Bacterium Mycobacterium Research Articles

Optimizing Tuberculosis Treatment Predictions: A Comparative Study of XGBoost with Hyperparameter in Penang, Malaysia

The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes a viral infection affecting the lungs and liver. Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant public health concern in developing countries, where it is often associated with poverty, poor living conditions, and limited access to healthcare services. According to the World Health Organization (2023), Tuberculosis continues to pose a substantial risk to public health on a global scale, with millions of people affected each year and around 1.5 million deaths in 2020. Healthcare providers often encounter significant challenges in addressing TB, leading to uncertain treatment outcomes. This study introduces a novel method for enhancing TB treatment using sophisticated machine learning techniques, particularly emphasizing the application of XGBoost and various predictive models in Penang State, Malaysia, to predict individual treatment outcomes based on clinical data. The models were trained using 2017 Penang data. Comparing predicted accuracy helps establish the optimum method. Clinical data was anonymized and analyzed. Decision tree accuracy is 63.7% using 2017 data. Logistic Regression is 63.3% accurate, while XGBoost is 66.3%. Hyperparameter-tuned XGBoost performs best at 68.1%. Comparing observed and expected results determines accuracy. TB result predictions are accurate using supervised learning. Calibrated ensemble models like XGBoost makes reliable predictions. Additional clinical characteristics may improve forecasts. The primary objective was to develop a reliable, clinically validated instrument that enhances TB treatments while optimizing resource efficiency across diverse healthcare environments.

Clinical features of pediatric spinal tuberculosis at tertiary general hospital

Spinal Tuberculosis is a secondary tuberculosis due to hematogenous spread from the primary infection site (lungs) caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is chronic-destructive in nature which attacks the spine. Manifestations in the form of deformity can also be cosmetically disturbing and will certainly reduce the sufferer's quality of life. The diagnosis of Spinal Tuberculosis is difficult and it commonly presents at an advanced stage. This retrospective study was performed at tertiary general hospital to identify the demographic and presenting clinical features of pediatric Spinal Tuberculosis population. Based on demographic characteristics, it was found that majority patients were female (59.34%) and in the range of 13-18 years old (52.75%). Based on diagnostic characteristics, it was found that majority of the lesions involved the thoracic spine (72.52%), majority of Kyphotic Angle in the range of 0-40 degrees (32.97%), more patients with vertebral collapse damage levels, types of deformity changes, complications of spinal stenosis, the main complaint is back pain and usually followed by weakness in the legs, and the most common patient laboratory results are increased WBC (White Blood Cells), decreased Hgb (Hemoglobin), and increased ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate).

RISK FACTORS FOR TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT FAILURE IN CHILDREN: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background: Tuberculosis (TBC) is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium Tuberculosis which is transmitted from droplets through the air by pulmonary TB sufferers. One of the things that causes the spread and increase in TB cases is the failure of tuberculosis treatment which has led to an increase in TB patients with drug resistance. The increase in TB cases has made Indonesia the second country with the most TB cases in the world. Objective: The aim of creating this systematic review journal is to determine the factors associated with failure of TB treatment in children in various countries so that it can become a reference for TB control in Indonesia. Method: There are three databases that will be used to search for articles, namely PubMed, SpingerLink, and ScienceDirect. Keywords used to search for article data include: risk factors AND tuberculosis AND treatment failure AND child. Searching for articles in this systematic review refers to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) flow diagram. Results: Analysis was carried out on six articles originating from different countries, namely Pakistan, Zambia, Cameroon, Ghana and Brazil. The designs used were retrospective cohort studies, prospective cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. In this study, risk factors were found that were associated with treatment failure, including age, male gender , TB-HIV, location of extra-pulmonary TB, adolescent susceptibility. Conclusion: Efforts are needed to overcome risk factors associated with TB treatment in order to reduce and overcome TB treatment failure with treatment assistance and family support, conducting screening to prevent TB and HIV co-infection

Predicting Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Machine Learning Approach to Genomic Mutation Analysis

Background/Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death by infectious disease in the world, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). First- and second-line drugs are used to treat active tuberculosis. However, drug resistance presents a critical challenge in the global fight against tuberculosis. Materials and Methods: Drug resistance diagnosis is typically performed through drug susceptibility testing, either via culture-based methods or molecular rapid tests. In recent years, studies have utilized whole-genome sequencing of M. tuberculosis isolates combined with machine learning techniques to predict drug resistance. In this study, we evaluated four machine learning classification models: Extreme Gradient Boosting Classifier (XGBC), Logistic Gradient Boosting Classifier (LGBC), Gradient Boosting Classifier (GBC), and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). These models were trained using a Variant Call Format (VCF) file preprocessed by the CRyPTIC consortium. We employed three datasets: the original dataset, a dataset reduced through principal component analysis, and a dataset that prioritized the most important features identified by the XGBC model. Results: The four models were utilized on the principal component analysis dataset, while the XGBC model was additionally implemented with an arbitrarily reduced dataset focusing on the most significant mutations identified during model training. All models were trained and tested across these datasets, and their performances were compared. The XGBC model trained on the original dataset outperformed the others, achieving sensitivity values of 0.97, 0.90, and 0.94, specificity values of 0.97, 0.99, and 0.96, and F1-scores of 0.93, 0.94, and 0.92 for ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampicin, respectively. Discussion: This study highlights the effectiveness of a binary representation of mutations (indicating their presence or absence) as a robust approach for training XGBC models that accurately classify resistance and susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampicin in M. tuberculosis. Conclusion: The XGBC model trained on the original dataset demonstrated superior performance compared to the other models, indicating its potential for improving drug resistance prediction in TB. This approach could be further explored for clinical applications in the fight against drug-resistant tuberculosis.

Screening, Discovery, and Optimization of the Natural Antitubercular Chlorflavonin from a Marine-Derived Fungal Library.

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is still a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Fifty-fungi from a marine-derived fungal library were screened for anti-Mtb activity, and an Aspergillus candidus strain with strong anti-Mtb activity was found. Three known flavones, chlorflavonin (1), dechlorflavonin (2), and bromoflavone (3), were isolated from this fungus. Chlorflavonin and bromoflavone showed inhibitory activity with MIC90 values of 2.6 and 1.2 μM, respectively. In combination with molecular docking, a series of new chlorflavonin derivatives (4-41) were rationally designed and semisynthesized. Three new derivatives substituted with (2)-chlorocinnamate (14), (3)-chlorocinnamate (15), and benzoate (18) at position 2' showed MIC90 values ranging from 0.7 to 1.0 μM, having the potential to be further explored as antitubercular agents.

Computational and GC-MS screening of bioactive compounds from Thymus Vulgaris targeting mycolactone protein associated with Buruli ulcer

Buruli ulcer (BU) a neglected disease induced by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans, predominantly impacts tropical and subtropical areas with its pathophysiology ascribed to the Mycolactone protein. Current antibiotics frequently prove insufficient to manage advanced or chronic ulcers and the rise of drug resistance presents a considerable challenge. This work aims to address these challenges by employing computational methods to identify therapeutic candidates from organic compounds, which may be developed into more effective therapies for Buruli ulcer. The Gas-Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of the Thymus Vulgaris identified the 29 bioactive compounds as potential drug candidates having different medicinal properties. Out of the 29 compounds against the mycolactone protein, 14 compounds demonstrated a binding affinity higher than − 6 kcal/mol predicted through PyRx. Among all compounds, gamma sitosterol and borneol showed the highest binding affinity − 7.7 kcal/mol. The ADMET analysis predicted that the compound borneol crosses the PGP + through the Blood Brain Barrier and gastrointestinal tract without violating Lipinski’s rule of 5 having high water solubility, and log p-value of 2.29. The molecular dynamic simulation was performed and showed the Eigenvalue of 1.332692e-04. The leads identified in the study have demonstrated encouraging outcomes with regard to their efficacy, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and safety. Further experimental investigations can be conducted to evaluate their anti-bacterial activity, and their molecular frameworks could be utilized as a valuable foundation for designing new drugs for the treatment of Buruli ulcer.

Influence Mechanism of Vermicompost with Different Maturity on Atrazine Catabolism and Bacterial Community.

Atrazine causes serious contamination of agricultural soils and groundwater. This study investigated the influence mechanism of sterilized soil (CKs), unsterilized soil (CKn), sterilized soil amended with 45 (SsV1), 60 (SsV2), 75 (SsV3) days of vermicompost (the maturity days of vermicompost), and unsterilized soil amended with 45 (SnV1), 60 (SnV2), 75 (SnV3) days of vermicompost on atrazine catabolism. The atrazine degradation experiment lasted for 40 days. The results showed that the atrazine degradation rates for CKs, CKn, SsV1, SsV2, SsV3, SnV1, SnV2, and SnV3 were 24%, 56.9%, 62.8%, 66.1%, 65.9%, 87.5%, 92.9%, and 92.3%, respectively. Indigenous microorganisms capable of degrading atrazine were present in unsterilized soil, and the addition of vermicompost enhanced atrazine degradation. The humic acid content of SnV2 was the highest, at 4.11 g/kg, which was 71.97% higher than that of CKn. The addition of the vermicompost enhanced the production of hydroxyatrazine, deethylatrazine, and deisopropylatrazine. Vermicompost increased the abundance of atrazine-degrading bacteria (Mycobacterium, Devosia, etc.), and introduced new atrazine-degrading bacteria (Mesorhizobium, Demequina). The above results showed that the best degradation of atrazine was achieved with 60 days of vermicompost addition. This study provides a new, efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly strategy for the remediation of atrazine-contaminated soil.

ACCURACY OF THE USE OF ANTITUBERCULOSIS DRUGS IN PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS COMORBID WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELITUS IN HOSPITAL X BEKASI CITY FOR THE PERIOD 2019-2022

Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease can lead to severe complications, including diabetes, which increases the risk of death. In addition, the prevalence of TB-DM in Indonesia reaches 14.8%. Objective: This study was to evaluate the use of antituberculosis drugs in patients with pulmonary TB comorbid with diabetes mellitus using the right indication, right dose, and right drug indicators. Methods: The research design used was observational with a retrospective approach. This study used independent variables including age, gender, treatment profile, stage of treatment, correct drug, correct dose and correct indication. The sampling technique used was consecutive sampling. The sample of this study consisted of 62 outpatients who were analyzeddescriptively quantitatively using Microsoft Excel. Results: This study shows that the number of male (65%) and female (35%) patients with the majority age 46-55 years (45%). Lung TB drug use therapy is dominant OAT Kombipak (69.4%) and KDT (30.6%). Evaluation of drug use showed the level of indication accuracy of 100%, the right dose of 83.9%, and the right drug of 93.5%. Conclusion: Based on compliance with the "National Guidelines for TB Control" issued by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in 2016, the treatment provided to outpatient TB patients with DM comorbidity at Hospital X in Bekasi Cityfrom 2019 to 2022 showed a 100% accuracy rate for indications (62 patients), 83.9% accuracy rate for dosages (52 patients), and 93.5% accuracy rate for drug selection (58 patients).

Comparison of Tuberculosis and COVID-19 Prevention and Control Policies: A Systematic Review

mwymwAbstract:Tuberculosis, is a contagious respiratory condition caused by infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. With the rapid prevalence of COVID-19, the multifaceted public health interventions, including non-pharmaceutical measures have been conducted. Results showed that the public health policies implemented by China during the COVID-19 outbreak have had a positive impact on controlling the development of tuberculosis. This paper explores the interplay between tuberculosis (TB) control and the public health measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. It highlights how non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as travel restrictions, social distancing, mask-wearing, and early case detection, initially designed to contain COVID-19, also contributed to reducing TB transmission. Additionally, the rapid development of China’s public health infrastructure and the use of digital technologies during the pandemic enhanced TB surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment adherence. Key interventions included electronic patient service systems, digital adherence technologies (DATs), and integrated digital platforms that improved treatment outcomes. However, challenges such as reduced TB notifications during COVID-19 and financial constraints in TB management were identified. The paper emphasizes the importance of policy adaptations, technological innovations, and sustainable healthcare reforms to address TB in a post-pandemic world. China’s experience provides valuable insights for future infectious disease control, demonstrating how coordinated public health strategies can effectively manage multiple health challenges simultaneously.

Identifikasi Kandungan Volatil Ekstrak Etanol Benalu Alpukat (Dendrophthoe pentandra) Sebagai Kandidat Antibiotik Alami Tuberkulosis

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that spreads through the air and is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To combat it, synthetic drugs are commonly used, which can have adverse effects, making natural alternatives like avocado mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra) necessary. This study aims to explore potential tuberculosis compounds from D. pentandra. The method used in this research is an exploratory descriptive method. The identification of compound content in the ethanol extract of D. pentandra leaves was performed using GC-MS, along with potential testing as an antituberculosis agent through in silico molecular docking. The research results showed that there were 13 volatile compounds contained in the ethanol extract of D. Pentandra leaves, predominantly consisting of propane, 1-methoxy, with a concentration of 9.39%. D. pentandra has the potential as a ClpP1P2 antituberculosis agent with four promising compounds:2-amino-1-(5-bromo-2-pyridinyl)-4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-7,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3-quinolinecarbonitrile, stigmasterol acetate, β-sitosterol acetate, and γ-sitosterol. PASSOnline predictions support the potential of ethanol extract of D. Pentandra leaves as anti-tuberculosis and anti-mycobacteria agent.

MONITORING EFEK SAMPING OBAT TUBERKULOSIS DI PUSKESMAS KERTAK HANYAR KABUPATEN BANJAR

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through phlegm/droplets when coughing, infecting the lungs. TB treatment requires two stages, namely the intensive stage and the advanced stage, with a combination of at least four drugs. If drugs are consumed for a long period of time, the possibility of drug side effects will also increase. Monitoring drug side effects is a form of pharmacovigilance program that aims to determine drug safety. This research was conducted using a descriptive observational method with a cross-sectional research design using observational sheets as a data collection tool. Based on the research results, the respondents who experienced the most side effects from drugs were men (59.10%), aged 45-65 years (30%), had at least elementary school education (31.8%), and worked in the private sector (31 .8%). Of the 30 respondents, 22 (73.34%) experienced drug side effects. Side effects experienced included changes in urine color (50.0%), nausea (23.3%), joint pain (16.7%), dizziness (20.0%), vomiting (6.7%), itching (6.7%), stomach ache (3.3%), and numbness (3.3%). Based on the research results, it was found that the characteristics of respondents who experienced the most side effects from drugs were men, age range 45-65 years, primary school education and the most employment, namely private sector. Of the 30 respondents, 22 respondents experienced drug side effects. Side effects that occur include changes in urine color, nausea, joint pain, dizziness, vomiting, itching, stomach ache and numbness.

STUDI FARMAKOVIGILANS TERAPI TUBERKULOSIS PARU PASIEN RAWAT JALAN DI RSUD ULIN BANJARMASIN

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The prevalence of pulmonary TB sufferers in Indonesia is 8.4% and is number 3 in the world, however, because the treatment takes a long period of time, the TB program in Indonesia has not been completed and the target is to eliminate TB in Indonesia by 2030. Long treatment allows the occurrence of drug side effects. TB. Therefore, it is necessary to assess drug use in terms of side effects of pulmonary TB drugs using the Naranjo Algorithm. This study aims to determine the incidence of side effects that occur during pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) therapy and identify categories of side effects using Naranjo Scale analysis. The method in this research is a descriptive observational approach Prospective Cross Sectional with the Naranjo Algorithm questionnaire. The results obtained showed that of the 62 respondents, 61 respondents experienced side effects of changes in urine color (40,32%), skin rashes (12,90%), joint pain (11,30%), nausea (11,30%), visual disturbances (8,06%) and headaches (14,51%). There were 62 respondents who experienced side effects from the Naranjo Doubtful Algorithm scale analysis, 1 patient with a percentage (1,7%), Possible 8 patients with a percentage (12,9%), Probable 26 patients with a percentage (41,9%) and Definite 27 patients with a percentage (43,5% ). In general, it can be concluded that from 62 respondents, 61 respondents experienced side effects of changes in urine color, skin rashes, joint pain, nausea, visual disturbances and headaches. There were 62 respondents who experienced side effects from the Naranjo Algorithm scale analysis: 1 patient was Doubtful, 8 patients were Possible, 26 patients were Probable and 27 patients were Definite.

The Role of Drug Swallowing Supervisors (PMO) in Improving Tuberculosis Treatment Adherence: A Literature Review

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can attack all organs, especially the lungs. Tuberculosis remains the world's deadliest infectious disease, with more than 9 million infections and 1.7 million deaths per year. If not treated or managed correctly, this disease can lead to serious consequences and even death. The purpose of this literature review is to obtain an overview of the relationship between drug-taking supervisors (PMO) and the level of adherence to treatment visits in pulmonary TB patients from various perspectives and various similar studies. The research method used in this study is a literature review, which includes an analysis of 8 articles obtained from three databases: ProQuest, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The search keywords used for article retrieval included "drug-taking supervisors or drug swallowing supervisor or PMO," "Tuberculosis or TB or TBC," and "drug adherence," using "AND" and "OR" as Boolean operators. Treatment monitoring is the main focus in supporting the success of pulmonary TB patients in the recovery period. Based on the findings of a review of 8 literature journals, there was an increase in recovery when supervisors took medication because the risk of forgetting during treatment visits was reduced, and the fear of PMO was reduced, causing pulmonary TB patients/patients to more regularly visit the nearest health facility that has been approved for treatment provided. Therefore, the drug-taking supervisor (PMO) on adherence to treatment visits is very important in breaking the cycle of pulmonary TB in the community.

QSAR, Pharmacophore and Molecular Docking Studies for the Design of Novel Arylamide-derived Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It remains a significant public health challenge worldwide. In 2022, approximately 10.6 million people were diagnosed with tuberculosis, and 1.3 million individuals lost their lives to the disease. This manuscript presents our research focused on designing new inhibitors for the enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This enzyme is vital as it plays a key role in the type II fatty acid biosynthesis pathway of M. tuberculosis. To conduct our study, we utilized computer simulations, specifically docking and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis on free molecules. We applied these methods to a series of arylamide-derived inhibitors, the efficacy of which was proposed by He et al. The results obtained from our docking and QSAR analyses confirm the robustness of the molecules identified by He et al., based on their experimental activities. Furthermore, the docking results facilitated the generation of a pharmacophore model, which was instrumental in designing a new inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis InhA. This new compound demonstrates enhanced activity compared to previously identified inhibitors. Such advancements could significantly contribute to the development of novel treatments for tuberculosis and help address this critical global health issue.

Assessment of tuberculosis drug efficacy using preclinical animal models and in vitro predictive techniques

Tuberculosis (TB) killed approximately 1.3 million people in 2022 and remains a leading cause of death from the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb); this number of deaths was surpassed only by COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The alarming emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) M.tb strains presents an urgent need for effective new treatments. Our study aimed to determine the synergistic effects of antibiotic combinations against M.tb. Using a high-throughput in vitro checkerboard assay, we evaluated the interactions of Bedaquiline (BDQ) and other antibiotics including Capreomycin (CAP), Linezolid (LIN), and Sutezolid (SUT) against M.tb H37Rv. BDQ and CAP demonstrated in vitro enhanced effect, which prompted further investigation in vivo using the murine low dose aerosol (LDA) model. After aerosol challenge with M.tb, C57BL/6 mice were treated with BDQ, CAP, or their combination, starting 28 days post-infection. The antimicrobial treatment lasted four weeks, and the bacterial burden in lung and spleen tissues was assessed at the end of treatment. At 4 weeks post-treatment, a significant reduction in bacterial load was observed within the lungs and spleens of mice given BDQ alone or given as a BDQ/CAP combination compared to the untreated group. In contrast, CAP monotherapy led to an increase in bacterial load within the lung and no significant difference in bacterial burden in the spleen in comparison to the untreated mice. These results were confirmed in the guinea pig model of TB, where both BDQ and the BDQ/CAP combination treatment led to a decrease in bacterial burden in the lung and spleen, whereas CAP had no significant effect on bacterial burden at the 4-week post treatment timepoint. We next determined whether there may be differences in vitro with the BDQ/CAP combination against M.tb lineages 1, 2 and 4. We determined that in vitro enhanced effect was not observed in some representative strains of M.tb lineage 4, indicating variability in drug effectiveness across M.tb lineages. This research underscores the complexity of TB treatment and the critical need for innovative approaches to combat this global health threat.

Integrated machine learning and physics-based methods assisted de novo design of Fatty Acyl-CoA synthase inhibitors

ABSTRACT Background Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that has become endemic worldwide. The causative bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is targeted via several exciting drug targets. One newly discovered target is the Fatty Acyl-CoA synthase, which plays a significant role in activating the long-chain fatty acids. Research design & methods This study aims to generate novel compounds using Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to inhibit this synthase. Experimentally derived bioactive compounds were chosen from ChEMBL and used as inputs for effective molecule generation by Reinvent4. The library of new molecules generated was subjected to a two-tiered molecular docking protocol, and the results were further studied to obtain a binding free energy check. Results The ML-based de novo drug design (DNDD) approach successfully generated a diverse library of novel molecules targeting Fatty Acyl-CoA synthase. After rigorous molecular docking and binding free energy analysis, four new compounds were identified as potential lead candidates with promising inhibitory effects on Mtb lipid metabolism. Conclusions The study demonstrated the effectiveness of a machine-learning approach in generating novel drug candidates against Mtb. The identified hit compounds show potential as inhibitors of Fatty Acyl-CoA synthase, offering a new avenue for developing treatments for tuberculosis, particularly in combating drug-resistant strains.

Synthesis and Anti-bacterial Activity of New Substituted 2-trifluoromethyl-4-quinolinylhydrazone Analogs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious disease that still affects humanity, despite being old, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The emergence of drug-resistant strains has alarmed governments and international organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO). The need for research on new drugs that are effective in a shorter treatment time and active against resistant strains still persists. The objective of this study is to synthesize and evaluate forty-four substituted 2-trifluoromethyl-4-quinolinylhydrazone analogs, as probable inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. The anti-mycobacterial activities of all tested compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, as well as the cytotoxicity test, were evaluated using the in vitro microplate procedure with broth microdilution assay. Thirteen compounds exhibited some activity against sensitive strain ATCC 27294, six of which were the most active: 4a, 4c, 6a, 6b, 6c, and 6g; with MIC around 7 - 8 μM, close to that presented by ethambutol (15.9 μM), a drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis. These same compounds also were active against a resistant strain of Mtb (T113), with MIC around 7 - 8 μM. Three of these compounds 4a, 6a, and 6c were not cytotoxic against Vero cells at concentrations near the MIC. This study indicates the importance of the hydrazone function to obtain promising anti-TB compounds and open new perspectives for drug development.

Gambaran Dukungan Sosial Keluarga Pada Pasien Tb Paru Rumah Sakit Harapan Pematangsiantar

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis as an acid-resistant bacteria (BTA), which attacks the respiratory organs of the lungs and even to all parts of the body, this is what makes TB patients feel helpless, therefore it is necessary to have family support intact bio, psycho, social and spiritual are important factors for the success of TB treatment and accelerate the healing process. This study aims to identify features of family social support for pulmonary TB sufferers at Harapan Siantar Hospital in 2023. The research method used is descriptive. The research population is 65 respondents, with a total sampling technique. The instrument used is a questionnaire. The results showed that 47 people (72.3%) had good family social support, and 18 people (27.7%) had enough. It is hoped that families and health services will continue to accompany family members who have TB to speed up the healing process.

The Relationship Between Tuberculosis Knowledge and The Attitudes and Behaviors Of Dayah Students

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Indonesia ranks second in global TB case counts, with a high transmission rate, particularly in high-risk environments such as Islamic boarding schools. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to TB among students at Dayah Madrasah Aliyah Swasta Babun Najah in Banda Aceh. Additionally, it will analyze the relationship between their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in the context of TB prevention. Methods: This study employed an observational analytic method with a cross-sectional design and utilized cluster sampling. Primary data were gathered through questionnaires. The research was conducted at Dayah Madrasah Aliyah Swasta Babun Najah, located in the Ulee Kareng District of Banda Aceh, on August 29, 2024. Bivariate analysis was performed using the non-parametric Spearman's rank correlation coefficient test. Results: A total of 90 students participated in the study. The findings revealed that 67.8% of respondents had good knowledge, 78.9% demonstrated positive attitudes, and 47.8% exhibited good behaviors regarding tuberculosis (TB) prevention. Spearman Rank analysis indicated a moderately strong positive correlation between knowledge and attitudes (r = 0.527) and between knowledge and behaviors (r = 0.535), with a p-value of less than 0.025. Conclusion: Enhancing knowledge among students is crucial for fostering better attitudes and behaviors related to TB prevention, particularly in high-risk environments.

A Case of Zoonotic Domestically Acquired Hansen Disease (Leprosy) in the State of Georgia

Introduction: Hansen Disease (HD) is an infection of the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae causing rash and anesthesia of the skin. It is endemic to many developing countries, where it is spread by direct contact. Zoonotic transmission through the 9-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) has been documented in North America. HD is rare in the state of Georgia and most cases are from individuals travelling from HD endemic regions. Case Report: The patient developed red, infiltrated, anesthetic plaques covering 20% of her body. Fite staining revealed mycobacterial organisms suggesting lepromatous HD. The patient had no relevant history of travel or personal health history. The patient gardened outdoors in Southern Georgia. She knew armadillos were present in the area, but she did not have direct contact with one. The suspected mode of transmission was through feces of an infected armadillo in the soil. The patient is being treated with a 2-year course of rifampin, clofazimine, and dapsone, and reports improvement. Discussion: Domestically acquired HD is generally seen in other Southern states with greater armadillo populations. The range of the 9-banded armadillo is expanding, which potentially puts a greater area of the country at risk for exposure to HD. Therefore, increasing resources for treatment of HD is important. Conclusion: This case report presents a case of HD with indirect zoonotic transmission.