Bacterium Streptococcus Mutans Research Articles

Evaluation of anti-bacterial effect of bifluorid 10 and Mi paste dentin desensitizer on cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus acidophilus

Evaluation of anti-bacterial effect of bifluorid 10 and Mi paste dentin desensitizer on cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus acidophilus

Transcriptional Profiling Reveals the Importance of RcrR in the Regulation of Multiple Sugar Transportation and Biofilm Formation in Streptococcus mutans.

ABSTRACTThe ability of Streptococcus mutans to survive and cause dental caries is dependent on its ability to metabolize various carbohydrates, accompanied by extracellular polysaccharide synthesis and biofilm formation. Here, the role of an rel competence-related regulator (RcrR) in the regulation of multiple sugar transportation and biofilm formation is reported. The deletion of the rcrR gene in S. mutans caused delayed growth, decreased biofilm formation ability, and affected the expression level of its multiple sugar transportation-related genes. Transcriptional profiling revealed 17 differentially expressed genes in the rcrR mutant. Five were downregulated and clustered with the sugar phosphotransferase (PTS) systems (mannitol- and trehalose-specific PTS systems). The conserved sites bound by the rcrR promoter were then determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and DNase I footprinting assays. Furthermore, a potential binding motif in the promoters of the two PTS operons was predicted using MEME Suite 5.1.1. RcrR could bind to the promoter regions of the two operons in vitro, and the sugar transporter-related genes of the two operons were upregulated in an rcrR-overexpressing strain. In addition, when RcrR-binding sites were deleted, the growth rates and final yield of S. mutans were significantly decreased in tryptone-vitamin (TV) medium supplemented with different sugars, but not in absolute TV medium. These results revealed that RcrR acted as a transcription activator to regulate the two PTS systems, accompanied by multiple sugar transportation and biofilm formation. Collectively, these results indicate that RcrR is a critical transcription factor in S. mutans that regulates bacterial growth, biofilm formation, and multiple sugar transportation.IMPORTANCE The human oral cavity is a constantly changing environment. Tooth decay is a commonly prevalent chronic disease mainly caused by the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans. S. mutans is an oral pathogen that metabolizes various carbohydrates into extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs), biofilm, and tooth-destroying lactic acid. The host diet strongly influences the availability of multiple carbohydrates. Here, we showed that the RcrR transcription regulator plays a significant role in the regulation of biofilm formation and multiple sugar transportation. Further systematic evaluation of how RcrR regulates the transportation of various sugars and biofilm formation was also conducted. Notably, this study decrypts the physiological functions of RcrR as a potential target for the better prevention of dental caries.

Formulasi dan Evaluasi Sediaan Obat Kumur (Mouthwash) dari Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kalangkala (Litsea angulata) sebagai Antiseptik Mulut

Research of mouthwash formulation and evaluation of kalangkala leaves extract (Litsea angulata) as an oral antiseptic also has been tested in Streptococcus mutans bacteria by variation in the concentration of extract 2%, 2,5%, and 3%, which aims to determine the ideal formula in physical quality and has the highest antibacterial activity based on an inhibition zone of Streptococcus mutans bacteria in mouthwash formula. The methods used include the step of extraction of Kalangkala leaves, preparation of mouthwash with 3 formula F1 (2%), F2 (2,5%), and F3 (3%) followed by an evaluation that includes organoleptic, pH test, viscosity test, and the test of inhibition zone bacteria. The test of inhibition zone bacteria used NA media with diffusion method. Stability was performed on weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4. The result showed variation in the concentration of extract kalangkala leaves in a mouthwash formula affects the diameter of the inhibition zone. But did not have a significant effect on the physical stability properties of the mouthwash formula. Mouthwash formula has the highest antibacterial activity based on the inhibition zone of Streptococcus mutans that is 3% contained in formula F3.

Clove Oil (Syzygium aromaticum) Edible Film Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Test against Streptococcus mutans

Clove oil contains eugenol as an antibacterial. Meanwhile, products containing clove oil have been widely used as toothpaste and mouthwash. In this study, clove oil was formulated in the form of edible film because it is practical, easy to use, and could be used without water like other oral hygiene preparations. The edible film is a thin layer film made of consumable materials used as a carrier of antibacterial compounds. Clove oil edible film was then formulated with clove oil concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% and determined for its antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. Clove oil edible film preparations were evaluated under their physical properties, including friability, drying shrinkage, pH, thickness, and swelling ability. Antibacterial activity testing of clove oil edible film was conducted, employing the blood agar diffusion method against Streptococcus mutans. The physical evaluation of the clove oil edible film showed almost the same physical properties as the comparison (GF). Clove oil edible film test results revealed the greatest inhibition at F1 of 18.6 mm ± 0.577, F2 of 22.3 mm ± 2.081, and F3 of 25.3 mm ± 1.527. According to David and Stout, the inhibition activity of bacteria on F3 was categorized as a very strong group inhibition response. In addition, ANOVA test analysis results uncovered that the concentration of clove oil affected the inhibition of the Streptococcus mutans bacteria with a significance value of 0.000 (p 0.05). Also, Duncan's test exhibited that each concentration of clove oil had a significant difference in the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans bacteria.

Spilanthol content of Acmella oleracea subtypes and their bactericide and antibiofilm activities against Streptococcus mutans

This study aimed to determine the extractive yield, the spilanthol content and the bactericide and antibiofilm activities of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of two regional variations (Amapá and Pará) of Acmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Jansen against the cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans. Aqueous extracts of leaves and hydroethanolic extracts of leaves and stems were obtained and submitted to UHPLC-ESI-QToF-MS/MS characterization. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts were determined using the microdilution method, while the crystal violet assay was used to access the activity over S. mutans pre-formed 1-day biofilms. The aqueous extracts of the leaves showed higher extractive yields compared to the hydroethanolic solutions. Nonetheless, the hydroethanolic mixture ensured a higher extraction of spilanthol. For instance, the leaves of Pará variation (EELAO-PA) (99.97%) and the stem of Amapá variation (EESAO-AP) (99.17%) presented the highest spilanthol content. Therefore, these extracts were selected for the antimicrobial assays, presenting equally MIC and MBC of 125 µg/ml against S. mutans. In the antibiofilm assay, EELAO-PA at 500 µg/ml (4xMIC) presented an inhibition of 50.89% after a 1-minute single application, similarly (p>0.05) to that found after chlorhexidine gluconate 0.12% treatment. Accordingly, A. oleracea rich spilanthol extracts showed remarkable antibacterial activity against the cariogenic S. mutans and could become an affordable coadjuvant used in dental products to prevent and control dental caries.

Evaluation of bactericidal effects of ultraviolet light C irradiation on cariogenic bacteria: An in vitro study

BackgroundsUltraviolet light C (UVL-C) irradiation has demonstrated an antimicrobial action against various pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the bactericidal effect of UVL-C irradiation against cariogenic oral bacteria (Streptococcus mutans) in single layers and colonies grown on solid surfaces.MethodsTwo different experiments were performed. In the first experiment, a single layer of Streptococcus mutans bacteria on agar plates was exposed to UVL-C irradiation at energies from 0 to 21 mWs/cm2. The second experiment was conducted to inhibit viability of bacterial colonies on solid surfaces. The samples were derived from saliva from a patient where bacteria were grown on plastic strips and then exposed to UVL-C. The highest energy was 1050 mWs/cm2.ResultsExposure to 21 mWs/cm2 was bactericidal in single layers of Streptococcus mutans. The result for bacterial colonies on solid surfaces indicated only a bacteriostatic effect, even at energies of 1050 mWs/cm2.ConclusionsUltraviolet light C exhibits bactericidal effects on single layers of Streptococcus mutans but has a limited effect on bacterial colonies in a biofilm. It is a matter of debate whether these in vitro results would have the same effect in clinical setting.

A Novel Dental Caries Model Replacing, Refining, and Reducing Animal Sacrifice

In vitro and in vivo models simulating the dental caries process enable the evaluation of anti-caries modalities for prevention and treatment. Animal experimentation remains important for improving human and animal health. Nonetheless, reducing animal sacrifice for research is desirable. The aim of the study was to establish a new reproducible in vitro caries model system and compare it to an in vivo model using similar conditions. Hemi-mandibles were extracted from previously euthanized healthy 10-week-old BALB/C female mice. Jaws were subjected to saliva, high-sucrose diet, and dental caries bacteria Streptococcus mutans UA159 for 5 days. Similar caries induction protocol was used in vivo in fifteen BALB/c female mice (6–7 weeks old) and compared to the in vitro model. Caries lesions were assessed clinically by photographic analysis and µCT analysis, and bacterial growth was evaluated. Under in vitro experimental conditions, carious lesions evolved within 5 days, prominently in the depth of the occlusal fissures in the control group as depicted by photographic analysis, µCT analysis, and bacterial growth. The developed in vitro caries model presented in this study may be a novel animal sparing model for caries disease studies and can be used widely to evaluate the efficacy of different antibacterial dental materials.

Effectiveness of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) extract against Streptococcus mutans in children’s dental caries

The main cause of dental caries is pathogenic microorganism such as Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The most practical ways to prevent dental caries are by inhibiting and killing the bacteria. The purpose of this study is to determine the cinnamon extract can inhibit the growth of S.mutans. Dilution method was used to determine the capability of the cinnamon extract in inhibiting and killing S.mutans. The extract was obtained by maceration method and the concentration were 20%, 40%, 80% and 100%. The results showed that the extract with a minimum concentration of 40% could inhibit bacterial growth while there were not found any bacteria growing on at 80% and 100% as well as using 0.2% as a positive control. Normality test using the Shapiro-Wilk method found that the value of p(sig) > 0.05, so the data are normally distributed. On homogeneity test using the Levene test, the value of p(sig) = 0.001, while the value of p (Sig) < 0.05, so the data were not homogeneous. Then it was continued by one-way Anova to determine the different between treatment groups with value of p (sig) < 0.05 was obtained which means that there is a significant difference. Tamhanes test was conducted to determine the difference on each concentration. There is a sig-nificant difference between positive and negative control as well as on 20% and 40% concentration. The minimum killing ca-pacity concentration is 80% as bacteria are still founded on 40% concentration. It can be concluded that the present of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, saponin, phenol, steroid and triterpenoid that contained in cinnamon extract have antibacterial properties and have the capability of inhibiting and killing S.mutans.

Concentrated MTA Repair HP reduced biofilm and can cause reparative action at a distance.

To evaluate in vitro whether MTA Repair HP can induce repair processes at a distance, including its effects on biofilm, cell viability, migration, production of TGF-β, phosphate and ALP, evaluated through MTA diluted extracts. Initially, antibacterial tests were performed with the bacterium Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) in the presence of MTA extracts (dilutions of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4). Growth inhibition assay by microdilution in broth, antibiofilm plate assay of young biofilm and antibiofilm assay in confocal microscopy of mature biofilm were carried out. Then, pulp cells were stimulated in the presence of several MTA dilutions, and cell viability (MTT assay), proliferation and migration capacity (scratch assay) were evaluated. To evaluate the capacity of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 dilutions of MTA Repair HP to promote the production of important agents of odontogenic differentiation and mineralization, ALP activity, TGF-β secretion and phosphate quantification were measured. Statistical differences were verified using one-way and two-way anova and Tukey's post-tests. The test dilutions of MTA Repair HP did not inhibit planktonic S.mutans growth but were able to reduce young and mature S.mutans biofilm (p<0.001). In addition, none of the MTA Repair HP dilutions was cytotoxic for pulp cells. The 1:2 and 1:4 dilutions of MTA Repair HP induced migration and proliferation of pulp cells (p<0.05). ALP activity and TGF-β secretion were independent of the tested dilution (p<0.001). Diluted 1:4 MTA Repair HP produced less phosphate than the more concentrated 1:1 and 1:2 MTA dilutions (p<0.001). Undiluted MTA Repair HP reduced S.mutans biofilm, when compared to 1:2 and 1:4 MTA dilutions. Furthermore, none of the tested dilutions was cytotoxic to pulp cells. MTA Repair HP promoted cell migration and proliferation at a distance, assessed through the dilution of the MTA. Even from a distance, MTA Repair HP has the ability to participate in some events related to repair, such as migration, proliferation and TGF production.

Inhibitory effect of carboxylated nanodiamond on oral pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans.

BackgroundNanodiamonds (NDs) have been demonstrated to have bactericidal activity on several microorganisms and can be used in various kinds of dental materials. NDs are potential candidates for antibacterial dental materials. However, the possible inhibitory effect of NDs on oral pathogenic bacteria is largely unknown. This study was performed to investigate the inhibitory effects of carboxylated nanodiamond (cND) on Streptococcus mutans.MethodsFourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm carboxyl groups on the surface of commercial cND. The inhibitory effect of serially diluted cND on S. mutans was evaluated by spectrophotometry and plating methods. Escherichia coli was treated as a positive control in spectrophotometry. Chlorhexidine was used as a positive control in plating methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to confirm the antibacterial activity of cND.ResultsThe results showed that cND exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on S. mutans. For S. mutans, the minimum inhibitory concentration was 4 μg/ml and the minimum bactericidal concentration was 16 μg/ml. SEM and TEM results indicated that cND functioned as an antibacterial agent, likely due to its ability to disrupt the cell membrane of S. mutans.ConclusionIn conclusion, these findings demonstrated an inhibitory effect of cND on S. mutans and suggest its use as a potential antibacterial dental material.

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Obat Kumur Ekstrak Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa Bilimbi L.) Terhadap Bakteri Streptococcus mutans Penyebab Karies Gigi

Dental caries is a disease of the oral cavity caused by Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The mouthwash used continuously will cause side effects. So it is necessary to develop mouthwash preparations from natural ingredients, one of the plants is wuluh starfruit leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) which contain flavonoids, tannins and saponins as antibacterial agents. The aim of this study was to determine the activity of the formulas for the mouthwash of wuluh starfruit leaves extract (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) which can affect the bacteria Streptococcus mutans. Research using the disc diffusion method, mouthwash made in 3 formulas, namely FI, FII, FIII with concentrations of 10%, 15% and 20%, which were placed on TSA media that had been overgrown with Streptococcus mutans bacteria incubated and the diameter of the inhibition zone (zone). clear). The results of the research on formula I (10%) on the first day get an average of 4.3 mm and day 14 get an average of 4 mm, this includes the classification of weak inhibition zones (less than 5 mm), formula II (15% ) get an average of 6.3 mm and day 14 get an average of 6 mm including the classification of moderate inhibition zone (5mm-10mm), formula III (20%) gets an average of 9.5mm and day 14 gets an average an average of 9.2 mm including the moderate inhibition zone classification (5mm-10mm), while the positive control (Povidone Iodine 1%) got an average of 13.8 mm and the 14th day got an average of 13.5 mm including the strong inhibition zone classification (more than 10mm) and negative control haven't drag zone. Based on the results of the data above, the formula of wuluh starfruit leaves mouthwash (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) can inhibit Streptococcus mutans bacteria.

Fabrication of multifunctional mucoadhesive buccal patch for drug delivery applications

Mucoadhesive buccal patch is a promising dosage form for a successful oral drug delivery, which provides unique advantages for various applications such as treatment of periodontal disease and postdental surgery disorders. The aim of this study is to synthesize a novel multifunctional mucoadhesive buccal patch in a multilayer reservoir design for therapeutic applications. The patches were fabricated through simultaneous electrospinning of chitosan/poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA)/ibuprofen and electrospraying of phenylalanine amino acid nanotubes (PhNTs) containing metronidazole into the electrospun mats through a layer-by-layer process. An electrospun poly(caprolactone) (PCL) was used as an impermeable backing layer to protect the mucoadhesive component from tongue movement and drug loss. Buccal patches were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and also evaluated in terms of physicomechanical parameters such as pH, weight, thickness, tensile strength, folding endurance, and mucoadhesive properties. The swelling index of the patches was examined with respect to the PVA/chitosan ratio. The effect of genipin addition to the electrospinning solution was also studied on mucoadhesive and swelling properties. The cell viability of buccal patches was assessed by methylthiazolydiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide test on L929 fibroblast cell line. The patch with an optimal amount of mucoadhesive polymers (PVA/chitosan 80:20) and crosslinking agent (0.05 g) indicated an ideal hemostatic activity along with antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The synthesized multifunctional mucoadhesive patch with a novel composition and design has a great potential for oral therapeutic applications.

A Novel Strategy for Caries Management: Constructing an Antibiofouling and Mineralizing Dual-Bioactive Tooth Surface.

Existing single-functional agents against dental caries are inadequate in antibacterial performance or mineralization balance. This problem can be resolved through a novel strategy, namely, the construction of an antibiofouling and mineralizing dual-bioactive tooth surface by grafting a dentotropic moiety to an antimicrobial peptide. The constructed bioactive peptide can strongly adsorb onto the tooth surface and has beneficial functions in a myriad of ways. It inhibits cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans adhesion, kills planktonic S. mutans, and destroys the S. mutans biofilm on the tooth surface. It also protects teeth from demineralization in acidic environments, and induces self-healing regeneration in the remineralization environment. Molecular dynamics simulations elucidate the main adsorption mechanism that the positively charged amino acid residues in the bioactive peptide bind to phosphate groups on the tooth surface, and the main mineralization mechanism that the negative charges on the outermost layer of the bioactive peptide repel acetic acid ions and attract calcium ions as nucleation sites for remineralization. This study suggests that this in-house synthesized dual-bioactive peptide is a promising functional agent to prevent dental caries, and is effective in inducing in situ self-healing remineralization for the treatment of decayed teeth.

Comparison Analysis of Temperature Treatment on Cutleaf Groundcherry’s Leaf and Stem

The mouth has a normal microflorane of bacteria as the body's defense. Streptococcus mutans bacteria arebacteria that colonize the surface of teeth which have a role in the formation of dental caries. The leaves ofciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) are rich in polyphenols, alkaloids, and flavonoids which are reported to havequite good antimicrobial activity. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of ethanol extract ofciplukan leaves and stalks mouthwash on Streptococcus mutans bacteria. This rese arch method is purelylaboratory experimental using Streptococcus mutans bacteria culture. The antibacterial power test used theliquid dilution method which was then followed by solid dilution with an incubation period of 28 ° C. Thestatistical analysis test used a descriptive test. The results showed that the ethanol extract of the leaves andstems of ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) had a minimum inhibitory level (MIC) and a minimum kill rate(MBC) at the same concentration, namely 15%. The temperature of the human oral cavity in cold places tendsto change because the mouth is very close to the outside environment, so this mouthwash can berecommended to minimize bacterial growth in cold areas..

Development of a herbal mouthwash containing a mixture of essential oils and plant extracts and in vitro testing of its antimicrobial efficiency against the planktonic and biofilm-enclosed cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans

A herbal mouthwash containing essential oils of holy basil and mountain tea, extracts of St John’s wort and European goldenrod (Bucovia™) and cetylpyridinium chloride, was developed and in vitro tested for its efficiency against biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans, together with its eradicating activity against already preformed (48 h with saccharose) streptococcal biofilm. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the final formulation, as well as of its individual components, were initially determined. The results revealed that the mouthwash needed to be applied at two-times its MIC (0.63% v.v−1) to completely inhibit biofilm formation by S. mutans, which was otherwise capable of developing a robust biofilm on the tested surface. Once fully developed, the matrix of the biofilm was found to contain a significant amount of exopolysaccharides protecting the cells, being impossible to eradicate even when exposed to pure mouthwash for 15 min, highlighting the great recalcitrance of biofilm-embedded S. mutans.

Oral Candida Predicts Streptococcus mutans Emergence in Underserved US Infants

Despite the cariogenic role of Candida suggested from recent studies, oral Candida acquisition in children at high risk for early childhood caries (ECC) and its association with cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans remain unclear. Although ECC disproportionately afflicts socioeconomically disadvantaged and racial-minority children, microbiological studies focusing on the underserved group are scarce. Our prospective cohort study examined the oral colonization of Candida and S. mutans among 101 infants exclusively from a low-income and racial-minority background in the first year of life. The Cox hazard proportional model was fitted to assess factors associated with the time to event of the emergence of oral Candida and S. mutans. Oral Candida colonization started as early as 1 wk among 13% of infants, increased to 40% by 2 mo, escalated to 48% by 6 mo, and remained the same level until 12 mo. S. mutans in saliva was detected among 20% infants by 12 mo. The emergence of S. mutans by year 1 was 3.5 times higher (hazard ratio [HR], 3.5; confidence interval [CI], 1.1–11.3) in infants who had early colonization of oral Candida compared to those who were free of oral Candida (P = 0.04) and 3 times higher (HR, 3.0; CI, 1.3–6.9) among infants whose mother had more than 3 decayed teeth (P = 0.01), even after adjusting demographics, feeding, mother’s education, and employment status. Infants’ salivary S. mutans abundance was positively correlated with infants’ Candida albicans (P < 0.01) and Candida krusei levels (P < 0.05). Infants’ oral colonization of C. albicans was positively associated with mother’s oral C. albicans carriage and education (P < 0.01) but negatively associated with mother’s employment status (P = 0.01). Future studies are warranted to examine whether oral Candida modulates the oral bacterial community as a whole to become cariogenic during the onset and progression of ECC, which could lead to developing novel ECC predictive and preventive strategies from a fungal perspective.

Extract of Beluntas (Pluchea indica) as an Antibacterial Towards Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 Causes of Dental Carries

Abstract&#x0D; The purpose of this study is to analyze the antibacterial activity of various concentrations of beluntas leaf extract by examining the inhibition zone’s diameter of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 bacteria. This type of research is experimental. The research was conducted at the Chemical Engineering Laboratory of State Polytechnic of Malang and the Biology Laboratory of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang. The study was conducted from October to December 2020. The research design used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 7 treatments and 3 replications. The standard of turbidity of bacterial isolates used Mcferland 108. Research design was Posttest-Only Control Design. Data analysis used one-way ANOVA and Duncan's continued test of 5%. The results showed that there was an effect of giving various concentrations of beluntas leaf extract on the inhibition zone of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The results of Duncan's analysis showed that the concentration of 25% had the most significant effect compared to other treatments and was significantly different from other treatments but rather far from the positive control treatment result. The findings of this study is the content of active compounds in beluntas leaves have an effect as antibacterial towards Streptococcus mutans, also, at a concentration of 5% with minimum inhibitory concentration (khm).&#x0D;

Effectivity of Jatropha multifida L. Leaves Extract as Antibacterial on Streptococcus mutans using In Vitro Testing Methods

Intoduction: Health is the condition of the entire body and body parts of an individual who is free from disease both physically, mentally and socially, thus enabling the individual to be able to carry out daily activities more productively. However, many people neglect their own health, especially in the field of dental and oral health. Caries is one of the most common oral and dental problems. The prevalence of dental caries in Indonesia is high, namely 88.8%. Dental caries is caused by Streptococcus mutans bacteria which plays a role in the conversion of sucrose to lactic acid. Infection due to Streptococcus mutans bacteria can be treated by taking antibiotics. Apart from drugs, antibiotics can also be obtained from natural ingredients, one of which is the tintir castor plant (Jatropha multifida Linn) or commonly known as the betadine. Objective: To see the effect of the antibacterial content of tintir leaves against Streptococcus mutans bacteria and to determine the differences in the antibacterial effect of betadine leaf extract (Jatropha multifida L.) from a concentration of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% against Streptococcus mutans. Methods: The type of research used in this study was a laboratory experimental study with a post-test-only control group design as the research design and to test the sensitivity of bacteria using the paper disc diffusion test. Data analysis using One-Way ANOVA. Result: The results of this study indicate the effect of tintir castor leaf extract (Jatropha multifida L.) in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria.

Effects of Orthodontic Bonding Containing TiO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles on Prevention of White Spot Lesions: an In Vitro Study

Demineralization is a common problem following orthodontic treatments. Today using antibacterial nanoparticles in preventing white spot lesions is being discussed. Given that ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles have direct antibacterial known properties, this study aims to evaluate these nanoparticles' antibacterial effects in orthodontic bondings' composition on preventing white spot lesions. In this in vitro experimental study, 43 sound human premolar teeth were divided into five groups according to the adhesive utilized for bracket bonding: None group consisting of 12 teeth bonded with Transbond XT, TiO2 Group consisting of 12 teeth with Transbond XT and TiO2 nanoparticles, ZnO group consisting of 12 teeth with Transbond XT and ZnO nanoparticles, a positive control group consisting of 5 teeth without brackets and negative control groups consisting of 5 teeth in a sterile medium. All teeth were stored in a medium consisting of 1cc brain heart infusion (BHI) + sucrose 1%+ 0.5 McFarland Streptococcus mutans bacteria for 28 days. The medium was replaced every 48 hours. All the samples were examined every week for 4 weeks using DIAGNOdent and photography to detect white spots. The results of this study revealed that adding TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles to Transbond XT bonding caused a decrease in enamel lesions occurrence and incidence of white spots (p value= 0.00). The results did not reveal significant differences between TiO2 and ZnO groups. Novel bonding agents containing TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles represent promising candidates in combating enamel white spot lesions.

Potential study of Dillenia serrata Thunb. fruit extract from Bali Botanical Garden’s collection

Dillenia serrata Thunb.is a member of the Dillenia clan which is endemic to Sulawesi. D. serrata fruit is a seasonal fruit and can be used as a cooking ingredient as a sour taste, raw material for several food products such as candied fruit and syrup, and has the potential to be processed into chips and jam. Traditionally, the leaves and bark of D. serrata are also used by the local community as a sprue medicine, fever, wound medicine, treating swelling or inflammation and treating vomiting of blood. It is believed that there are still many untapped benefits from this plant. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of D. serrata fruit extract as an antimicrobial that causes disease in humans, and to determine its effectiveness as an antioxidant. The antioxidant test was carried out using the DPPH method while the antimicrobial test was carried out by the agar diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). The ripe Dillenia fruit was extracted using methanol, the extract was then diluted in various concentrations for the DPPH test. The results showed that the D. serrata extract had the ability as an antioxidant. The antioxidant activity of fresh fruit extracts was higher than that of dried fruit extracts. D. serrata extract is effective in inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans bacteria.