly using Gram stain, germ tube tests, sugar fermentation and assimilation tests, and also with fungal atlas for mold identification. ITS region molecular typing was also used to identify the top four most frequently occurring isolates. Structured questionnaires were used to obtain demographic details of the participants and for risk factors evaluation. Isolates were also evaluated for pathogenicity using haemolysis and enzyme assays. Antifungal susceptibility testing of the isolates was conducted using the disc diffusion method. Data obtained were statistically analyzed. The oro-fungi organisms isolated are Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Candid neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus. Overall prevalence of the isolates in the participants (n=120) showed that C. albicans was the most prevalent isolate with an occurrence of 90% while Cryptococcus neoformans were the least occurring isolates with the occurrence 2.99%. Gender distribution were: COOUTH 71 male (59.17%) 49 female (40.83%), Age range 36-45 years had the highest frequency of 45.83% while age range 56-65 years had the lowest patient frequency of 10.83%. The distribution based on marital status, of which married subjects accounted for 43.33% and single patients were 56.67 % frequency. It was observed that 56.67% of patients that participated in the study had university education as their highest educational level, and they accounted for the most population that took part in the study. A 5.83% frequency that took part in the study had no education and accounted for the least participation frequency in the study. Students had the highest participation frequency of 47.5% while artisans participated the least with a frequency of 7.5%. 6.67% of the participants had Hepatitis B vaccination while 97.5% of the participants were already participating in HAART. The clinical history of examined patients showed that 68.33% had white patches on the tongue which is the highest frequency, followed by bad breath which accounted for 67.17% of the participants. Antifungal exposure profiling of the participants showed that they have significant (p&lt;0.05) exposure to fluconazole while they had least exposure to vericonazole and itraconazole.

Penilaian Hasil Pelatihan Pemeliharaan Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut di Era Pandemi COVID-19 pada Karyawan Yvonne’s Catering, Cipinang Muara

Since early March 2020 until today, COVID-19 case in Indonesia is still a problem, requiring comprehensive efforts to manage and break the chain of transmission. Employees of Yvonne's Catering located in Cipinang Muara, possess oral health problems such as cavities, swollen gums, bad breath, and significant number of tooth loss. These problems affect employees' day-to-day performance – bad breath gets in the way of employees talking to customers, and toothaches affect employees while working in the kitchen. During the COVID-19 pandemic, people were afraid to have their teeth checked by dentists because dental treatment was considered a high risk of transmission of COVID-19 infection. Based on the problems above, Yvonne's Catering employees need training and education about the importance of maintaining oral health to prevent cavities which are closely related to overall health, and providing an understanding of emergency cases that need to be treated immediately to prevent the conditions from worsening that can be life-threatening. Information regarding the importance of implementing the 5M health protocol (wearing mask, washing hands, keeping distance, staying away from crowds, and reducing mobility) to protect oneself from exposure to the COVID-19 virus was also provided, including when visiting dentists. The main purpose of this community service is to increase the knowledge and skills of the community in maintaining maximum oral hygiene. Other goals in this community service include providing alternatives as an effort to maintain oral hygiene and health by making their own mouthwash using natural ingredients from their surroundings, such as Ocimum basilicum.

Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Komunitas WKRI Ranting Birgitta untuk Peningkatan Kesehatan Rongga Mulut

The oral cavity is a mirror of a person's health that can show local and systemic health problems. Dental and oral health problems, especially caries, periodontal disease, and cancer are reported as diseases and disorders in dental and oral health that are still experienced by the population in the world and Indonesia. It is known from a preliminary survey, that family members of WKRI community partner Ranting Birgitta have quite a lot of oral health problems but cannot freely come to the dentist for treatment during the pandemic. The aim of this community service was (1) to increase the knowledge about the problem of caries, bleeding gums, bad breath and the prevention (2) to increase the knowledge of causes and manifestations of various disorders that arise due to systemic medications and how to overcome them. The activity was carried out offline through the educational materials in the form of presentations, demonstrations, and posters to members of the WKRI community of Birgitta branches and guests, on February 5, 2023, at Grha St. Mikael, Kranji, Bekasi. A total of 43 people (32 participants and 11 PkM teams) participated in this activity. The pre-test and post-test results attended by 29 participants showed a significant increase in knowledge by 1.2 times (p&lt;0.001) of the material presented, with an average pre-test score of 54.66 and 78.10 for the average post-test score. Overall, the activity went smoothly. It is highly suggested that similar activities can be held again with a wider scope of participants.

Keterkaitan antara Halitosis dengan Bakteri Penyebab Periodontitis

Halitosis, often known as foul breath, refers to an unpleasant odor that emanates from the mouth cavity when inhaling or talking. Halitosis can have a negative impact on a person's quality of life, including symptoms of depression or anxiety, low self-esteem, embarrassment, prejudice, and social isolation. Bad breath can be caused by both intra oral and extra oral factors. Bacterial growth in the oral cavity is excellent for the production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC). The posterior dorsum of the tongue, gingival sulcus, periodontal pockets, and gingival embrasures are all places where bacterias can accumulate. Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema dentiocola are known to actively produce VSC through interactions with specific substrates such as cysteine, methionine, tryptophan, arginine, and lysine to produce hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methylmercaptan (CH3SCH3). However, the presence of VSC does not indicate the presence of periodontitis, as any space in the oral cavity that can cause the retention of bacteria/biofilms can become a site for bacterial decomposition, thereby facilitating the growth of VSC. Tongue cleansing is proven to help reduce the formation of VSC.

A Cross-Sectional Study on Self-Perceived Halitosis among Undergraduate University Students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

The present cross-sectional observational study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of halitosis among undergraduate university students at Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A survey of 301 participants who answered a questionnaire on their self-perceived halitosis was undertaken. The response rate was 35% (301/863). Of the total, 54.5% of participants reported that they had experienced halitosis. A majority of participants (61.4%) responded to having experienced an unpleasant bad taste in the morning when they woke up, with most participants (42.4%) stating that their breath was the worst early in the morning. A majority of respondents (59.6%) reported that they were aware of their condition. Only 27% of the respondents stated that they had admitted to having undergone an examination for bad breath from their dentist, and 22.9% of the respondents reported that they had undergone an examination for conditions associated with bad breath. The measures used to reduce the condition were evenly distributed, with approximately one-third using mouthwash (34.6%), gum/mentos (38.3%), and toothpaste (27.2%). The incidence of self-perceived halitosis that was revealed in the current study is normal compare to others studies. It is unrelated to age and sex. Non-usage of dental floss, no use of mouthwash, and smoking, on the other hand, were shown to be associated with self-perceived halitosis. Furthermore, tongue cleaning was not linked to introspection halitosis. Halitosis may be also due to underlying systemic conditions. Hence it is necessary to evaluate the condition's prevalence and examine the relationship with other etiological variables with halitosis in our country.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS WITH DENTAL CARIES EXPERIENCES IN PREGNANT WOMEN OF THE 1ST TRIMESTERIN

Background: Pregnancy is a natural process, involving physiological, anatomical and hormonal changes. The result of these hormonal changes is the emergence of changes in the conditions felt by pregnant women such as nausea and vomiting so that it can cause the mouth to be in an acidic state, as a result oral hygiene becomes bad and very easy to cause damage such as cavities, bad breath and other periodontal diseases such as gingival inflammation. Objective: analyze the Relationship of Attitude and Behavior Knowledge with Dental Caries Experience in 1st Trimester Pregnant Women in the Cirangkong Health Center Working Area, Cijambe District, Subang Regency. Method: research with crossectional design, population of 40 respondents using non-random sampling method. The data were taken by examining dental caries list questions (questionnaires) in pregnant women in the 1st trimester. The data were analyzed using the Spearman Rank statistical test. Results There is a relationship between knowledge, attitudes and behaviors with the caries experience of pregnant women in the 1st trimester, namely (p=0.000 &lt;α: 0.05). the value of the correlation coefficient where the results are most related is the attitude variable with a value of 0.770 and the P-Value of 0.000 which means that it has a very strong relationship compared to other variables. The conclusion that the attitude of pregnant women in the I trimester is most related to the experience of caries (DMF-T) at the Cirangkong Health Center.